蔡貴榕
【摘 要】目的:探討超聲在小兒腹部腫瘤中的診斷價(jià)值和臨床意義。方法:選取2016.10~2017.10來(lái)我院就診的,經(jīng)手術(shù)病理結(jié)果證實(shí)的80例小兒腹部腫瘤患者為研究對(duì)象,均給予腹部超聲檢查,回顧性分析其超聲診斷結(jié)果,并于病理結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)照。結(jié)果:小兒腹部腫瘤中以腎母細(xì)胞瘤、卵巢畸胎瘤、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤、腹膜后畸胎瘤、肝母細(xì)胞瘤、腸系膜囊腫、腸重復(fù)畸形等常見(jiàn),其中62.50%為惡性,通過(guò)超聲診斷后,其腫瘤形狀、邊界、回聲、血流各有其特征性改變,超聲診斷其物理特性準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)100%,病理特性準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)68.75%。結(jié)論:超聲在小兒腹部腫瘤中的診斷中,操作簡(jiǎn)單,準(zhǔn)確性較高,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】超聲;小兒;腹部腫瘤;診斷
The research value and clinical importance of ultrasound diagnosis of abdominal tumors in children
Abstract Objective: To explore the diagnostic value and clinical significance of ultrasound in children's abdominal tumors. Methods: 80 children with abdominal tumors confirmed by surgery and pathology from 2016.10 to 2017.10 who came to our hospital were selected as study subjects. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed. The results of ultrasound diagnosis were retrospectively analyzed and compared with pathological results.Results: Nephroblastoma, ovarian teratoma, neuroblastoma, retroperitoneal teratoma, hepatoblastoma, mesenteric cyst, and intestinal duplication were common in children with abdominal tumors, among them, 62.50% were malignant. After the diagnosis by ultrasound, the shape, boundary, echo, and blood flow of the tumors had their own characteristic changes. The accuracy of the ultrasound diagnosis was 100% and the accuracy of the pathological features was 68.75%.Conclusion: In the diagnosis of pediatric abdominal tumors, ultrasound is simple and accurate. It is worthy of clinical application.
Key words: ultrasound; children; abdominal tumors; diagnosis
【中圖分類號(hào)】R564 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】1005-0019(2018)04-00-01
腫瘤嚴(yán)重威脅人類生命健康,已成為目前臨床導(dǎo)致患者死亡最常見(jiàn)原因之一[1]。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,環(huán)境的污染,飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,小兒腫瘤的發(fā)病率也越來(lái)越高[2,3],在我國(guó),腫瘤是導(dǎo)致小兒死亡的第三位病因[4],其中,最常見(jiàn)的是小兒腹部腫瘤[5],涉及到消化、淋巴、泌尿、生殖等多系統(tǒng),臨床上多表現(xiàn)為腹部腫塊,發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)腫瘤體積多已較大,因此,早期診療尤為重要,而早期診斷是早期治療的關(guān)鍵[6]。目前,臨床多采用影像學(xué)的檢查手段,其中超聲一種簡(jiǎn)單、安全、常用的一種檢查方式,可以為其診斷提供豐富的臨床信息。本研究旨在探討超聲在小兒腹部腫瘤中的診斷價(jià)值和臨床意義,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2016.10~2017.10來(lái)我院就診的,經(jīng)手術(shù)病理結(jié)果證實(shí)的80例小兒腹部腫瘤患者為研究對(duì)象,其中,男41例,女39例;年齡15d~12歲,平均年齡為(2.9±0.3)歲。
1.2 方法
所有入選患者均給予腹部超聲檢查。主要包括二維超聲和彩色多普勒超聲,具體操作方法如下,二維超聲:患兒需空腹6h,嬰兒可少量進(jìn)食乳汁后檢查,若胃腸積氣干擾顯像應(yīng)先進(jìn)行腸道準(zhǔn)備;若檢查盆腔內(nèi)組織器官,需先適度充盈膀胱;若患兒不合作,可先用10%水合氯醛灌腸鎮(zhèn)靜。檢查時(shí)取仰臥位,必要時(shí)可調(diào)整為側(cè)臥位及俯臥位。首先確定有無(wú)腫塊、腫塊的來(lái)源,觀察腫塊的大小、位置、形態(tài)、邊緣、輪廓、包膜、與周圍組織之間的關(guān)系以及內(nèi)部回聲,確定其質(zhì),分析其良惡性質(zhì),注意有無(wú)浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移。彩色多普勒超聲:腫塊內(nèi)部有無(wú)血流分布,若有需觀察其豐富程度,觀察腫塊周圍的血流分布,明確腫塊與周圍管的關(guān)系,明確腫塊的血流情況。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 小兒腹部腫瘤的病理類型
