廖 正 綜述 劉瑞洪 孫 林 劉伏友 楊 淵1, 審校
·基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)·
信號(hào)素3A與腎臟疾病
廖 正1,2,3綜述 劉瑞洪2孫 林2劉伏友2楊 淵1,2審校
信號(hào)素3A(Sema 3A)屬于軸突導(dǎo)向因子家族中一種分泌型蛋白,在足細(xì)胞分化、腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)屏障形成和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移過(guò)程中起重要調(diào)節(jié)作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sema 3A過(guò)表達(dá)可誘導(dǎo)腎足細(xì)胞足突消失或發(fā)育延遲,抑制輸尿管芽分支和腎小球血管正常形成,導(dǎo)致腎小球發(fā)育不良和蛋白尿。而且,Sema 3A還是急性腎損傷、糖尿病腎病和狼瘡性腎炎的生物標(biāo)志物和潛在治療靶點(diǎn),本文對(duì)近年來(lái)Sema 3A在腎臟病發(fā)生中作用研究進(jìn)展作一闡述。
信號(hào)素3A 腎臟疾病 作用
信號(hào)素(semaphorins,Sema)是一類(lèi)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞功能和形態(tài)的保守導(dǎo)向蛋白家族,其N(xiāo)端具有一個(gè)由約500個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成的保守“Sema”結(jié)構(gòu)域,該家族分為8個(gè)亞群,目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)30多個(gè)成員[1-2](圖1)[3]。Sema結(jié)構(gòu)域參與“叢狀蛋白-信號(hào)素-整合蛋白”(plexins,semaphorins and integrins,PSI) 緊密連接區(qū)的形成,可直接結(jié)合于細(xì)胞膜表面叢狀蛋白(Plexins)受體[4]。迄今為止,已發(fā)現(xiàn)Sema可調(diào)控心臟、肺、腎臟、骨骼及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育[5-6],在心血管疾病、腫瘤、骨質(zhì)疏松和自身免疫性疾病中扮演重要角色。在Sema家族成員中,目前對(duì)Sema 3A的研究最為廣泛,本文擬對(duì)Sema 3A在腎臟病發(fā)生中的作用和診斷價(jià)值作一闡述。
圖1 信號(hào)素(Sema)蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域[3]
1993年首次在雞腦提取液中發(fā)現(xiàn)Sema 3A[7]。研究證實(shí),Sema 3A蛋白由足細(xì)胞分泌產(chǎn)生,其過(guò)表達(dá)可誘導(dǎo)自體細(xì)胞收縮、F-肌動(dòng)蛋白塌陷及足突消失,與Plexin A1受體和nephrin蛋白的直接相互作用密切相關(guān)[8]。而nephrin蛋白、podocin、CD2相關(guān)蛋白(CD2AP)等組成的復(fù)合體位于足細(xì)胞裂孔膜上,其相互作用是影響腎小球基膜(GBM)通透性的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)[9]。實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),Sema 3A及受體在腎單位發(fā)育過(guò)程中起調(diào)節(jié)作用,如足細(xì)胞分化、腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)屏障形成和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移的過(guò)程[10]。足細(xì)胞Sema 3A過(guò)表達(dá)可導(dǎo)致腎小球發(fā)育不良,主要表現(xiàn)為腎小球內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡、足細(xì)胞足突發(fā)育延遲或異常、裂孔膜缺失和先天性蛋白尿[5]。此外,強(qiáng)力霉素可誘導(dǎo)小鼠足細(xì)胞Sema 3A過(guò)表達(dá),與腎小球性蛋白尿有關(guān)[11]。
Sema 3A的受體主要為神經(jīng)纖毛蛋白(Neuropilins,NRP)和Plexin A1。Sema 3A不直接與Plexin A1受體結(jié)合,而與NRP-Plexin A1復(fù)合物結(jié)合,NRP作為配體偶聯(lián)成分,Plexins作為信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)成分,三者形成一個(gè)配體-受體復(fù)合物結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)而激活胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[12-13]。NRP家族主要包括NRP-1和NRP-2兩個(gè)跨膜蛋白成員,NRP-1是Sema 3A的主要受體,NRP-2則是Sema3C、Sema3F等其他Sema Ⅲ家族成員的主要受體[14-15]。近來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn),NRP-1能在腎臟足細(xì)胞中表達(dá),參與多種信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑[9,16]。Sema 3A分跨膜型和分泌型兩類(lèi),跨膜型Sema 3A可直接和受體Plexin A1 結(jié)合,從而介導(dǎo)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),而分泌型Sema 3A 必須和NRP-1-Plexin A1復(fù)合體結(jié)合才能參與胞內(nèi)信號(hào)通路的傳導(dǎo),其中NRP-1起著結(jié)合位點(diǎn)作用,而Plexin A1主要參與信號(hào)的傳遞。由于細(xì)胞內(nèi)Plexin A1受體包含鳥(niǎo)苷三磷酸(GTP)酶活化蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域。因此,Sema 3A與Plexin A1結(jié)合可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)GTP酶的活性,參與細(xì)胞骨架組織的形成過(guò)程[17]。
