周田田+陳自洋+于淑俠+張紹剛
[摘要]目的 觀察利多卡因?qū)︻i淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核切除術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng)及免疫功能的影響。方法 選取2016年8月~2017年6月在我院擇期行頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核切除術(shù)患者60例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為利多卡因組(L組)和對(duì)照組(C組)。L組氣管插管前10 min給予負(fù)荷劑量利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,隨后以1.5 mg/(kg·h)的速度泵注至術(shù)畢;C組持續(xù)泵入等容量的生理鹽水。記錄麻醉誘導(dǎo)前30 min(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始后1 h (T1)、術(shù)畢即刻(T2)及術(shù)后6 h (T3)的MAP、HR;采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法測(cè)定T0~T3時(shí)血清去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)及皮質(zhì)醇(Cor)濃度;采用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)T0~T3時(shí)T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+比值)及NK細(xì)胞的百分比。結(jié)果 T1~T3時(shí)兩組MAP、HR水平及血清NE、E、Cor濃度明顯高于T0時(shí),且C組明顯高于L組(P<0.05)。T1~T3時(shí),兩組的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+明顯低于T0時(shí),且C組明顯低于L組(P<0.05),T1~T3時(shí),兩組的NK細(xì)胞水平明顯高于T0時(shí),且L組明顯高于C組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 靜脈泵注利多卡因可有效抑制頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核切除術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少對(duì)細(xì)胞免疫功能的影響。
[關(guān)鍵詞]利多卡因;頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核;應(yīng)激反應(yīng);免疫功能
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R522 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2018)1(c)-0060-04
The influence of Lidocaine on the perioperative stress reaction and immunologic function in patients undergoing cervical lymph node tuberculosis resection
ZHOU Tian-tian1 CHEN Zi-yang2 YU Shu-xia1 ZHANG Shao-gang1
1.Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine University,Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 210014,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 210029,China
[Abstract]Objective To observe the influence of Lidocaine on the perioperative stress response and immunologic function in patients undergoing cervical lymph node tuberculosis resection.Methods Sixty patients scheduled for cervical lymph node tuberculosis resection from August 2016 to June 2017 in our hospital were selected.The patients were divided into Lidocaine group (group L) and control group (group C) according to the random number table method,and there were 30 patients in each group.Group L was administered 1.5 mg/kg bolus dose of Lidocaine before 10 min tracheal intubation,followed by 1.5 mg/(kg·h) infusion until the end of operation while group C was continuously pumped the equal capacity of normal saline.MAP,HR were recorded before 30 min anesthesia induction (T0),after 1 h operation initiation(T1),immediately after operation (T2),after 6 h operation (T3).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect norepinephrine (NE),epinephrine (E),cortisol (Cor) at T0-T3.Flow cytometry was used to detect T lymphocytes (CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+) and NK cells at T0-T3.Results Compared to those at T0,MAP,HR and stress hormones (NE, E, Cor) in both groups were significantly increased at T1-T3 (P<0.05),which was more significant in group C than that of group L(P<0.05).The level of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+ at T1-T3 were significantly lower in both groups,and the levels in group C were obviously lower than those in group L (P<0.05).The level of NK cells was higher at T1-T3 in both groups,the level in group L was obviously higher than those in group C (P<0.05).Conclusion Intravenous infusion of Lidocaine can suppress perioperative stress reaction effectively and reduce the influence on immunologic function of cell.endprint