入選的80例患者中,主要以腎母細(xì)胞瘤、卵巢畸胎瘤、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤、腹膜后畸胎瘤、肝母細(xì)胞瘤、腸系膜囊腫、腸重復(fù)畸形等常見(jiàn),其中良性腫瘤占37.50%,惡性腫瘤占62.50%,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 小兒腹部腫瘤的超聲表現(xiàn) 小兒腹部中2.50%腫瘤為圓形,50.00%為橢圓形,47.50%為不規(guī)則形;邊界情況:61.25%有包膜的,62.50%邊界清,37.50%邊界不清;內(nèi)部回聲情況:16.25%為實(shí)性低回聲,2.50%為實(shí)性等回聲,11.25%為實(shí)性強(qiáng)回聲,27.50%為實(shí)性混合回聲,16.25%為囊性混合回聲,40.00%為囊性無(wú)回聲;小兒腹部腫瘤血流分布情況:26.25%為內(nèi)部無(wú)血流,17.50%為內(nèi)部稀疏血流,41.25%為內(nèi)部豐富血流,33.75%為周邊無(wú)血流,26.25%為周邊有血流
2.3 超聲診斷與病理結(jié)果對(duì)比情況
超聲診斷腫物物理特性的準(zhǔn)確率為100.00%,診斷腫物病理特性的準(zhǔn)確率為68.75%
討論
小兒腹部腫瘤是小兒外科疾病中的常見(jiàn)疾病,如腎母細(xì)胞瘤[7-9]、畸胎瘤[9]、腸系膜囊腫、大網(wǎng)膜囊腫、卵巢囊腫[10]、肝母細(xì)胞瘤、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤等,分為實(shí)性腫瘤和囊性腫瘤,發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)瘤體往往已近較大,且與周圍組織緊密粘連,治療較困難,嚴(yán)重威脅患兒的生命健康[11,12],因此,在腫瘤早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期治療,對(duì)于提高其臨床療效具有重要意義[13]。目前,小兒腹部腫瘤常用的診斷方法為X線、超聲、CT[14]、以及MRI[15,16]。腹部X線檢查成本較低,能及時(shí)診斷疾病,但由于腹腔內(nèi)組織器官?gòu)?fù)雜,缺乏自然對(duì)比,分辨率和靈敏度都較低,使其臨床診斷受到很大限制。CT 靈敏度較高,對(duì)能敏感地檢測(cè)出小的病灶,但若病變組織與正常組織密度相近,則對(duì)比度低,且CT也有輻射,若短期內(nèi)多次檢查,對(duì)患兒影響較大。MRI能詳細(xì)反映組織學(xué)特征,空間分辨率較高,但檢查時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),在一些疾病的定性診斷上仍存在困難[17]。相比之下,超聲檢查操作簡(jiǎn)單、費(fèi)用較低,對(duì)大部分腹腔腫瘤能進(jìn)行定性,為小兒腹腔臟器病變的首選,但腹腔內(nèi)環(huán)境也會(huì)影響診斷。臨床小兒腹部腫瘤診斷過(guò)程中,應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的自身狀況,選擇適宜的檢查方法,可結(jié)合多種檢查方法,提高診斷的靈敏性、準(zhǔn)確性、可靠性。
目前臨床常用的超聲檢查方法為二維超聲和彩色多普勒超聲檢查[18]。二維超聲檢查可通過(guò)測(cè)定腫塊的大小以及回聲,判斷腫塊的來(lái)源,并觀察腫塊與周圍組織的關(guān)系,判定其性質(zhì),對(duì)于臨床鑒別小兒腹部腫瘤的良、惡性具有一定的意義。且檢查迅速、方便、安全、無(wú)創(chuàng),能進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)觀察,且可重復(fù)性較強(qiáng)。彩色多普勒超聲是在常規(guī)二維超聲基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)彩色多普勒的方法對(duì)血流進(jìn)行顯示,更直觀、動(dòng)態(tài)地觀察血流的流向、分布。一般來(lái)講,良性腫瘤血液供較少,惡性腫瘤血供豐富,可通過(guò)彩色多普勒觀察腫瘤內(nèi)部的血供情況,而初步鑒定腫瘤的良、惡性;也可通過(guò)觀察腫瘤周圍的血供情況,了解其是否有血管的浸潤(rùn),對(duì)臨床的治療具有指導(dǎo)意義。腎母細(xì)胞瘤超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果:多為圓形或橢圓形,表面光滑,與周圍腎組織境分界明顯,內(nèi)部可見(jiàn)液化和鈣化回聲影;神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果:瘤體較大,邊緣不整,位于腹膜后,瘤體內(nèi)部多呈非均質(zhì)性回聲,并可見(jiàn)多個(gè)強(qiáng)回聲斑塊;腹膜后畸胎瘤超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果:呈分葉狀或不規(guī)則型,與周圍組織分界不清,瘤體內(nèi)部一般為混合性回聲;卵巢畸胎瘤超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果:瘤體內(nèi)部多呈囊性或囊實(shí)性回聲;腸系膜囊腫超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果:形態(tài)多不規(guī)則,腔內(nèi)透聲差;腸重復(fù)畸形超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果:?jiǎn)畏磕倚阅[物,囊壁具有“強(qiáng)一弱一強(qiáng)”的回聲特征。
綜上所述,超聲檢查在確定小兒腹部腫瘤的良惡性、定位、定性上具有一定的意義,能指導(dǎo)臨床治療,值得推廣。
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