王安遠(yuǎn)+丁健+李志杰+吳利敏
[摘要] 目的 探討Cyr61在增生性瘢痕成纖維細(xì)胞及正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中表達(dá)差異及其意義。方法 取自愿捐獻(xiàn)的增生性瘢痕及正常皮膚標(biāo)本,采用組織塊法進(jìn)行原代成纖維細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)。采用實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法及細(xì)胞免疫熒光法檢測(cè)Cyr61在兩種細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 在mRNA水平及蛋白水平上,Cyr61在增生性瘢痕成纖維細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)均高于正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞。結(jié)論 Cyr61在增生性瘢痕形成過(guò)程中可能存在一定的作用,可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)膠原代謝以及調(diào)節(jié)成纖維細(xì)胞增殖影響增生性瘢痕的形成。
[關(guān)鍵詞] Cyr61;增生性瘢痕;成纖維細(xì)胞;創(chuàng)面愈合
[中圖分類號(hào)] R622 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)30-0037-04
[Abstract] Objective To observe the differential expression and significance of Cyr61 in hypertrophic scar and normal skin fibroblasts, and to explore its significance. Methods The hypertrophic scar and normal skin specimens voluntarily donated were taken. Primary fibroblasts were cultured using tissue block method. The expression of Cyr61 in two kinds of cells was detected by real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Results The expression of Cyr61 in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts was higher than that in normal skin fibroblasts at mRNA level and protein level. Conclusion Cyr61 may have a role in the formation of hypertrophic scars, which may affect the formation of hypertrophic scars by regulating collagen metabolism and regulating fibroblast proliferation.
[Key words] Cyr61; Hypertrophic scar; Fibroblasts; Wound healing
增生性瘢痕是以成纖維細(xì)胞過(guò)度增殖分化以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix, ECM)過(guò)度沉積為特征的皮膚纖維化疾病,探索皮膚過(guò)度纖維化的機(jī)制以及控制纖維化進(jìn)程成為防治增生性瘢痕的焦點(diǎn)。Cyr61屬于CNN家族的一員,是一種分泌性的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞蛋白。目前多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為Cyr61在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中參與細(xì)胞的粘附、遷移以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的合成[1-3]。在創(chuàng)面的愈合過(guò)程中,Cyr61在成纖維細(xì)胞中呈現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)的表達(dá),并可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞衰老產(chǎn)生抗纖維化作用[4]。本研究采用realtime-PCR、細(xì)胞免疫熒光以及WesternBlot技術(shù),檢測(cè)Cyr61在增生性瘢痕及正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)情況,以探討其與增生性瘢痕發(fā)生的關(guān)系。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試劑與儀器
DMEM培養(yǎng)基(美國(guó)Gibco公司),胎牛血清(杭州四季青公司),胰蛋白酶(美國(guó)Gibco公司),Dispase(日本Sanko公司),兔抗人CYR61多克隆抗體(美國(guó)Abcam公司),Trizol(美國(guó)Invitrogen公司),SYBR Green PCR試劑盒(上海達(dá)為科生物科技公司),Real-timePCR檢測(cè)儀(美國(guó)ABI公司),低溫冷凍離心機(jī)(美國(guó)Sigma公司),激光共聚焦顯微鏡(日本OLMPUS公司)。
1.2 標(biāo)本來(lái)源
增生性瘢痕組織分別來(lái)自我院3例臨床瘢痕增生患者,其中男2例,女1例,年齡15、16、20歲,標(biāo)本分別取自于大腿外側(cè)2例及前臂1例,瘢痕生長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不超過(guò)1年。正常皮膚組織分別取自正常人群大腿2例和上臂1例,年齡16、18、21歲,男2例,女1例。
