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RCAN1在惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

2018-01-09 02:49綜述劉寶剛審校
實(shí)用腫瘤學(xué)雜志 2017年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:膠質(zhì)瘤甲狀腺癌腺癌

江 瑩 綜述 劉寶剛 審校

RCAN1在惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

江 瑩 綜述 劉寶剛 審校

鈣調(diào)神經(jīng)磷酸酶調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(Regulator of calcineurin 1,RCAN1)作為與鈣調(diào)神經(jīng)磷酸酶(Calcineurin,CaN)發(fā)生相互作用的內(nèi)源性蛋白,在許多惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中廣泛表達(dá),如小細(xì)胞肺癌、甲狀腺癌、白血病、肝癌、惡性膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤、子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌等。近年來研究顯示,當(dāng)RCAN1呈高表達(dá)狀態(tài)時(shí),可以通過多種途徑來抑制腫瘤的增殖、分化、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,從而抑制腫瘤的進(jìn)展。這些研究結(jié)果對患者的生存期和預(yù)后評估有著重要的指導(dǎo)作用,并對惡性腫瘤的治療和干預(yù)奠定了一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。

RCAN1;惡性腫瘤;進(jìn)展

早在20世紀(jì)90年代,人們最開始發(fā)現(xiàn)鈣調(diào)神經(jīng)磷酸酶調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(Regulator of calcineurin 1,RCAN1)的長期過量表達(dá)與唐氏綜合征(Down′s syndrome,DS)的發(fā)病有關(guān),并且它是導(dǎo)致DS患者智力障礙的原因之一[1-2]。隨著不斷的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RCAN1還與許多其他疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān),例如,在阿爾茨海默病患者的腦組織中RCAN1的表達(dá)是過量的[3];而過表達(dá)的RCAN1卻可以防止心肌細(xì)胞的肥大[4],也會(huì)減少胰島素的分泌[5]。然而,近年來RCAN1與惡性腫瘤的關(guān)系成為研究熱點(diǎn),它作為與鈣調(diào)神經(jīng)磷酸酶(Calcineurin,CaN)相互作用的內(nèi)源性蛋白[6],已被證實(shí)可以通過抑制CaN-NFAT通路、調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB活性及VEGF的旁分泌等多種途徑來影響惡性腫瘤的增殖、分化、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[7-8]。因此,RCAN1已被視為抗腫瘤的靶基因[9]。本文將對RCAN1在多種惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1 RCAN1的組成

RCAN1蛋白是由RCAN1基因編碼的CaN的調(diào)節(jié)子。RCAN1基因最早是由Fuentes等人在21號染色體21q22.1-22.2區(qū)域所發(fā)現(xiàn)[1],其基因包括7個(gè)外顯子和6個(gè)內(nèi)含子,前四個(gè)外顯子可被選擇性剪切,生成不同的mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物(圖1),其中由外顯子1和外顯子4編碼的轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物占大部分[7]。RCAN1-1有兩個(gè)潛在的翻譯起始點(diǎn),可翻譯產(chǎn)生兩種不同的RCAN1-1蛋白;在外顯子4臨近5的區(qū)域存在一個(gè)特殊結(jié)構(gòu),它可以作為一個(gè)啟動(dòng)子,選擇性受CaN的應(yīng)答,轉(zhuǎn)錄生成RCAN1-4蛋白[7]。到目前為止,在人類中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)RCAN1蛋白家族由三個(gè)蛋白組成,分別是RCAN1/MCIP1、ZAKI-4/RCAN1L1/MCIP2以及RCAN1L2/MCIP3,并且它們都能與CaN結(jié)合[10]。

圖1 RCAN1基因的基本構(gòu)成Figure 1 The basic structure of RCAN1

2 RCAN1與腫瘤的研究

2.1 RCAN1與小細(xì)胞肺癌

小細(xì)胞肺癌(Small cell lung cancer,SCLC)具有早期廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移和快速耐藥的特點(diǎn),因此它是一種預(yù)后不良的侵襲性腫瘤[11]。其中肺癌發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移概率約占30%~40%[12],而發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移后將對SCLC的治療增加很大的難度。Miki等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)將人小細(xì)胞肺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞系SBC-5細(xì)胞和SBC-3細(xì)胞分別通過靜脈注射到NK細(xì)胞嚴(yán)重缺陷的小鼠體內(nèi),結(jié)果顯示注射了SBC-5細(xì)胞的小鼠發(fā)生了骨轉(zhuǎn)移,而注射了SBC-3細(xì)胞的小鼠沒有發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移。Ma等[6]證實(shí)SBC-3細(xì)胞中RCAN1的表達(dá)水平明顯高于SBC-5細(xì)胞,而SBC-3細(xì)胞中的CaN活性顯著低于SBC-5細(xì)胞,RCAN1表達(dá)與CaN活性呈負(fù)相關(guān)。經(jīng)免疫組化染色發(fā)現(xiàn),與沒有發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移的SCLC組織相比,發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移的SCLC組織中鈣調(diào)神經(jīng)磷酸酶的同工酶(CaN Aα)表達(dá)水平顯著升高。因此CaN被視為一種促癌蛋白,在小細(xì)胞肺癌發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移的過程中起促進(jìn)作用,而RCAN1的過表達(dá)則可以抑制骨轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生。

