李靜靜 蔡志琴 甘泉 陳光
[摘要] 目的 探討認知康復干預對腦梗死恢復期患者認知功能障礙和生活質(zhì)量的影響。 方法 收集2016年2月~2017年2月內(nèi)科門診就診的腦梗死恢復期患者70例。采用拋硬幣法分為干預組和對照組各35例。兩組酌情予以控制顱內(nèi)壓、血壓和血糖、抑制血小板聚集和活化腦細胞等基礎(chǔ)治療。對照組予以常規(guī)干預,干預組在對照組基礎(chǔ)上予以認知康復干預。兩組均干預12周。評估并比較兩組治療前后認知功能指標、日常生活能力和生活質(zhì)量變化。 結(jié)果 干預12周后,兩組MMSE和MOCA評分均較前明顯上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且干預組治療后上升較對照組更顯著(P<0.05);同時兩組MBI評分和QOL評分均較前明顯上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且干預組治療后上升較對照組更顯著(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 認知康復干預用于腦梗死恢復期患者可明顯改善其認知功能障礙,提高日常生活能力,改善生活質(zhì)量。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦梗死恢復期;認知康復干預;認知功能障礙;生活質(zhì)量
[中圖分類號] R493;R743.33 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2018)01-0085-03
Effect of cognitive rehabilitation intervention on cognitive dysfunction and quality of life in patients with convalescent cerebral infarction
LI Jingjing1 CAI Zhiqin2 GAN Quan1 CHEN Guang1
1.VIP Department, Taizhou Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group), Taizhou 317000, China; 2.Department of Internal Medicine, Enze Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group), Taizhou 318050, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation intervention on cognitive dysfunction and quality of life in patients with convalescent cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 70 patients with convalescent cerebral infarction from the outpatient clinic in the department of internal medicine from February 2016 to February 2017 were collected. The patients were divided into the intervention group(n=35) and the control group(n=35) using coin-tossed. The two groups were given basic treatment including controlling intracranial pressure, blood pressure and blood glucose, inhibiting platelet aggregation and activating brain cells, depending on the circumstances. The control group was treated with routine intervention, while the intervention group was given cognitive rehabilitation intervention based on the treatment of the control group. Both groups were intervention for 12 weeks. The cognitive function before and after treatment, daily living ability and the changes of quality of life between the two groups were assessed and compared. Results The MMSE and MOCA scores of two groups increased significantly after 12 weeks of intervention compared with those before intervention(P<0.05 or P<0.01). And the scores of MMSE and MOCA increased more significantly in the intervention group than those in the control group(P<0.05). At the same time, the MBI and QOL scores in the two groups were significantly higher than those before intervention(P<0.05 or P<0.01). And the intervention group after treatment increased more significantly than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Cognitive rehabilitation intervention for patients with convalescent cerebral infarction can significantly improve their cognitive dysfunction, improve their daily living ability and the quality of life.
[Key words] Convalescent cerebral infarction; Cognitive rehabilitation intervention; Cognitive dysfunction; Quality of life