1.3 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
無(wú)菌條件下,用PBS液沖洗組織塊3遍,剪棄脂肪和結(jié)締組織。用刀片割成1~2 mm寬的小皮條,置于培養(yǎng)皿中,加入2.0 U/mL的DispaseⅡ,4℃中冷消化,16~18 h后分離表皮真皮,將表皮剪成1~2 mm3的小組織,放入培養(yǎng)瓶中,加入3~5 mL含20%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液,在環(huán)境設(shè)為37℃、含5 %CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),3 d換次培養(yǎng)液。培養(yǎng)5~7 d可見(jiàn)成纖維細(xì)胞,爬滿瓶底后用 0.25%胰蛋白酶消化傳代。本實(shí)驗(yàn)取第3~5代的成纖維細(xì)胞進(jìn)行。
1.4 總RNA提取及實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)檢測(cè)Cyr61的表達(dá)
按照Trizol試劑說(shuō)明書(shū)提取正常成纖維細(xì)胞和增生性成纖維細(xì)胞總RNA,用DEPC處理過(guò)的蒸餾水溶解。采用德國(guó)EPPENDORF公司分光光度計(jì)檢測(cè)RNA溶液A260/A280吸光度,計(jì)算RNA濃度和純度,A260/A280比值>1.8方可用于檢測(cè),1%瓊脂糖變性凝膠電泳檢測(cè)RNA的完整性。依據(jù)real-time PCR試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū),逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成 cDNA模板,進(jìn)行目的基因的 PCR擴(kuò)增, 產(chǎn)物經(jīng)8%聚丙酰胺凝膠電泳分析。所有反應(yīng)均設(shè)立3復(fù)孔,記錄每個(gè)反應(yīng)管中的熒光信號(hào)到達(dá)所設(shè)定的閾值時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的循環(huán)數(shù)即Ct值。以GAPDH作為內(nèi)參照,采用定量PCR中的相對(duì)定量法,以2-ΔCt表示目的基因相對(duì)于內(nèi)參的相對(duì)表達(dá)量,其中ΔCt=Ct目的基因-CtGAPDH。熒光定量PCR的反應(yīng)體系與條件: 95℃ 預(yù)變性10 min , 1 個(gè)循環(huán), 95℃、變性 30 s , 退火 40 s,72 ℃延伸 40 s , 共 45 個(gè)循環(huán)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用到的引物:Cyr61 正向 5CTCCCTGTTTTTGGAATGGA3,負(fù)向5TGGTCTTGCTGCATTTCTTG3;GAPDH 正向5GAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCGT3,負(fù)向5TTGATTTTGGAGGGATCT CG3。endprint
1.5 細(xì)胞免疫化學(xué)檢測(cè)Cyr61蛋白的表達(dá)
正常皮膚細(xì)胞及增生性瘢痕細(xì)胞種植于放有蓋玻片的6孔板,用4%的多聚甲醛于室溫固定10 min,用PBS沖洗三次,在常溫利用0.2%Triton X-100透化5 min。沖洗后用5%的BSA封閉30 min,1:50的兔抗人Cyr61抗體孵育過(guò)夜。清洗后,用1:50稀釋的結(jié)合FITC的山羊抗兔抗體避光常溫孵育1 h。用PBS清洗后,將蓋玻片取出,置于滴有緩沖甘油的載玻片上,用激光共聚焦顯微鏡(OLYMPUS)觀察,發(fā)射光波長(zhǎng)495 nm,激發(fā)光波長(zhǎng)488 nm。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用 t 檢驗(yàn),P<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 增生性瘢痕及正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中Cyr61的mRNA檢測(cè)
為檢測(cè)Cyr61的mRNA表達(dá)水平,我們利用實(shí)時(shí)PCR分析。本實(shí)驗(yàn)增生性瘢痕Cyr61mRNA的表達(dá)高于正常皮膚(P<0.05),見(jiàn)封三圖1。
2.2 增生性瘢痕及正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中Cyr61的檢測(cè)
Cyr61在胞質(zhì)表達(dá)后與一抗、二抗結(jié)合,在藍(lán)光激發(fā)下發(fā)射出綠光,在顯微鏡下顯示成綠色,綠光強(qiáng)度越高代表細(xì)胞中Cyr61的含量也多,每一蓋玻片任意取6個(gè)視野拍照,再運(yùn)用IMAGE-PRO PLUS軟件對(duì)圖像進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)算出綠光的平均光強(qiáng)度,比較兩種細(xì)胞中Cyr61的表達(dá)差異。增生性瘢痕成纖維細(xì)胞Cyr61表達(dá)量明顯高于正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞(P<0.05),見(jiàn)封三圖2~6。
3 討論
增生性瘢痕的形成包括遺傳、炎癥、免疫、細(xì)胞因子等多種因素。增生性瘢痕的特點(diǎn)是在皮膚創(chuàng)傷愈合后仍持續(xù)發(fā)生的真皮纖維結(jié)締組織增生,組織學(xué)上以Ⅰ型膠原為主的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)過(guò)度沉積、成纖維細(xì)胞過(guò)度增生為特點(diǎn)[5-7]。對(duì)成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖進(jìn)行干預(yù),調(diào)控膠原的合成,加速膠原的降解,進(jìn)而治療膠原紊亂引起的各類纖維化疾病在理論上是可行的,在臨床中也取得了一定的療效。