[Key words]Lidocaine;Cervical lymph node tuberculosis;Stress reaction;Immunologic function手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、麻醉可引起患者圍術(shù)期神經(jīng)免疫內(nèi)分泌功能紊亂,抑制機(jī)體免疫功能,對(duì)患者預(yù)后產(chǎn)生不利影響[1]。而頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核患者術(shù)前多存在免疫功能低下和紊亂,尤其是T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)的細(xì)胞免疫在其中發(fā)揮重要作用[2]。研究顯示,頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核患者術(shù)后常伴隨T淋巴細(xì)胞功能低下[3-4],不利于患者術(shù)后快速康復(fù),因此,改善此類(lèi)患者圍術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng)及免疫抑制對(duì)促進(jìn)患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)有重要意義。利多卡因是臨床常用的局部麻醉藥,不僅具有鎮(zhèn)痛、抗心律失常的作用,近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利多卡因具有調(diào)控應(yīng)激反應(yīng)及免疫系統(tǒng)功能的作用[5-6]。研究表明,靜脈注射利多卡因可減輕氣管插管及拔管期的心血管應(yīng)激反應(yīng),改善患者預(yù)后[7-8]。本研究主要觀察利多卡因?qū)︻i淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核切除術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng)及免疫功能的影響。
1資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2016年8月~2017年6月在我院擇期全身麻醉下行頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核切除術(shù)的患者60例,性別不限,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其隨機(jī)分為兩組,每組30例。利多卡因組(L組):男18例,女12例;年齡19~54歲,平均(38.2±5.3)歲;ASA Ⅰ級(jí)17例,ASA Ⅱ級(jí)13例;BMI為(22.5±1.7)kg/m2;手術(shù)時(shí)間(90.2±8.9 )min。對(duì)照組(C組):男17例,女13例;年齡18~55歲,平均(36.7±4.8)歲;ASA Ⅰ級(jí)19例,ASA Ⅱ級(jí)11例;BMI為(21.8±1.3)kg/m2;手術(shù)時(shí)間為(92.3±9.3)min。兩組的一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前嚴(yán)重心肺功能、肝腎功能障礙者;術(shù)前有內(nèi)分泌及免疫功能紊亂者;長(zhǎng)期服用激素類(lèi)藥物及免疫抑制劑者;術(shù)前有利多卡因過(guò)敏史者。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者均簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 方法
患者術(shù)前常規(guī)禁飲禁食8 h,入室前30 min肌內(nèi)注射苯巴比妥鈉 0.1 g、阿托品0.5 mg。入室開(kāi)放靜脈通路,連接心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè) ECG、SpO2、IBP。L組于氣管插管前10 min給予負(fù)荷劑量利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,隨后以1.5 mg/(kg·h)速度泵注至術(shù)畢,C組以相同速率泵注等量生理鹽水。麻醉誘導(dǎo): 咪達(dá)唑侖0.05 mg/kg,芬太尼3 μg/kg,丙泊酚2 mg/kg及順式阿曲庫(kù)銨0.15 mg/kg,氣管插管后接麻醉機(jī)行機(jī)械通氣,設(shè)定VT 8~10 ml/kg,I∶E=1∶2,維持PETCO2 35~45 mmHg。切皮前靜注芬太尼3~4 μg/kg,麻醉維持:丙泊酚4~6 mg/(kg·h),瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2 μg/(kg·min) 和順式阿曲庫(kù)銨0.06~0.10 mg/(kg·h),維持目標(biāo)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不超過(guò)基礎(chǔ)值±20,BIS值維持在45~60。手術(shù)結(jié)束后,待患者清醒,自主呼吸恢復(fù)后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,送至PACU,面罩吸氧并常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè),待改良Aldrete評(píng)分≥9分[9]返回病房。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
記錄麻醉誘導(dǎo)前30 min(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始后1 h (T1)、術(shù)畢即刻(T2)及術(shù)后6 h (T3)的MAP、HR;同時(shí)抽取非輸液側(cè)肘靜脈血,采用ELISA法測(cè)定各時(shí)點(diǎn)去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)、皮質(zhì)醇(Cor)濃度,試劑盒購(gòu)自法國(guó)DIACLONE公司,用BIO-RAD EVOLIS全自動(dòng)酶免疫分析儀測(cè)定;采用流式細(xì)胞儀(FACS CantoⅡ型,美國(guó)BD公司)測(cè)定檢測(cè)T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+比值)及NK細(xì)胞的百分比。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS13.0分析數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn),不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)水平的比較
