畢成 徐瑞成 鄒爽 王聰聰 張妍 徐忠偉
[摘要] 目的 探討華蟾毒配基通過(guò)改變表觀遺傳修飾調(diào)控肝癌細(xì)胞死亡的機(jī)制。 方法 通過(guò)CCK-8法檢測(cè)不同濃度(0、0.75、1.5、2.5、5、10 μmol/L)華蟾毒配基作用于肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞24 h細(xì)胞增殖能力的變化;5 μmol/L華蟾毒配基作用HepG2細(xì)胞12、24 h后,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期,蛋白印跡檢測(cè)鈣/鈣調(diào)素依賴(lài)蛋白激酶2β(CaMK2B)、甲基化CpG結(jié)合蛋白2(MeCP2)、磷酸化MeCP2(p-MeCP2)、乙酰化組蛋白H3.1(Ac-Histone3.1)和甲基化組蛋白(Met-Histone3.1)的表達(dá)變化;5 μmol/L華蟾毒配基作用HepG2細(xì)胞24 h后,細(xì)胞免疫熒光結(jié)合掃描共聚焦檢測(cè)CaMK2B和MeCP2相互作用。 結(jié)果 華蟾毒配基能顯著抑制肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),抑制效果呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴(lài)性,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),藥物作用細(xì)胞后,細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生G2/M期阻滯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。5 μmol/L華蟾毒配基可促進(jìn)CaMK2B和MeCP2在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)結(jié)合,Western blot 結(jié)果顯示華蟾毒配基作用HepG2細(xì)胞后上調(diào)CaMK2B和p-MeCP2表達(dá)(P < 0.05),抑制Ac-Histone3.1表達(dá),促進(jìn)Met-Histone3.1(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 華蟾毒配基通過(guò)激活CaMK2B-MeCP2信號(hào)通路抑制組蛋白乙?;⒋龠M(jìn)甲基化繼而誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞死亡。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 華蟾毒配基;肝細(xì)胞癌;鈣調(diào)蛋白激酶;表觀遺傳
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R735.7 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)08(b)-0004-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the mechanism of cinobufagin in regulating the death of liver cells by regulating epigenetic modification. Methods The CCK-8 assay was used to detect the changes of proliferation ability after different concentrations (0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 5, 10 μmol/L) of cinobufagin acting on the HepG2 cells for 24 h; after 5 μmol/L of cinobufagin acting on the HepG2 cells for 12, 24 h, the cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression levels of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2β (CaMK2B), methylated-cpg binding protein (MeCP2), phosphorylation-MeCP2 (p-MeCP2), acetylated histone H3.1 (Ac-Histone3.1) and methylated histones (Met-Histone3.1) were detected by Western blot; after 5 μmol/L of cinobufagin acting on the HepG2 cells for 24 h, the interaction between CaMK2B and MeCP2 in HepG2 cells was detected by cell immunofluorescence combined with confocal scanning. Results Cinobufagin could inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-independent manner, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), after the drug acting on the cells, the cell cycle comes up G2/M phase arrest, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). 5 μmol/L of cinobufagin could promote the incorporation of CaMK2B and MeCP2 in cell nucleus, the results of Western blot showed that the cinobufagin could increase the expression of CaMK2B and MeCP2 after acting on HepG2 cells (P < 0.05), inhibit the expression of the Ac-Histone3.1, and promote the Met-Histone3.1 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Cinobufagin can induce the death of liver cells by activating the CaMK2B-MeCP2 signal path, inhibiting histone acetylation and promoting histone methylation.
[Key words] Cinobufagin; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Calmodulin kinase; Epigenetic
蟾酥的主要成分是華蟾毒配基等,與植物來(lái)源的哇巴因和地高辛等均屬于強(qiáng)心苷類(lèi)固醇物質(zhì)(cardiotonic steroids,CSs)[1-3]。CSs是鈉鉀ATP酶抑制因子,可以增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)Na+濃度,間接促進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Na+和細(xì)胞外Ca2+的交換,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度增加,增強(qiáng)心肌收縮力[4-5]。值得關(guān)注的是,國(guó)外20年的流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),激素敏感型癌癥(宮頸癌和乳腺癌)患者術(shù)后服用強(qiáng)心苷類(lèi)固醇藥物地高辛拮抗化療誘發(fā)的心力衰竭,能夠使患者5年死亡率從34%顯著降低至6%[6]。CSs也能激活Ca2+信號(hào)途徑誘導(dǎo)腫瘤抑制基因(tumor suppressor genes,TSGs)重編程發(fā)揮抗癌作用[7]。我們前期研究結(jié)果顯示,華蟾毒配基能夠顯著改變肝癌細(xì)胞DNA分子的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),引起染色體重塑,參與基因轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)的重新編程[8]。然而具體機(jī)制尚不明確,因此,我們推測(cè)華蟾毒配基可能通過(guò)改變肝癌細(xì)胞表觀遺傳發(fā)揮抗癌機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 細(xì)胞系 人肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2:中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)院細(xì)胞資源中心。