在發(fā)育的腎臟中,Sema 3A主要定位在S型小體和輸尿管芽,而在成熟的腎臟中則主要定位在足細(xì)胞、遠(yuǎn)端小管和集合管。對(duì)培養(yǎng)小鼠后腎器官注入Sema 3A抑制劑可導(dǎo)致輸尿管芽分支的增加,Sema 3A表達(dá)缺失的小鼠也能增加輸尿管芽分支的形成,而輸入重組Sema 3A能抑制輸尿管芽分支的形成,減少發(fā)育中的腎小球數(shù)目。結(jié)果表明,Sema 3A在輸尿管芽形成過(guò)程中起負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)作用[18]。而且,Sema 3A對(duì)腎血管形成亦有負(fù)調(diào)控作用。研究顯示,Sema 3A陰性的小鼠腎臟F1K1-LacZ陽(yáng)性的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞明顯增多,并填滿(mǎn)于整個(gè)毛細(xì)血管管腔,導(dǎo)致管腔閉塞,而足細(xì)胞Sema 3A過(guò)表達(dá)的小鼠在腎臟形成過(guò)程中則表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡增加和腎小球發(fā)育不良[11]。此外, Sema 3A和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子A(VEGF-A)對(duì)NRP-1受體有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)作用,VEGF-A能促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的生存,并且可作為一種化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)物促使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞向S型腎單位血管裂隙內(nèi)遷移[19-20]。但Sema 3A在血管發(fā)生中可抑制VEGF-A信號(hào)途徑,對(duì)血管的形成起負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用[21](圖2)。
圖2 Sema 3A過(guò)表達(dá)影響腎臟發(fā)育的分子機(jī)制Sema 3A:信號(hào)素3A;Neuropilins-1:神經(jīng)纖毛蛋白1;Plexin A1:叢狀蛋白A1;VEGF-A:血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子A;WT-1:Wilms瘤抑癌因子1;Podocin/ CD2AP/ Nephrin,均屬足細(xì)胞裂孔膜蛋白
研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),Sema 3A對(duì)腎發(fā)育過(guò)程中的足細(xì)胞裂孔膜通透性產(chǎn)生重要影響。Sema 3A可使裂孔膜podocin蛋白下調(diào),抑制其與CD2AP和nephrin蛋白的相互作用。在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,重組Sema 3A還可降低細(xì)胞Akt信號(hào)通路,導(dǎo)致足細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯升高,使腎小球通透性增加[9]。在體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,腎臟器官形成期足細(xì)胞過(guò)表達(dá)Sema 3A能通過(guò)下調(diào)Wilms瘤抑癌因子1(WT-1)和nephrin蛋白導(dǎo)致足突發(fā)育遲緩和裂孔膜減少[5](圖2)。
急性腎損傷(AKI) AKI是臨床上常見(jiàn)的危急重癥,預(yù)后不良,主要防控要點(diǎn)在于控制危險(xiǎn)因素和AKI早期監(jiān)測(cè)。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶蛋白(NGAL)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、L型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(L-FABP)、白細(xì)胞介素18(IL-18)、腎損傷分子1(KIM-1)均可作為AKI早期診斷的分子標(biāo)志物[22]。近來(lái)還發(fā)現(xiàn),Sema 3A在急性腎損傷的早期診斷中也具有重要作用和價(jià)值。在施行心肺轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)的缺血性腎損傷小鼠中,尿中Sema 3A在3h后明顯升高,早于24h后才開(kāi)始升高的血肌酐。這表明尿Sema 3A水平可作為一種新的缺血性腎損傷早期診斷生物標(biāo)志物[23]。而且,Sema 3A還可作為肝移植術(shù)后AKI的早期診斷標(biāo)志物。研究顯示,尿Sema 3A與肝移植術(shù)后尿中NGAL水平的變化情況相似,Sema 3A和NGAL均是AKI的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,可作為肝移植患者早期診斷AKI的生物標(biāo)志物[24]。此外,Doi等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)尿Sema 3A在ICU重癥患者中繼發(fā)AKI與進(jìn)展AKI中的診斷價(jià)值與其他5種早期診斷標(biāo)志物(尿L-FABP、NGAL、IL-18、尿白蛋白和NAG)比較無(wú)明顯差異。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),體內(nèi)Sema 3A水平的干預(yù)還可保護(hù)AKI、改善其預(yù)后。特異性地Sema 3A基因沉默或Sema 3A受體抑制劑處理后,可有效地保護(hù)缺血-再灌注(IR)誘導(dǎo)的AKI,減少中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和上皮細(xì)胞凋亡,增加細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子從尿中排泄[26]。