目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Cyr61參與多種病理生理過(guò)程,具有明顯的促有絲分裂活性和趨化性,可誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞增殖和分泌細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),并參與調(diào)解細(xì)胞增生、分化、胚胎發(fā)育形成[8,9]。成人Cyr61的表達(dá)與組織的炎癥及創(chuàng)傷修復(fù)是相關(guān)的,在皮膚創(chuàng)面愈合過(guò)程中,其與TGF-β在創(chuàng)傷修復(fù)中所介導(dǎo)的通路可以是相互疊加,相互抵抗,相互協(xié)助的。作為細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)結(jié)合信號(hào)蛋白,Cyr61與整合素受體結(jié)合介導(dǎo)粘附信號(hào)、細(xì)胞遷移及增強(qiáng)生長(zhǎng)因子誘導(dǎo)的有絲分裂。它不僅在血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中通過(guò)直接結(jié)合整合素αvβ3誘導(dǎo)血管生成,而且在肌成纖維細(xì)胞增殖并合成細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)以保持組織的完整性以及幫助提供抗菌的屏障,它們甚至能合成α-肌動(dòng)蛋白促進(jìn)創(chuàng)口攣縮加速創(chuàng)口愈合[10-12],Cyr61在這一時(shí)期的肌成纖維細(xì)胞中表達(dá)明顯增高,當(dāng) Cyr61積累達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平時(shí)表現(xiàn)為促進(jìn)肌成纖維細(xì)胞衰老[13,14],在創(chuàng)面愈合后期這一促衰老的過(guò)程表現(xiàn)為對(duì)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)合成及沉積的自我限制[15, 16],以避免細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的過(guò)度合成沉積所致的過(guò)度纖維化,瘢痕化及功能喪失。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Cyr61 mRAN及Cyr61蛋白在增生性瘢痕成纖維細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)均明顯高于正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞。創(chuàng)面的損傷以及修復(fù)過(guò)程中,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)分泌沉積及塑形,創(chuàng)面在肌成纖維細(xì)胞的作用下開(kāi)始攣縮,此時(shí)創(chuàng)面新生的肉芽組織成纖維細(xì)胞中的Cyr61就會(huì)明顯增高[17]。而創(chuàng)面修復(fù)完成后,成纖維細(xì)胞增殖過(guò)度,肉芽組織就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化為瘢痕組織,該瘢痕組織中Cyr61的高表達(dá),表明其在增加細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)分泌及促進(jìn)瘢痕形成中起到一定作用。有學(xué)者研究證實(shí)Cyr61參與成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的沉積是通過(guò)結(jié)合細(xì)胞膜上的整合素αvβ3,故在瘢痕的形成過(guò)程中,Cyr61可能通過(guò)相同的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)通路促使成纖維細(xì)胞增殖從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的分泌與沉積[12,18,19]。Cyr61在皮膚創(chuàng)傷修復(fù)的肉芽組織中表達(dá)明顯增高,且Cyr6通過(guò)結(jié)合成纖維細(xì)胞粘附受體(整合素α6β1及細(xì)胞表面的肝磷脂蛋白聚糖),依賴p-53及p16INK4a介導(dǎo)衰老的信號(hào)途徑誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞衰老,在創(chuàng)面愈合后期該過(guò)程則表現(xiàn)為對(duì)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)分泌及沉積的自我限制,以避免細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的過(guò)度沉積所致的纖維化、瘢痕化及功能喪失。
有學(xué)者認(rèn)為[20]Cyr61在膠原的合成和降解中起著關(guān)鍵作用,其在成纖維細(xì)胞中能使膠原Ⅰ的減少而金屬蛋白酶Ⅰ表達(dá)增多。我們的結(jié)果顯示,Cyr61在增生性瘢痕的表達(dá)較正常皮膚中減少,考慮其具有降解膠原的作用,而增生性瘢痕是膠原過(guò)度沉積所致,故我們推測(cè)可能是Cyr61下游通路某種因子缺失或無(wú)表達(dá)所致的一種負(fù)反饋。在本次試驗(yàn)并未對(duì)Cyr61的下游信號(hào)通路受體進(jìn)行檢測(cè),對(duì)該解釋仍需進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Lau LF. CCN1/CYR61:The very model of a modern matricellular protein[J]. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2011,68(19):3149-3163.
