冒晨昱,蔡云朗
(1.東南大學(xué) 醫(yī)學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210009; 2.東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院 婦產(chǎn)科,江蘇 南京 210009)
子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥(endometriosis,EMs)是指具有生長(zhǎng)功能的子宮內(nèi)膜組織(腺體和間質(zhì))出現(xiàn)在子宮以外其他部位的一種雌激素依賴的慢性疾病。EMs好發(fā)于育齡期婦女,其發(fā)病率高達(dá)10%~15%。EMs不僅嚴(yán)重影響婦女身心健康和生活質(zhì)量,而且明顯加重社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。相關(guān)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,加拿大和美國(guó)因EMs增加的醫(yī)療支出分別高達(dá)18億和180~220億美元[1]。盡管目前關(guān)于EMs病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究已取得長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步,但遺憾的是,其早期診斷和治療仍十分棘手,因此亟待對(duì)EMs病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制進(jìn)一步深入探究,尋找特異靈敏的檢測(cè)指標(biāo)及治療靶點(diǎn),為臨床早期診斷及治療提供新的思路和策略。
近年來(lái),隨著基因表達(dá)及其調(diào)控研究的不斷深入,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),微小RNA(miRNA)和長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)異常表達(dá)在EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展中扮演著十分重要的角色[2]?,F(xiàn)對(duì)miRNA及l(fā)ncRNA與EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展及相關(guān)性不孕、惡變關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
miRNA是由21~25個(gè)核苷酸組成的一種小的內(nèi)源性非編碼RNA,具有高度保守性、時(shí)序性和組織特異性等特點(diǎn)。miRNA在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ作用下,在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄成初級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)錄物,后經(jīng)Drosha核酸酶剪切形成長(zhǎng)約70個(gè)核苷酸、具有莖環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的前體miRNA(preRNA),最后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì)的preRNA在Dicer加工酶作用下產(chǎn)生成熟的miRNA。成熟的miRNA通過(guò)與靶基因mRNA3′端非編碼區(qū)不完全結(jié)合,抑制其翻譯,或者可與其他蛋白質(zhì)組成基因沉默復(fù)合體,后者通過(guò)與mRNA特異性堿基互補(bǔ)配對(duì),引起mRNA降解,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一個(gè)miRNA能靶向介導(dǎo)多個(gè)mRNA表達(dá),而一個(gè)mRNA又可同時(shí)受多個(gè)miRNA調(diào)控,通過(guò)這種復(fù)雜的轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),miRNA幾乎參與了機(jī)體所有的病理生理過(guò)程,例如:Zhou等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),過(guò)表達(dá)的miR-9可通過(guò)下調(diào)上皮型鈣黏附蛋白(E-cadherin)及上調(diào)神經(jīng)型鈣黏附蛋白(N-cadherin)和波形蛋白的表達(dá)促進(jìn)漿液性卵巢癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移;Khorrami等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-146a可通過(guò)改變調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量在免疫抑制中發(fā)揮作用。
近年來(lái)隨著miRNA研究的進(jìn)展,miRNA與EMs相關(guān)的研究也日益增多。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA不僅在EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,還與EMs相關(guān)性不孕、惡變密切相關(guān)。
1.2.1 miRNA與EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)系 一項(xiàng)入選了17例EMs患者和252名健康女性的病例對(duì)照研究結(jié)果顯示,mir-126 rs4636297及TGF β RI rs334348與EMs發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及嚴(yán)重程度有顯著相關(guān)性,據(jù)此推測(cè),miRNA和miRNA結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性可能影響EMs個(gè)體易感性及其嚴(yán)重性[6]。Zhou等[7]通過(guò)基因芯片技術(shù)對(duì)比EMs患者在位內(nèi)膜與正常子宮內(nèi)膜,發(fā)現(xiàn)66個(gè)miRNA和357個(gè)mRNA存在差異表達(dá),其中miR-196a在上述miRNA表達(dá)譜中上調(diào)最明顯,過(guò)表達(dá)的miR-196a通過(guò)激活MEK/ERK信號(hào)通路抑制孕激素受體表達(dá),延遲在位內(nèi)膜蛻膜化從而促進(jìn)EMs進(jìn)展。