糖尿病腎病(DN) DN以蛋白尿、腎小球高濾過(guò)狀態(tài)、GBM增厚及腎小球肥大所致腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)屏障形態(tài)和功能異常為特征[27-28]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sema 3A與糖尿病腎病發(fā)生有關(guān)。Veron等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)DN患者腎組織中足細(xì)胞Sema 3A表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)Sema 3A能加重層黏連蛋白和Ⅳ型膠原蛋白在糖尿病Kimmelstiel-Wilson(K-W)樣腎小球結(jié)節(jié)中的沉積,并通過(guò)nephrin、αvβ3型整合素、細(xì)胞骨蛋白1(MICAL-1)與Plexin A1相互作用,導(dǎo)致彌漫性足細(xì)胞足突消失和F-肌動(dòng)蛋白的崩潰,從而破壞腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)屏障,導(dǎo)致大量蛋白尿、腎功能不全和廣泛結(jié)節(jié)性腎小球硬化。而Sema 3A抑制劑或足細(xì)胞特異性Plexin A1缺失能夠明顯降低蛋白尿和延緩DN的進(jìn)展。
晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物(AGEs)亦與DN的發(fā)生有關(guān),AGEs是過(guò)量的糖和蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合的共價(jià)加成物,它可與人體各組織細(xì)胞相結(jié)合,通過(guò)氧化應(yīng)激機(jī)制導(dǎo)致組織細(xì)胞的損傷。Bondeva等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在慢性高血糖的條件下,AGEs的形成增加,可降低Sema 3A及其受體NRP-1在足細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),抑制足細(xì)胞的遷移,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致其未覆蓋地區(qū)的GBM黏附到包囊,從而促進(jìn)局灶性硬化發(fā)生。Mohamed等[31]誘導(dǎo)小鼠發(fā)生糖尿病2周后,發(fā)現(xiàn)尿Sema 3A開(kāi)始增加,并隨著DN的進(jìn)展,尿Sema 3A含量不斷增加,且這種現(xiàn)象同樣發(fā)生在有蛋白尿、特別是大量蛋白尿的糖尿病患者中。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),Sema 3A基因沉默表達(dá)或使用Sema 3A抑制劑可抑制糖尿病性蛋白尿、腎臟纖維化和炎癥,從而改善腎臟功能[31]。結(jié)果表明,Sema 3A的表達(dá)水平與DN發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān),抑制或沉默Sema 3A表達(dá)可能是DN潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)。
狼瘡性腎炎(LN) 系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)是一種多因素參與的系統(tǒng)性自身免疫性疾病,患者突出表現(xiàn)為有多種自身抗體陽(yáng)性并通過(guò)免疫復(fù)合物等途徑造成全身多系統(tǒng)受累。LN是SLE嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,約80%的SLE患者臨床尚有腎臟受累,10%~20%的患者最終發(fā)展成尿毒癥。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清或腎活檢組織Sema 3A表達(dá)水平與蛋白尿及腎功能呈負(fù)相關(guān),可作為SLE活動(dòng)性的一種標(biāo)志物,亦是修飾治療的潛在靶點(diǎn)[32]。對(duì)于局灶病變型LN,NRP-1表達(dá)主要分布在腎小球的病變?cè)钐?。而?duì)于彌漫性病變型LN,NRP-1則在腎臟中廣泛表達(dá)[33]。在腎小球中,Sema 3A僅在包囊的頂葉上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)弱表達(dá),其他部位則未見(jiàn)表達(dá)。而在腎小管內(nèi),無(wú)論遠(yuǎn)端還是近端腎小球,Sema 3A均高表達(dá)[33]。此外,對(duì)于彌漫性病變型LN,Sema 3A與患者蛋白尿的嚴(yán)重程度、慢性指數(shù)和血清肌酐呈負(fù)相關(guān)。結(jié)果表明,Sema 3A可作為L(zhǎng)N患者小管損傷的組織學(xué)標(biāo)志物,且Sema 3A受體NRP-1是區(qū)別局灶性LN和彌漫性LN的可靠指標(biāo)。在體外,Sema 3A與未甲基化CpG的寡聚脫氧核苷酸(CpG ODN)刺激SLE患者產(chǎn)生的B淋巴細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)可誘導(dǎo)Toll樣受體9表達(dá)明顯降低,提示Sema 3A可通過(guò)B細(xì)胞對(duì)SLE免疫反應(yīng)起調(diào)節(jié)作用[32,34]。
小結(jié):Sema 3A作為一種足細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)及功能調(diào)節(jié)因子,可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)足細(xì)胞足突、輸尿管芽分支和腎小球血管形成,與AKI、DN、LN、高血壓性腎臟病等發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程密切相關(guān)[35](表1)。在未來(lái),致力于Sema 3A在慢性腎臟病發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用機(jī)制和Sema 3A的靶向干預(yù)治療,將有助于改善腎臟疾病的分子治療手段和預(yù)后。