[2] Frank S,Madlener M, Werner S. Transforming growth factors beta1, beta2, and beta3 and their receptors are differentially regulated during normal and impaired wound healing[J]. J Biol Chem,1996,271(17):10188-10193.
[3] Lau LF,Lamand SC. The CCN family of angiogenic regulators:The integrin connection[J]. Exp Cell Res,1999, 248(1):44-57.endprint
[4] Kireeva ML,MO FE,Yang GP,et al. Cyr61,a product of a growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene,promotes cell proliferation,migration,and adhesion[J]. Mol Cell Biol,1996,16(4): 1326-1334.
[5] Wang R,Ghahary A,Shen Q,et al. Hypertrophic scar tissues and fibroblasts produce more transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA and protein than normal skin and cells[J]. Wound Repair Regen,2000,8(2):128-137.
[6] Bock O,Yu H,Zitron S,et al. Studies of transforming growth factors beta 1-3 and their receptors ⅠandⅡin fibroblast of keloids and hypertrophic scars[J]. Acta Derm Venereol, 2005,85(3): 216-220.
[7] Bran GM,Goessier UR,Hormann K,et al. Keloids:Current concepts of pathogenesis(review)[J]. Int J Mol Med,2009,24(3):283-293.
[8] Wu P,Ma G,Zhu X, et al. Cyr61/CCN1 is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris via promoting IL-8 production by keratinocytes in a JNK/NF-kappaB pathway[J]. Clin Immunol, 2017,(174):53-62.
[9] Sano M,Driscoll DR,De Jesus-Monge WE, et al. Activation of WNT/beta-catenin signaling enhances pancreatic cancer development and the malignant potential via up-regulation of Cyr61[J]. Neoplasia,2016,18(12):785-794.
[10] Li J,Gao X,Ji K,et al. Differential expression of CCN family members Cyr611,CTGF and NOV in gastric cancer and their association with disease progression[J]. Oncol Rep,2016,36(5):2517-2525.
[11] Chen CC,Kim K,Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting compensatory proliferation[J]. Oncogene,2016,35(10):1314-1323.
[12] Zhang H,Li W,Huang P,et al. Expression of CCN family members correlates with the clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Oncol Rep,2015,33(3):1481-1492.
[13] Jie LG,Huang RY,Sun WF,et al. Role of cysteinerich angiogenic inducer 61 in fibroblastlike synovial cell proliferation and invasion in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Mol Med Rep,2015,11(2):917-923.
[14] Ishida J,Kurozumi K,Ichikawa T,et al. Evaluation of extracellular matrix protein CCN1 as a prognostic factor for glioblastoma[J]. Brain Tumor Pathol,2015,32(4):245-252.
[15] Qin Z,Robichaud P,He T,et al. Oxidant exposure induces cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1) via c-Jun/AP-1 to reduce collagen expression in human dermal fibroblasts[J]. PLoS One, 2014,9(12):e115402.
[16] Di Y,Zhang Y,Hui L,et al. Cysteinerich 61 RNA interference inhibits pathological angiogenesis via the phosphatidylinositol 3kinase/Aktvascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway in endothelial cells[J]. Mol Med Rep,2016,14(5):4321-4327.
[17] Sanchez-Bailon MP,Calcabrini A,Mayoral-Varo V,et al. Cyr61 as mediator of Src signaling in triple negative breast cancer cells[J]. Oncotarget,2015,6(15):13520-13538.
[18] Yan L,Lee S,Lazzaro DR,et al. Single and compound knock-outs of microRNA (miRNA)-155 and its angiogenic gene target CCN1 in mice alter vascular and neovascular growth in the retina via resident microglia[J]. J Biol Chem,2015,290(38):23264-23281.
[19] Schlage P,Kockmann T,Sabino F,et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 degradomics in keratinocytes and epidermal tissue identifies bioactive substrates with pleiotropic functions[J]. Mol Cell Proteomics,2015,14(12):3234-3246.
[20] Quan T,Qin Z,Voorhees JJ,et al. Cysteine-rich protein 61(CCN1) mediates replicative senescence-associated aberrant collagen homeostasis in human skin fibroblasts[J]. J Cell Biochem,2012,113(9):3011-3018.
(收稿日期:2017-08-08)endprint