Okamoto等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),異位子宮內(nèi)膜基質(zhì)細(xì)胞中miR-210表達(dá)較正常子宮內(nèi)膜基質(zhì)細(xì)胞明顯增加,高表達(dá)的miR-210通過(guò)上調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3激發(fā)一系列細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和血管形成等多種信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)EMs病程演進(jìn)。Abe等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),Bcl-2是miR-196b下游基因,被miR-196b負(fù)調(diào)控。Bcl-2是一種重要的凋亡抑制基因,在正常子宮內(nèi)膜中Bcl-2表達(dá)量可根據(jù)月經(jīng)周期自發(fā)進(jìn)行周期性變化,既可保證內(nèi)膜修復(fù)再生又可避免內(nèi)膜過(guò)度增殖。但研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Bcl-2在EMs患者內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞特別是異位內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞中明顯上調(diào),高表達(dá)的Bcl-2可使月經(jīng)期逆流的內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞抗凋亡能力明顯增強(qiáng),為內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞成功種植增加機(jī)會(huì),同時(shí)已種植的異位內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞由于抗凋亡性大大增強(qiáng)更不易凋亡,可在種植部位長(zhǎng)期存活不斷生長(zhǎng),從而有利于異位病灶的形成。Hirakawa等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-503抑制EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制可能是:一方面miR-503可使細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1表達(dá)下調(diào)抑制異位內(nèi)膜基質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖和分化;另一方面miR-503可以負(fù)調(diào)控Ras同源基因(Rho)/Rho相關(guān)螺旋卷曲蛋白激酶(ROCK)信號(hào)通路,抑制血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor-A,VEGF-A)表達(dá)和干擾細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)重塑。
1.2.2 miRNA與EMs相關(guān)性不孕發(fā)生的關(guān)系 EMs與不孕密切相關(guān)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),EMs患者不孕率可達(dá)30%~50%,為健康人群的20倍,30%~35%的不孕由EMs引起[11]。研究[12]顯示,一對(duì)正常夫婦每月妊娠率為15%~20%,而一對(duì)EMs夫婦妊娠率僅為2%~10%。EMs可從多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)特別是胚胎著床干擾正常妊娠造成不孕。胚胎成功著床子宮內(nèi)膜容受性是關(guān)鍵。事實(shí)上,EMs患者常常存在不同程度的子宮內(nèi)膜容受性下降[13]。研究表明,miRNA可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)多種子宮內(nèi)膜容受性相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子和信號(hào)通路參與胚胎著床過(guò)程[14]。王洋等[15]通過(guò)對(duì)比3例因EMs發(fā)生不孕患者與3例因輸卵管因素發(fā)生不孕患者著床窗口期子宮內(nèi)膜組織中miRNA的表達(dá)發(fā)現(xiàn),EMs組內(nèi)膜組織中存在多個(gè)差異表達(dá)的miRNA,其中以miR-142-5p上調(diào)最明顯。miR-142-5p的預(yù)測(cè)靶基因包括骨橋蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)等多種子宮內(nèi)膜容受性標(biāo)志分子對(duì)應(yīng)的基因。OPN是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的一種黏附分子,在胚胎著床、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及分化等方面具有多種生物學(xué)功能[16-17]。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),OPN可通過(guò)激活ERK1/2、絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶(AKT)和p38等信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)叉頭框轉(zhuǎn)錄因子M1表達(dá),促進(jìn)子宮內(nèi)膜增殖,改變子宮內(nèi)膜的容受性,影響胚胎植入[18]。MMPs特別是MMP-9能降解子宮內(nèi)膜基底膜及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),參與子宮內(nèi)膜分化和蛻膜化過(guò)程的基質(zhì)重建,改善子宮內(nèi)膜的容受性,為胚胎著床作準(zhǔn)備。因此,上調(diào)的miR-142-5p可能是通過(guò)影響內(nèi)膜容受性干擾胚胎正常著床導(dǎo)致不孕。阮鈺等[19]提出,異常表達(dá)的miR-145可能通過(guò)調(diào)控靶基因影響EMs患者子宮內(nèi)膜的容受性,導(dǎo)致胚胎著床失敗,在EMs相關(guān)性不孕中發(fā)揮作用。
