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林紓譯《迦茵小傳》中景物的插筆研究

2018-07-09 09:59鄒瑩

鄒瑩

摘 要:林紓翻譯的《迦茵小傳》在晚清中國(guó)社會(huì)深受國(guó)人的喜愛(ài),這得益于他精妙的譯筆在翻譯過(guò)程中的運(yùn)用。以春覺(jué)齋理論為依據(jù),探討譯者如何運(yùn)用插筆塑造生動(dòng)形象的景物。具體體現(xiàn)在摹狀格,比喻,擬人三種修辭的運(yùn)用使得譯文中的景物情韻悠長(zhǎng)。

關(guān)鍵詞:《迦茵小傳》;《春覺(jué)齋論文》;插筆

中圖分類號(hào):H059 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1671-9255(2018)02-0057-03

《迦茵小傳》是一部描寫青年男女反抗世俗觀念和封建壓迫,追求自由愛(ài)情的小說(shuō)。其原著在晚晴中國(guó)社會(huì)鮮為人知,但譯作卻紅極一時(shí),深受國(guó)人的喜愛(ài),這得益于譯者林紓精妙的譯筆。他古文創(chuàng)作的筆法影響著他翻譯的全過(guò)程,他是在用他自己的譯筆塑造著生動(dòng)形象的景物,以古文家獨(dú)具的藝術(shù)感受力和表現(xiàn)力進(jìn)行文學(xué)翻譯。

在《春覺(jué)齋論文》“用筆八則”這一章節(jié)中,林紓提及插筆:“事有在文中若不相涉者,然不鋪敘其事,則于傳中本事為無(wú)根法在敘到喫緊處,非插筆則眉目不清,故必補(bǔ)齊所以至此為由;敘到紛煩處,非插筆則綱要不得,故必揭其所以必然之故”。[1]林紓在翻譯時(shí),抓住景物的主要特征,運(yùn)用插筆對(duì)其著力描繪,對(duì)原文中景物進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母脑?,加工,?rùn)色,即錢鐘書品論他譯文筆法“頰上添毫”[2],使得景物更加生動(dòng)形象,從而達(dá)到動(dòng)靜結(jié)合、虛實(shí)結(jié)合。本文將重點(diǎn)談?wù)摿旨偨栌貌骞P插入摹狀格,比喻,擬人三種修辭。

一、插筆插入摹狀格

摹狀格是一種古典文學(xué)修辭手法,即“通過(guò)把現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中千變?nèi)f化的聲音,豐富多彩的顏色,各種各樣的形狀,給予準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)的摹寫”。[3]63林紓利用插筆插入了摹狀格,使得譯文不再如原文般粗重呆板,而是聲色俱佳,富有感染力。摹狀格可以分為三類:摹聲,摹形,摹色,本節(jié)重點(diǎn)探討前兩種。

首先摹聲,顧名思義,“用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~句,把人和物的某種聲音,給予真實(shí)的摹寫”。[3]P64林紓在翻

譯中,利用插筆加強(qiáng)讀者想象中的聽(tīng)覺(jué)作用,創(chuàng)造理想的意境,使得讀者獲得一定的真實(shí)感和藝術(shù)享受。比如: his chattering teeth[4]27,被翻譯為“齒震震作聲”[5]19,chattering原意為牙齒震動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,而林紓翻譯為震震作聲,渲染出人物所處的寒冷的環(huán)境,讀者仿佛可以身臨其境地感受到人物害怕的心理。再如下例:

[...]and the sulky cabman drove off,yelling at the children in front of get out of the way of his horse, andlashing with his whip at those who clung behind.[4]209

而御者四麾其鞭,祛群小兒,轔轔而去[5]150

“the sulky cabman drove off”被翻譯為“轔轔而去”,原意為陰沉的車夫駕車而去,林紓在翻譯中插筆“轔轔”描寫細(xì)致入微,惟妙惟肖,生動(dòng)地描寫出了馬車走時(shí)留下的聲響,即使走了很遠(yuǎn),依然仿佛能聽(tīng)到馬車的聲音,渲染了依依不舍的氣氛,使整個(gè)場(chǎng)景可感可觸可觀可聞可思。聲是無(wú)形的,譯者利用插筆將對(duì)音樂(lè)的感受默寫出來(lái),加強(qiáng)記憶,反復(fù)回味。

第二種,便是摹形,即“用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~句,把人或物的某種形狀模樣默寫出來(lái)”。[3]68林紓利用插筆突出形象,增強(qiáng)實(shí)感性,加深讀者的印象,使讀者獲得形象的藝術(shù)享受。例如:

[...] following the trend of the coast northward, the eye falls upon thered roofs of the fishing village of Bradmouth. [4]5

立寺基北望,則燎白拉墨司小村,漁家紅瓦鱗鱗然。[5]5

Perhaps in thewhole county there is no more solitary or desolate building, with its outlookon to the heath and the chain of melancholy meres where Samuelhad waylaid Joan, beyond which lies the sea.[4]250

莊居寥寂不囂,荒田彌望,積水潭澄然映目[5]178

林紓的插筆“鱗鱗然”形象生動(dòng)的描繪出小村莊里漁家房頂?shù)臉幼?,瓦片如魚鱗一般層層排列,通過(guò)插入摹狀,讀者可以很容易地通過(guò)魚鱗的樣子聯(lián)想到房頂?shù)臉幼?,增?qiáng)了實(shí)感。而第二個(gè)例子,“澄然”描繪的是清澈而平靜無(wú)波的水,譯者捕捉事物的特色,運(yùn)用插筆生動(dòng)地表達(dá)出來(lái),使讀者展開(kāi)聯(lián)想,感受到了美麗的場(chǎng)景。

[...] surrounding a grey and solitary houseknown as Moor Farm.[4]5

有小屋巍然,人稱之曰摹亞莊。[5]5

The houses were tall, and covered with a dingy stucco, that here andthere had peeled away in flakes, exposing patches of yellow brick[4]209

屋制極髙矗,以石灰墁其頂,墻壁多壞坍,斑駁如鹿皮紋[5]149

The homestead, which stands quite alone, for all the labourers employedabout the place live a mile or more away in the valley, is large,commodious [...][4]250

洛克所居,頗巋然高大,佃人居則去之稍遠(yuǎn)[5]178

同樣,譯者的插筆“巍然”、“髙矗”、“巋然”都描摹出了建筑物高大佇立的樣子,讓讀者感受到景物的原始形態(tài)。在翻譯中,林紓與原作者共情,再用他自己的審美情趣和創(chuàng)作筆法有效地改寫原文景物,使景物更加形象生動(dòng)。如果讀者與譯者有著共同的審美情趣,便更能感受到譯作中的美。譯者運(yùn)用插筆突出了景物的形象,渲染了氣氛,增強(qiáng)了語(yǔ)言的祈使意義和表情意義。

二、插筆插入比喻

比喻是語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)的升華,是語(yǔ)言的信息功能和美學(xué)功能的有機(jī)結(jié)合。林紓利用插筆插入了比喻,把景物描寫的更加形象生動(dòng),使人可見(jiàn)可感可悟,以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的說(shuō)服力和感染力。從而加強(qiáng)了語(yǔ)用意義,使讀者易于接受。

Indeed, there was little variety in the routine of the bird ménage. [4]222

蓋缽特家況,一如印版文字,無(wú)他變易”[5]159

原著中單純地?cái)⑹錾w缽特家里的境況沒(méi)有太多的變化,而譯者在翻譯的過(guò)程中用插筆插入了比喻,這種變化就好像印刷雕版上一成不變的文字一樣,使讀者展開(kāi)聯(lián)想,增強(qiáng)了其祈使意義。再如以下的例子:

The houses were tall, and covered with a dingy stucco, that here andthere had peeled away in flakes, exposing patches of yellow brick[4]209

屋制極髙矗,以石灰墁其頂,墻壁多壞坍,斑駁如鹿皮紋[5]149

在原著的描述中,房子的墻壁多坍塌,斑駁不堪,譯者在翻譯的過(guò)程中,插筆增譯了“如鹿皮紋”,形象生動(dòng)的描寫出了墻壁破敗的樣子,就好像鹿皮的紋路一樣。譯語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用意義得到了增強(qiáng)。

The air was full of the voices of wind and storm, the galegroaned and shriekedamong the branches of the ancient trees; from thebeach a mile away came the sound of the hiss of the surge and of the dullboom of breakers [...][4]251

木葉既脫,風(fēng)鳴條作聲,凄厲可怖。海潮遠(yuǎn)沸,亦為風(fēng)吞咽,如暗人吐口語(yǔ)。[5]178

眾所周知,風(fēng)是很難用語(yǔ)言去描述的。但此處的插筆形象地描述出海潮在遠(yuǎn)處濤濤作響和風(fēng)呼呼作聲,就像一個(gè)躲在暗處的人默默在遠(yuǎn)處說(shuō)著話,情形著實(shí)可怖。譯者通過(guò)插筆和比喻讓抽象的景物具象化,渲染了氣氛,易于讀者理解。