T1~T3時(shí)兩組MAP、HR水平明顯高于T0時(shí),且C組明顯高于L組(P<0.05);同時(shí)與T0時(shí)比較,T1~T3時(shí)血清NE、E、Cor濃度明顯升高,且C組明顯高于L組(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)T細(xì)胞亞群及NK細(xì)胞水平的比較
與T0時(shí)比較,T1~T3時(shí),兩組的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+水平明顯降低,且C組明顯低于L組(P<0.05);同時(shí)T1~T3時(shí),兩組的NK水平明顯高于T0時(shí),且L組明顯高于C組(P<0.05)(表2)。
3討論
淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核患者的復(fù)發(fā)及預(yù)后與免疫功能相關(guān),圍術(shù)期許多因素均可影響頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核患者的免疫功能,麻醉及手術(shù)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)引起的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)非特異性的全身改變是影響免疫功能的主要因素[3]。圍術(shù)期各種傷害性刺激可誘發(fā)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng),表現(xiàn)為交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)及下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)軸系統(tǒng)的活化,血液中E、NE、Cor等應(yīng)激激素水平迅速升高,從而導(dǎo)致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)劇烈波動(dòng)[10-11]。研究表明,過(guò)度應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可導(dǎo)致免疫功能的抑制,不利于患者術(shù)后早期康復(fù)[12]。
利多卡因是臨床常用的局部麻醉藥和抗心律失常藥,近年來(lái)利多卡因作為靜脈全身麻醉輔助藥物越來(lái)越多的被國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者廣泛關(guān)注[5]。研究顯示,圍術(shù)期靜脈使用利多卡因可減輕患者的過(guò)度應(yīng)激反應(yīng),利于患者術(shù)后早期康復(fù)[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后應(yīng)激反應(yīng)程度較術(shù)前均升高,L組有效降低了患者的HR、MAP水平,且應(yīng)激激素NE、E及Cor濃度較C組明顯降低,提示靜脈輸注利多卡因可抑制頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核患者圍術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。然而,利多卡因?qū)︻i淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核患者免疫功能的作用尚不明確。endprint
細(xì)胞免疫在結(jié)核病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)歸中發(fā)揮重要作用,其效應(yīng)細(xì)胞主要為T(mén)淋巴細(xì)胞亞群和NK細(xì)胞[14]。血液中T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群水平是決定細(xì)胞免疫強(qiáng)弱的主要因素之一。CD3+代表外周所有成熟T 淋巴細(xì)胞,可分為CD4+和CD8+兩個(gè)亞群,CD4+/CD8+比值恒定維持著細(xì)胞免疫的平衡;NK細(xì)胞是廣譜的殺傷細(xì)胞,其活性降低易致結(jié)核病復(fù)發(fā)[15]。研究顯示,應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可使大量?jī)翰璺影吠ㄟ^(guò)腎上腺素受體介導(dǎo)的cAMP通路直接抑制NK細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞活性[16]。前期的研究結(jié)果表明,右美托咪定及艾司洛爾可抑制結(jié)核患者圍術(shù)期過(guò)度應(yīng)激反應(yīng),改善患者免疫功能[17,4]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者CD3+、CD4+、CD8+及CD4+/CD8+水平較術(shù)前均下降,提示圍術(shù)期患者出現(xiàn)了一定程度的免疫抑制;并且C組下降更顯著,且明顯低于L組;同時(shí)兩組患者的NK細(xì)胞水平較術(shù)前均升高,L組較C組升高明顯,顯示L組免疫保護(hù)作用更強(qiáng),提示靜脈輸注利多卡因可減輕頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核患者圍術(shù)期的免疫抑制,在一定程度上可改善患者的免疫功能。其可能機(jī)制為靜脈注射利多卡因作用于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞膜Na+通道,導(dǎo)致其蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)改變,從而使 Na+通道失活,閘門(mén)關(guān)閉而阻滯Na+內(nèi)流,抑制動(dòng)作電位的產(chǎn)生,阻斷神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo),抑制機(jī)體交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸對(duì)圍術(shù)期傷害性刺激的活化程度,減輕了患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),從而減輕了對(duì)細(xì)胞免疫功能的抑制[18]。
綜上所述,利多卡因可有效抑制頸淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核切除術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng),從而減少對(duì)細(xì)胞免疫功能的影響,具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,利于患者術(shù)后康復(fù),為臨床提供了新選擇。
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(收稿日期:2017-12-11 本文編輯:許俊琴)endprint