1.2.3 miRNA與EMs惡變發(fā)生的關(guān)系 雖然EMs是良性病變,但卻具有增生、浸潤(rùn)、轉(zhuǎn)移及復(fù)發(fā)等類似惡性腫瘤的生物學(xué)行為,并且研究表明,約有1%的EMs患者病變會(huì)發(fā)生組織學(xué)改變,成為癌瘤。EMs惡變最常見(jiàn)于卵巢,被稱為EMs相關(guān)性卵巢癌(endometriosis associated ovarian carcinoma,EAOC)。目前EMs惡變機(jī)制尚不完全清楚。有研究表明,miRNA異常表達(dá)在卵巢癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著關(guān)鍵作用,例如高表達(dá)的miR-365和miR-215可分別通過(guò)下調(diào)Wnt5a和NOB1阻止卵巢癌進(jìn)展[20-21]。因此,有學(xué)者推測(cè)miRNA可能同樣參與EAOC的發(fā)生發(fā)展。相關(guān)研究似乎也證實(shí)了該假設(shè),如Dong等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-191在EAOC組織中和EMs異位內(nèi)膜組織中表達(dá)明顯高于正常卵巢組織,且miR-191表達(dá)水平與基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制因子3(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3,TIMP3)表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。TIMP3是一種抑癌基因,在多種腫瘤中低表達(dá),可通過(guò)特異性抑制MMPs的活性,參與腫瘤發(fā)生、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移等過(guò)程[23-24]。因此,過(guò)表達(dá)的miR-191可能通過(guò)調(diào)控靶標(biāo)TIMP3,上調(diào)MMPs,提高異位內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞侵襲及遷移能力,從而促使EMs發(fā)生惡變。此外,死亡相關(guān)蛋白激酶(death-associated protein kinase 1,DAPK1)也是miR-191的一種功能靶基因。DAPK1是一種細(xì)胞凋亡正性調(diào)節(jié)因子,在機(jī)體中廣泛參與P53、γ-干擾素、腫瘤壞死因子-α和Fas等多種信號(hào)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程,在細(xì)胞凋亡和疾病發(fā)生過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要作用[25-27]。Tian等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),DAPK1在EAOC組織中和EMs異位內(nèi)膜組織中表達(dá)明顯下調(diào),他們認(rèn)為,DAPK1基因表達(dá)降低導(dǎo)致正常的細(xì)胞凋亡機(jī)制受到抑制,最終使細(xì)胞增殖與凋亡動(dòng)態(tài)平衡失調(diào)可能是EMs發(fā)生惡變的重要機(jī)制之一。
lncRNA是指轉(zhuǎn)錄本長(zhǎng)度大于200個(gè)核苷酸、不具備蛋白質(zhì)編碼功能的一類RNA。根據(jù)與鄰近蛋白編碼基因在基因組上相對(duì)位置和相對(duì)方向的不同可分為反義lncRNA、正義lncRNA、基因內(nèi)lncRNA、基因間lncRNA(即lincRNA)和雙向lncRNA 5類。以往認(rèn)為lncRNA是“轉(zhuǎn)錄噪音”,無(wú)生物學(xué)功能。但近年來(lái)越來(lái)越多研究發(fā)現(xiàn),lncRNA可以在DNA復(fù)制、RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄以及蛋白質(zhì)翻譯等多個(gè)層面上調(diào)控基因表達(dá),不僅參與個(gè)體生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育等生理過(guò)程,而且還在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展等病理過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要作用[29],如Yu等[30-31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),linc00261能通過(guò)調(diào)控E-cadherin、N-cadherin及slug等上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)控制EMT的發(fā)生,抑制胃癌細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移。
隨著研究的深入,越來(lái)越多的研究表明,lncRNA表達(dá)失衡是EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要機(jī)制之一。2014年Sun等[32]首次應(yīng)用高通量微陣列基因芯片技術(shù)比較EMs在位及異位內(nèi)膜組織中l(wèi)ncRNA和mRNA表達(dá)的不同,發(fā)現(xiàn)有948個(gè)lncRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄本和4 088個(gè)mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄本存在差異。同時(shí)利用已有的mRNA的功能注釋,預(yù)測(cè)差異表達(dá)的lncRNA的生物學(xué)功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA可能通過(guò)多種生物學(xué)通路參與到EMs的發(fā)病機(jī)制中。張琛等[33]利用qRT-PCR對(duì)上述lncRNA表達(dá)譜中上調(diào)最明顯的CHLI-AS2進(jìn)行檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示,CHLI-AS2在EMs患者在位內(nèi)膜中低表達(dá),而在異位病灶及病灶旁組織中高表達(dá),異位病灶和病灶旁組織的表達(dá)量趨近,提出lncRNACHL1-AS2異常表達(dá)可能與EMs發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān)。Wang等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常分泌期子宮內(nèi)膜相比,EMs患者分泌期在位內(nèi)膜中分別有488個(gè)lncRNA、578個(gè)mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào)和789個(gè)lncRNA、638個(gè)mRNA表達(dá)下調(diào)。同時(shí)通過(guò)pathway分析及GO分析發(fā)現(xiàn),這些異常表達(dá)的lncRNA與細(xì)胞所處周期及免疫調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān)。