三、插筆插入擬人

景物的描寫常常和情感的表達(dá)息息相關(guān),人常常因情感物,或因物感情。擬人就是通過(guò)把原屬于人所有的品質(zhì)、行為、情感等賦予物(大自然其他有生命或無(wú)生命的東西)。而由于漢英兩種語(yǔ)言的差異,漢語(yǔ)中擬人使用較多,英語(yǔ)中擬人使用較少。在翻譯時(shí),林紓借用插筆,巧妙地將英語(yǔ)非擬人的表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)擬人表達(dá),其目的在于借物抒情。物在他的筆下更加形象生動(dòng),帶給讀者美的享受,引起讀者的共鳴。比如下面的例子:

Thus thought Joan; then, weary of the subject, she dismissed it fromher mind for a while, and, lying back upon the grass in idle contentment,watched the little clouds float across the sky till, far out to sea, theymelted into the blue of the horizon.[4]18

觀天際飛云,片片相逐,直至海上,與水云合,蔚藍(lán)一色,氣極清明。[5]13

原文中“the little clouds float across the sky till”只是包含著少量的云朵在空中飄動(dòng),但是譯者運(yùn)用插筆描寫出云的狀態(tài)?!捌嘀稹币馑际钦f(shuō)云一片一片相互追趕飄到天際。擬人手法的運(yùn)用,似乎賦予云朵以生命,表現(xiàn)了云朵動(dòng)態(tài)的樣子。

By now they had turned off the main road, and, following a lanewhich was used to cart sand and shingle from the beach, had reached achalky slope known as the Cliff. Below them was a stretch of sand, acrosswhich raced the in-coming tide, and beyond lay the great ocean, blue inthe far distance, but marked towards the shore with parallel lines ofwhite-crested billows.[4]56

此時(shí)行經(jīng)小徑,至于海灘之次,沙線延長(zhǎng),海波起落,蝕及沙際,滯泊有聲;更遠(yuǎn)則作蔚藍(lán)之色,浪頭層起作白色,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)作聲。[5]40

譯者運(yùn)用插筆“滯泊有聲”、“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)作聲”,原文中海浪就好像一個(gè)人一樣遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地發(fā)出聲響。人的情感也許無(wú)影無(wú)形,難以言述,但將情感物化后,無(wú)情之物立馬有情有義,栩栩如生,譯者充分發(fā)揮“移情”作用,從而創(chuàng)造出的意境便于為讀者理解與感受。

林紓有著很強(qiáng)的“化腐朽為神奇”之功力,特別在翻譯的《迦茵小傳》中有所體現(xiàn)。他在保持原作風(fēng)格情調(diào)的基礎(chǔ)上,有時(shí)給原作添油加料,使其文字更加生動(dòng)。具體而言,即他謹(jǐn)慎地在譯文中加入修辭。正如他在《春覺(jué)齋論文》述旨這一章中所提及,要使古文生情,關(guān)鍵在于“調(diào)辭以務(wù)似”。他正是在翻譯時(shí)借助修辭和插筆,使譯文情韻更加悠長(zhǎng)。而他插筆的運(yùn)用,對(duì)現(xiàn)代翻譯實(shí)踐也有所啟示:我們并不能隨意地增添與原著無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容,而只能在充分地理解原著的基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用譯者的審美,將景物描繪地更加生動(dòng)來(lái)吸引讀者。我們要翻譯出讀者也更易理解的更具神韻的譯文。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]林紓.春覺(jué)齋論文[M]//郭紹虞,羅根澤,編.中國(guó)古典文學(xué)理論批評(píng)專著選輯. 北京:人民文學(xué)出版社,1959:122-123.

[2]錢鐘書.林紓的翻譯[M].北京:商務(wù)印書館,1981:11.

[3]姜宗倫.古典文學(xué)辭格概要[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1984.

[4]Haggard, H. Joan Haste .London: Longmans, Green and Co.1897.

[5]哈葛德. 迦茵小傳[M].林紓,譯.北京:商務(wù)印書館,1981.

(責(zé)任編輯 劉知國(guó))

Study on the Additionin theScenery Description in Joan Haste Translated by Lin Shu

ZHOU Ying

(Department of Humanities, Anhui Technical College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhu 241000, China)

Abstract: One of Lin Shus translation works Joan Haste was well accepted among Chinese people in the late Qing Dynasty, due to his fine translation skills. Based on the study of the theories put forward by Lin Shu in his book “The Research of Classic Prose in Chun Jue-zhai”, this paper explores how Lin Shu uses addition in his translation to create vivid scenery. Specifically he uses description, metaphor and personification so that the images of scenery in the translation work are charming and impressive.

Key Words:Joan Haste; The Research of Classic Prose in Chun Jue-zhai; addition