2.2 RCAN1與甲狀腺癌

曾有報(bào)道證實(shí)甲狀腺癌的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移與RCAN1-4有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)移抑制因子(Kiss1基因產(chǎn)物)來處理腫瘤細(xì)胞,通過Kiss1轉(zhuǎn)移抑制途徑上調(diào)RCAN1-4,將會(huì)導(dǎo)致RCAN1-4的表達(dá)水平顯著升高,而RCAN1-4表達(dá)程度的高低會(huì)直接影響其抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞活動(dòng)性的能力[14]。另有研究者通過建立敲除RCAN1-4基因的皮下異種移植瘤模型實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),RCAN1-4基因的缺失會(huì)促進(jìn)腫瘤生長。此外,由微陣列分析顯示,NFE2L3是RCAN1-4下游的關(guān)鍵效應(yīng)元件,其過表達(dá)將成為RCAN1-4介導(dǎo)的腫瘤生長和侵襲的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。而在TCGA癌癥基因樣本庫中,NFE2L3在甲狀腺癌及其遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移組織中的表達(dá)水平均較正常組織高。為了研究NFE2L3在體外異種移植瘤中表達(dá)是否上調(diào),應(yīng)用免疫組化法將異種移植瘤和肺轉(zhuǎn)移組織切片用NFE2L3抗體染色,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)體內(nèi)外數(shù)據(jù)一致,即NFE2L3的表達(dá)隨著RCAN1-4的降低而呈現(xiàn)增加的趨勢。由此可見,RCAN1-4是一種甲狀腺癌生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制因子[15]。

2.3 RCAN1與白血病

在人類白血病等血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤中可通過多種機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)典型和非經(jīng)典的NF-κB活化[16-17]。NF-κB的組成性活化通常來自NF-κB基因的重排和突變或者對信號通路中上游基因進(jìn)行編碼[18-19]。被激活的NF-κB會(huì)抗白血病細(xì)胞凋亡,有人發(fā)現(xiàn)高表達(dá)的RCAN1能與NF-κB的抑制因子IκBα發(fā)生相互作用,并減少IκBα在第42位絡(luò)氨酸的磷酸化,從而導(dǎo)致NF-κB的失活,NF-κB信號傳導(dǎo)被抑制后可有效地控制白血病的進(jìn)展[8,20]。在Kazuaki等[21]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在對糖皮質(zhì)激素(Glucocorticoid,GC)敏感的白血病細(xì)胞系Nalm-6中,選用僅在GC敏感型細(xì)胞中被上調(diào)的兩個(gè)基因FKBP5和RCAN1,并將其通過同源重組破壞,結(jié)果顯示FKBP5的破壞對GC誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡具有深包質(zhì)邊緣化影響,而RCAN1的破壞則導(dǎo)致了細(xì)胞對GC的顯著抗性。此外,RCAN1的過表達(dá)還可使細(xì)胞對地塞米松的敏感性增加。這些研究表明RCAN1的過表達(dá)不僅抑制了白血病的進(jìn)展,而且是應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素來誘導(dǎo)淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡的重要介質(zhì)。

2.4 RCAN1與肝癌

Jin等[22]通過Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0陣列比較了14例肝細(xì)胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者的癌組織與癌旁組織中RCAN1基因表達(dá)情況,并且收集了108例HCC患者的癌組織和癌旁組織進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)定量熒光PCR檢測和免疫組化分析,兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果均顯示與癌旁組織相比,HCC組織中RCAN1-4水平顯著降低,低水平的RCAN1-4與腫瘤分期、分化程度、腫瘤體積以及血管浸潤呈顯著正相關(guān)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示,低表達(dá)RCAN1-4的HCC患者比高表達(dá)RCAN1-4的患者生存時(shí)間更短,并且更容易復(fù)發(fā)。在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,過表達(dá)的RCAN1-4可以通過抑制NFAT1中的CaN活性和核移位來顯著降低腫瘤的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移及侵襲活性[23]。在動(dòng)物模型中,高表達(dá)RCAN1-4的HCC細(xì)胞與對照組相比形成的異種移植腫瘤病灶相對較小,腫瘤血管生成較少,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)率也明顯降低[24]。