用qRT-PCR檢測(cè)LncRNAAC002454.1與CDK6在上述兩種內(nèi)膜中的表達(dá)發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者不僅均表達(dá)異常,而且在組織中的表達(dá)量呈正相關(guān),推測(cè)lncRNAAC002454.1可通過(guò)調(diào)控CDK6的表達(dá)使細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生改變參與EMs病程演進(jìn)。Sha等[35]通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染上調(diào)異位子宮內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞中l(wèi)inc00261的表達(dá)發(fā)現(xiàn),高表達(dá)的linc00261能誘導(dǎo)異位內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制細(xì)胞增殖和遷移,阻止EMs進(jìn)展。Ghazal等[36]通過(guò)對(duì)10例EMs患者在位內(nèi)膜及10例正常子宮內(nèi)膜組織中l(wèi)ncRNA-H19表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),H19在在位內(nèi)膜中的表達(dá)明顯低于正常內(nèi)膜。體外敲除子宮內(nèi)膜基質(zhì)細(xì)胞中H19基因后,抑癌基因let-7表達(dá)上調(diào),后者能在轉(zhuǎn)錄前水平抑制胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1受體(insulin like growth factor receptor, IGF1R)表達(dá),使子宮內(nèi)膜基質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖能力降低,最終影響EMs患者子宮內(nèi)膜的修復(fù)及容受性。據(jù)此Ghazal等推斷H19/let-7/IGF1R信號(hào)通路可能是EMs患者不孕的潛在機(jī)制之一。
miRNA與lncRNA在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中扮演著十分重要的角色,它們介導(dǎo)了轉(zhuǎn)錄前調(diào)控、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控和轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控等基因表達(dá)調(diào)控機(jī)制。與此同時(shí),兩者又有著十分微妙的相互作用關(guān)系,可形成復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),參與各種病理生理過(guò)程。如Sun等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LOC100129148在鼻咽癌中表達(dá)上調(diào),可作為Kruppel樣轉(zhuǎn)錄因子12(Kruppel-like factor 12,KLFl2)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源RNA(competitive endogenous RNA, ceRNA),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合靶向KLFl2的miR-539-5p,提高KLFl2表達(dá)水平,促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞增殖,從而有利于鼻咽癌的發(fā)生。H19可作為miR-675的前體分子,通過(guò)產(chǎn)生miR-675,抑制后者靶基因Runt相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1表達(dá),促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移[38-39]。
miRNA和lncRNA相互作用在EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中同樣發(fā)揮著重要作用。如Wang等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),lncRNA ENST00000465368含有miR-199a的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),可與VEGF-A競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合miR-199a,導(dǎo)致miR-199a與其靶基因VEGF-A結(jié)合減少,從而削弱miR-199a對(duì)VEGF-A的降解作用,使VEGF-A表達(dá)上調(diào)。VEGF-A是一種血管生成特異性調(diào)節(jié)因子,通過(guò)與其受體結(jié)合,激活下游信號(hào)通路,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖和遷移,增加微血管通透性,促進(jìn)新生血管生成,有利于異位內(nèi)膜成功種植。此外,研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn),下調(diào)lncRNA NR_033688表達(dá)可使miR-10b對(duì)其靶基因多配體蛋白聚糖1(Syndecan-1,SDC1)抑制作用增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致SDCl表達(dá)水平降低[41]。SDC1是一種細(xì)胞黏附分子,其表達(dá)量下降可致細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞-基質(zhì)間黏附功能降低,從而利于異位子宮內(nèi)膜腺上皮細(xì)胞侵襲遷移[42-43]。
綜上所述,miRNA和lncRNA及其之間的相互作用與EMs發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),在EMs增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用,但目前相關(guān)研究仍處于初步探索階段,具體機(jī)制及作用靶點(diǎn)有待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。相信隨著lncRNA和miRNA在EMs中研究的不斷深入,EMs早期診斷、治療和預(yù)后評(píng)估會(huì)出現(xiàn)革命性突破。
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東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2018年3期