表1 信號(hào)素3A(Sema 3A)在腎組織中分布及對(duì)腎功能的影響
AKI:急性腎損傷;ACR:白蛋白/肌酐比值;SCr:血清肌酐;SLE:系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡
1 Tran TS,Kolodkin AL,Bharadwaj R.Semaphorin regulation of cellular morphology.Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,2007,23:263-292.
2 Unified nomenclature for the semaphorins/collapsins.Semaphorin Nomenclature Committee.Cell,1999,97(5):551-552.
3 Gherardi E,Love CA,Esnouf RM,et al.The sema domain.Curr Opin Stuct Biol,2004,14(6):669-678.
4 Negishi M,Oinuma I,Katoh H.Plexins:axon guidance and signal transduction.Cell Mol Life Sci,2005,62(12):1363-1371.
5 Reidy KJ,Villegas G,Teichman J,et al.Semaphorin3a regulates endothelial cell number and podocyte differentiation during glomerular development.Development,2009,136(23):3979-3989.
6 Hinck L.The versatile roles of “axon guidance” cues in tissue morphogenesis.Dev Cell,2004,7(6):783-793.
7 Luo Y,Raible D,Raper JA.Collapsin:a protein in brain that induces the collapse and paralysis of neuronal growth cones.Cell,1993,75(2):217-227.
8 Reidy KJ,Aggarwal PK,Jimenez JJ,et al.Excess podocyte semaphorin-3A leads to glomerular disease involving plexinA1-nephrin interaction.Am J Pathol,2013,183(4):1156-1168.
9 Guan F,Villegas G,Teichman J,et al.Autocrine class 3 semaphorin system regulates slit diaphragm proteins and podocyte survival.Kidney Int,2006,69(9):1564-1569.
10 Reidy K,Tufro A.Semaphorins in kidney development and disease:modulators of ureteric bud branching,vascular morphogenesis,and podocyte-endothelial crosstalk.Pediatr Nephrol,2011,26(9):1407-1412.
11 Tapia R,Guan F,Gershin I,et al.Semaphorin3a disrupts podocyte foot processes causing acute proteinuria.Kidney Int,2008,73(6):733-740.
12 Takahashi T,Fournier A,Nakamura F,et al.Plexin-neuropilin-1 complexes form functional semaphorin-3A receptors.Cell,1999,99(1):59-69.
13 He Z,Tessier-Lavigne M.Neuropilin is a receptor for the axonal chemorepellent Semaphorin III.Cell,1997,90(4):739-751.
14 Kolodkin AL,Levengood DV,Rowe EG,et al.Neuropilin is a semaphorin III receptor.Cell,1997,90(4):753-762.
15 Takagi S,Hirata T,Agata K,et al.The A5 antigen,a candidate for the neuronal recognition molecule,has homologies to complement components and coagulation factors.Neuron,1991,7(2):295-307.
16 Harper SJ,Xing CY,Whittle C,et al.Expression of neuropilin-1 by human glomerular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo.Clin Sci (Lond),2001,101(4):439-446.
17 Kruger RP,Aurandt J,Guan KL.Semaphorins command cells to move.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2005,6(10):789-800.
18 Tufro A,Teichman J,Woda C,et al.Semaphorin3a inhibits ureteric bud branching morphogenesis.Mech Dev,2008,125(5-6):558-568.
19 Tufro A,Norwood VF,Carey RM,et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor induces nephrogenesis and vasculogenesis.J Am Soc Nephrol,1999,10(10):2125-2134.