腦梗死是一種中老年較常見的急性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,除出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)或肢體運動功能障礙,常伴有不同程度的認知功能障礙,如不及時干預治療可發(fā)展為癡呆,影響其早日康復[1,2]。目前對腦梗死恢復期的康復干預以偏癱肢體的功能康復為主,而對認知功能障礙的功能康復的研究目前鮮有報道[3-5]。認知康復干預是針對獲得性腦受損引起的認知功能下降而采取的一種康復干預方法,已逐漸在臨床應(yīng)用,但其運用于腦梗死恢復期認知功能障礙的研究較少[6,7]。本文旨在探討認知康復干預運用于腦梗死恢復期患者對其認知功能障礙和生活質(zhì)量的改善作用,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集70例腦梗死恢復期患者,均為2016年2月~2017年2月我院內(nèi)科門診就診病例。納入標準:①與《中國急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南》中標準相符[8],通過頭部CT或磁共振等證實;②年齡40~75歲,且簡易精神狀況檢查量表(MMSE)評分≤20分。排除標準:①既往患者有認知下降、文盲、失語、神經(jīng)和精神病史者。采用拋硬幣法將70例患者分為干兩組。兩組性別、年齡、病程及受教育年限等情況比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
1.2 方法
兩組酌情予以控制顱內(nèi)壓、血壓和血糖、抑制血小板聚集、活化腦細胞和活血化瘀等基礎(chǔ)治療。對照組加以健康教育、心理安慰、肢體及語言活動訓練等常規(guī)干預。干預組在對照組基礎(chǔ)上加以認知康復干預。①心理康復:分析并掌握患者心理狀態(tài),加強心理安慰及疏導工作,減輕其抑郁與焦慮癥狀,改善其心理障礙。鼓勵其參加適當文娛和體育活動,促進身心功能康復;②認知康復:定向力訓練主要通過提問日期、時間及所在位置等,記憶力訓練主要通過記認生活常用的物品與圖片,回憶生活中人或物,逐步提高難度;智力訓練主要通過智力拼圖或讀短文等措施提高認知能力;計算能力訓練主要通過借助虛擬購物或鼓勵患者去購物付款或數(shù)字計算游戲;③日常生活能力鍛煉:循序漸進指導患者下床行走、更衣、個人衛(wèi)生、進餐等功能康復,使其生活逐漸能得到自理。兩組均干預12周。評估并比較兩組治療前后認知功能指標、日常生活能力和生活質(zhì)量變化。
1.3 觀察指標
1.3.1 認知功能的評估[9,10] 采用MMSE和蒙特利爾認知評估量表(MOCA)共同評估其認知功能。MMSE量表與MOCA量表總分30分,分數(shù)越高說明其認知功能越好。
1.3.2 日常生活能力及生活質(zhì)量的評價[11,12] 采用Barthel指數(shù)評定量表(MBI)和生活質(zhì)量指數(shù)(QOL)量表來評估日常生活能力和生活質(zhì)量。MBI量表包括上下樓梯、平地行走、床椅轉(zhuǎn)移、用廁、大小便控制、穿衣、洗澡、進食等10項,總分為100分,分值越高表明其日常生活能力影響越少。QOL量表包括日常生活能力、活動能力、健康狀況、家庭及社會支持、對生活認識等5項,總分10 分,分值越高表示生活質(zhì)量越好。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理
應(yīng)用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組MMSE和MOCA評分比較
干預前兩組MMSE和MOCA評分比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。干預12周后,兩組MMSE和MOCA評分較前不同幅度上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且干預組治較對照組療后上升更顯著(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組MBI評分和QOL評分比較
干預前兩組MBI評分和QOL評分比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。干預12周后,兩組MBI評分和QOL評分較前不同幅度上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且干預組較對照組治療后上升更顯著(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
急性腦梗死是引起中成年人致殘的首要病因之一,臨床上60%~75%的腦梗死患者治療后會遺留各種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥,如感覺、運動、言語、認知、心理等障礙,其中認知功能障礙臨床上較常見。目前,對腦梗死后肢體運動功能障礙已有比較系統(tǒng)的認知及干預措施,但對認知功能障礙臨床上尚未引起足夠的重視,如不及時干預處理,30%~50%的患者會發(fā)生癡呆,從而嚴重影響其運動、言語的恢復及日常生活活動能力,導致整體康復效果下降[13-16]。腦梗死恢復期的認知功能障礙的發(fā)病機制至今不明,大多數(shù)學者認為其主要是由于腦梗死引起顱內(nèi)膽堿能神經(jīng)通路發(fā)生障礙,引起與認知功能相關(guān)功能區(qū)的乙酰膽堿活性下降,從而造成患者認知功能下降。既往研究已證實認知功能障礙對患者執(zhí)行命令力、學習、日常生活及運動功能等影響較顯著。對腦梗死恢復期伴認知功能障礙的患者進行康復干預重要是提高其認知能力,改善其生活質(zhì)量,使其早日回歸社會[17-20]。
研究已證實中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷后,在條件適宜時部分神經(jīng)元可發(fā)生修復與再生。認知康復干預倡導大腦的可塑性和功能重組特性的理論,認為大腦部分因病而喪失的功能可通過學習和訓練代償完成,并使相應(yīng)的大腦皮質(zhì)代表區(qū)擴大,在腦損傷的發(fā)病前3個月功能恢復最快,此后恢復速度減緩,故認知康復訓練應(yīng)盡早進行[21-25]。對腦梗死恢復期認知功能障礙患者進行早期的認知康復訓練能增加大腦血供,促進健側(cè)腦細胞或病灶周圍組織代償,提高其神經(jīng)可塑性和功能重組,形成新神經(jīng)通路,促進大腦功能重組,防止大腦老化,加強其處理及分析問題能力。認知功能訓練時通過觸覺、聽覺、視覺等刺激,可促進患者作出相應(yīng)的反應(yīng);而通過反復再訓練、再學習,發(fā)揮代償記憶、加強分析處理問題能力,促進患者的功能恢復[26-27]。本研究示干預12周后,干預組MMSE和MOCA評分較對照組上升幅度更高。表明腦梗死恢復期患者予以認知康復干預可改善其認知功能障礙,另外干預組MBI評分和QOL評分亦較對照組上升幅度更高,表明腦梗死恢復期患者予以認知康復干預可提高日常生活能力,改善生活質(zhì)量。
總之,腦梗死恢復期患者予以認知康復干預可改善其認知功能障礙,提高其日常生活能力,改善其生活質(zhì)量。由于本研究樣本量相對較少,觀察時間稍偏短,未進行遠期效果的觀察,我們將通過繼續(xù)門診隨訪進一步深入研究探討。
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(收稿日期:2017-10-23)