2.5 RCAN1與惡性神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤

神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中最常見的腫瘤[25],WHO根據(jù)其惡性程度分為四級(Ⅰ~Ⅳ)[26-27]。在治療上,盡管可以聯(lián)合手術(shù)、化療和放療等方法,但其預(yù)后仍不盡人意[28-29]。近年來已有研究表明RCAN1可作為經(jīng)典的NF-κB信號通路中的抑制劑來抑制神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤的生長[30]。Chen等[31]的一系列研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí),神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤組織中NF-κB的表達(dá)比癌旁組織中顯著增加,NF-κB信號通路中涉及的相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)水平也明顯升高。為了探究膠質(zhì)瘤中增加的NF-κB信號傳導(dǎo)與RCAN1表達(dá)的關(guān)系,使膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系U251和T98G分別感染表達(dá)RCAN1或陰性對照的慢病毒,經(jīng)72 h后進(jìn)行MTT比色法和集落形成實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,與陰性對照相比,RCAN1的過表達(dá)顯著降低了細(xì)胞活力(P<0.05),并且降低了集落形成效率(P<0.05)。將感染了表達(dá)RCAN1的慢病毒的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)行TUNEL染色后進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),RCAN1的過表達(dá)是通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,而不是阻止細(xì)胞周期來抑制細(xì)胞活力的。潛在的機(jī)制為過表達(dá)的RCAN1可以抑制NF-κB蛋白的核移位以及NF-κB的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,從而影響NF-κB信號通路的活性。

2.6 RCAN1與子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌

增加PGF2α-FP受體信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),能夠促進(jìn)子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌的血管生成和微環(huán)境的調(diào)節(jié),從而加速腫瘤生長[32-33]。在分化差的子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌中IL-11的表達(dá)活躍,并經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明IL-11的表達(dá)和釋放是通過PGF2α-FP受體激活Gq-PKC-calcium-CaN-NFAT信號通路進(jìn)行調(diào)控的。那么,RCAN1作為CaN-NFAT信號傳導(dǎo)通路中的抑制因子,其在子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌中的作用是值得探究的。應(yīng)用RT-PCR和Western印跡法對穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染FP受體的高分化子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌細(xì)胞中的IL-11分泌進(jìn)行定量分析,結(jié)果表明,與對照組相比,在過表達(dá)RCAN1-4的FPS細(xì)胞中,由PGF2α-FP受體介導(dǎo)的IL-11mRNA的表達(dá)水平和蛋白質(zhì)的分泌均顯著降低。由此可見,RCAN1-4是子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌中IL-11表達(dá)的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子。在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步對RCAN1-4進(jìn)行定量RT-PCR分析得知,與正常增殖期子宮內(nèi)膜相比,高分化腺癌中的RCAN1-4表達(dá)水平較低分化者明顯升高,并且與腫瘤分級呈負(fù)相關(guān)[34]。

3 小結(jié)與展望

近年來,RCAN1已被公認(rèn)為腫瘤相關(guān)因子,并成為腫瘤界的關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)之一。RCAN1對多種惡性腫瘤的進(jìn)展起到調(diào)控作用,其表達(dá)水平升高將會(huì)抑制腫瘤的增殖、分化、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,從而有效抑制惡性腫瘤的進(jìn)展。這充分說明RCAN1已經(jīng)成為抗腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn)。但就目前來說,我們僅在有限的幾種腫瘤中對其進(jìn)行研究,而且大多研究仍處于體外動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,作用機(jī)制也尚未完全明確,因此我們需要進(jìn)一步研究RCAN1在其他腫瘤中所起到的作用、機(jī)制及臨床意義。相信在不久的將來,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的功能和機(jī)理,這將對腫瘤的全面研究、治療以及評估預(yù)后提供科學(xué)依據(jù)有著不可忽視的臨床意義。待相關(guān)藥物研究成熟后,必然將對惡性腫瘤的治療指明新的方向。

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ResearchprogressofRCAN1inmalignanttumor

JIANGYing,LIUBaogang

Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China

Regulation of calcineurin 1(RCAN1),as an endogenous protein that interacts with calcineurin(CaN),widely expresses in many malignant tumor cells,such as small cell lung cancer,thyroid cancer,leukemia,liver cancer,malignant glioma,endometrial adenocarcinoma and so on.In recent years,many studies have been shown that when RCAN1 is highly expressed,it can inhibit tumor proliferation,differentiation,invasion and metastasis by a variety of ways,thereby inhibiting tumor progression.These findings play an important role in the survival and prognosis of patients,and provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and intervention of malignant tumors.

RCAN1;Tumors;Progression

哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院(哈爾濱 150081)

江瑩,女,(1990-),碩士研究生,從事腫瘤內(nèi)科綜合治療的研究。

劉寶剛,E-mail:liubaogang1962@sina.com

R73

A

10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.06.015

(收稿:2017-08-03)

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