20 Tufró A.VEGF spatially directs angiogenesis during metanephric development in vitro.Dev Biol,2000,227(2):558-566.
21 Potiron V,Roche J.Class 3 semaphorin signaling:the end of a dogma.Sci STKE,2005,2005(285):pe24.
22 Coca SG,Yalavarthy R,Concato J,et al.Biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute kidney injury:a systematic review.Kidney Int,2008,73(9):1008-1016.
23 Jayakumar C,Ranganathan P,Devarajan P,et al.Semaphorin 3A is a new early diagnostic biomarker of experimental and pediatric acute kidney injury.PLoS One,2013,8(3):e58446.
24 Lewandowska L,Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J,Jayakumar C,et al.Netrin-1 and semaphorin 3A predict the development of acute kidney injury in liver transplant patients.PLoS One,2014,9(10):e107898.
25 Doi K,Noiri E,Nangaku M,et al.Repulsive guidance cue semaphorin 3A in urine predicts the progression of acute kidney injury in adult patients from a mixed intensive care unit.Nephrol Dial Transplant,2014,29(1):73-80.
26 Ranganathan P,Jayakumar C,Mohamed R,et al.Semaphorin 3A inactivation suppresses ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammation and acute kidney injury.Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2014,307(2):F183-194.
27 Forbes JM,Cooper ME.Mechanisms of diabetic complications.Physiol Rev,2013,93(1):137-188.
28 Mogensen CE,Christensen CK,Vittinghus E.The stages in diabetic renal disease.With emphasis on the stage of incipient diabetic nephropathy.Diabetes,1983,32 Suppl 2:64-78.
29 Aggarwal PK,Veron D,Thomas DB,et al.Semaphorin3a promotes advanced diabetic nephropathy.Diabetes,2015,64(5):1743-1759.
30 Bondeva T,Rüster C,Franke S,et al.Advanced glycation end-products suppress neuropilin-1 expression in podocytes.Kidney Int,2009,75(6):605-616.
31 Mohamed R,Ranganathan P,Jayakumar C,et al.Urinary semaphorin 3A correlates with diabetic proteinuria and mediates diabetic nephropathy and associated inflammation in mice.J Mol Med (Berl),2014,92(12):1245-1256.
32 Vadasz Z,Toubi E.Semaphorin 3A - a marker for disease activity and a potential putative disease-modifying treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus.Lupus,2012,21(12):1266-1270.
33 Vadasz Z,Ben-Izhak O,Bejar J,et al.The involvement of immune semaphorins and neuropilin-1 in lupus nephritis.Lupus,2011,20(14):1466-1473.
34 Vadasz Z,Haj T,Halasz K,et al.Semaphorin 3A is a marker for disease activity and a potential immunoregulator in systemic lupus erythematosus.Arthritis Res Ther,2012,14(3):R146.
35 Viazzi F,Ramesh G,Jayakumar C,et al.Increased urine semaphorin-3A is associated with renal damage in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease:a nested case-control study.J Nephrol,2015,28(3):315-320.
Roleofsemaphorin3Aintheoccurrenceorprogressionofkidneydiseases
LIAOZheng1,2,3,LIURuihong2,SUNLin2,LIUFuyou2,YANGYuan1,2
1DongMedicineKeylaboratoryofHunanProvince,Departmentoflaboratorymedicine,HunanUniversityofMedicine,Huaihua418000,China2DepartmentofNephrology,InstituteofNephrology,TheSecondXiangyaHospital,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410011,China3DepartmentofRheumatologyandimmunology,ZhuzhouCentralHospital,Zhuzhou412007,China
Semaphorin 3A is a kind of secretory proteins in the family of axon-directed factors, which play an important role in the course of podocyte differentiation, glomerular filtration barrier formation and vascular endothelial cell migration. The studies found that the over expression of semaphorin 3A induced disappear or development delay in podocyte foot processes, the formation failure of ureteral branch and glomerular blood vessels, leading to glomerular dysplasia and proteinuria. Also, semaphorin 3A is considered as an important biomarker and the potential therapeutic target in the development of kidney disease, such as acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis. In this paper, we made an update statement of semaphorin 3A in the development of kidney disease in recent years.
semaphorin 3A kidney diseases role
10.3969/j.issn.1006-298X.2017.06.010
湖南省自然科學(xué)基金(2016JJ6106);湖南省教育廳科研項(xiàng)目(14C0911)
1湖南醫(yī)藥學(xué)院(懷化,418000);2中南大學(xué)湘雅二醫(yī)院腎臟病研究所;3株洲市中心醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科
2017-06-19
(本文編輯 青 松 加 則)