1.1.2 藥物與試劑 華蟾毒配基(C1272,Sigma公司);胎牛血清(12483020)、高糖培養(yǎng)基(11995073)、胰蛋白酶(25300062)、FITC和TRITC標(biāo)記的熒光二抗(A10530和T-2769)購(gòu)自于Thermo-Fisher公司;兔抗人單克隆抗體鈣/鈣調(diào)素依賴(lài)蛋白激酶2β(CaMK2B)(ab71709)、磷酸化甲基化CpG結(jié)合蛋白(p-MecP2)(ab2828)、乙?;M蛋白H3.1(Ac-Histone3.1)(ab 4729)、甲基化組蛋白(Met-Histone)(ab8580)和組蛋白Histone H3.1(ab12079)、小鼠抗人MeCP2抗體(ab 50005)購(gòu)自于Abcam公司;辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔(5210-0176)、羊抗小鼠二抗(5230-0364)和ECL顯影液(5430-0042)購(gòu)自于KPL公司;CCK-8(40203ES60)、DMSO(60313ES60)、DAPI(40728ES03)和細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)試劑盒(40301ES50)購(gòu)自于上海翊圣生物科技有限公司,其他常規(guī)試劑為國(guó)產(chǎn)分析純。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 人肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2為貼壁生長(zhǎng)細(xì)胞,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含有10%胎牛血清、1%青鏈霉素抗生素H-DMEM培養(yǎng)基中,細(xì)胞融合度達(dá)到85%時(shí),常規(guī)0.25%胰酶消化細(xì)胞傳代培養(yǎng),每隔36 h換液。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)環(huán)境條件為5%CO2、37℃和飽和濕度。
1.2.2 CCK-8法檢測(cè)華蟾毒配基對(duì)HepG2增殖的影響 取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期HepG2細(xì)胞株,常規(guī)消化為單細(xì)胞懸液,以每孔5000個(gè)/100 μL接種于96孔板培養(yǎng)24 h后,每孔加入不同濃度華蟾毒配基(0、0.75、1.25、2.5、5、10 μmol/L),繼續(xù)常規(guī)培養(yǎng)24 h,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8試劑,37℃培養(yǎng)箱中孵育3 h,用酶標(biāo)儀在激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)450 nm處檢測(cè)吸光度值,計(jì)算細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制率:存活率(%)=(A實(shí)驗(yàn)-A空白)/(A對(duì)照-A空白)×100%。計(jì)算華蟾毒配基半數(shù)有效抑制濃度IC50值。
1.2.3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組:5 μmol/L華蟾毒配基作用0、12、24 h。常規(guī)收集細(xì)胞,0.25%胰酶消化細(xì)胞收集到離心管,1000 g離心10 min,棄上清,加入預(yù)冷PBS再次離心,棄上清,用75%冷乙醇固定,上機(jī)前離心棄上清,PBS洗1次,過(guò)300目篩網(wǎng),加入100 μg/mL RNase,40 μg/mL碘化丙啶(PI),0.2% Triton X-100避光孵育30 min,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期。用Flowjo軟件對(duì)流式結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析處理。
1.2.4 細(xì)胞免疫熒光華蟾毒配基對(duì)CaMK2B和MeCP2相互作用的影響 取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期HepG2細(xì)胞株,常規(guī)消化為單細(xì)胞懸液,以1×104個(gè)/mL接種于共聚焦平皿中24 h后,加入5 μmol/L華蟾毒配基作用12、24 h后,PBS小心去除血清,清洗細(xì)胞,用70%甲醇溶液4℃固定細(xì)胞30 min,0.5% Triton X-100孵育15 min破細(xì)胞膜,5%山羊血清封閉1 h,分別標(biāo)記兔抗人單克隆抗體CaMK2B(1∶200稀釋?zhuān)?,小鼠抗人MeCP2抗體(1∶150稀釋?zhuān)?℃孵育過(guò)夜,PBST清洗3次,每次10 min,分別標(biāo)記抗兔FITC標(biāo)記熒光二抗和抗小鼠TRITC標(biāo)記熒光二抗(1∶200稀釋?zhuān)BST清洗3次,每次10 min。用10 μg/mL DAPI復(fù)染細(xì)胞核。萊卡掃描共聚焦顯微鏡檢測(cè)熒光,F(xiàn)ITC激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)488 nm,TRITC激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)552 nm,DAPI激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)405 nm。熒光強(qiáng)度分析采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0軟件。
1.2.5 Western blot檢測(cè)細(xì)胞表觀遺傳相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá) 將對(duì)照組細(xì)胞和華蟾毒配基加藥處理12、24 h后細(xì)胞,0.25%胰酶消化細(xì)胞,1200 g離心10 min收集細(xì)胞,棄上清。每25平方厘米細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)瓶細(xì)胞加入RIPA裂解液(含有蛋白酶抑制劑),非接觸式超聲4℃破碎細(xì)胞,工作5 s,間歇5 s,共30個(gè)循環(huán),14 000 g離心10 min,收集上清液。BCA定量法檢測(cè)蛋白濃度,以60 μg總蛋白進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,半干轉(zhuǎn)膜法轉(zhuǎn)移至0.22 μm硝酸纖維素膜上。5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h,加入1∶1000稀釋的一抗4℃孵育過(guò)夜,PBST溶液洗膜3次,每次10 min,加入1∶10 000稀釋的二抗常溫孵育1 h,PBST溶液洗膜3次,每次10 min,ECL液化學(xué)發(fā)光,暗室曝光顯影,用Scion Image軟件進(jìn)行灰度值分析,β-actin作為胞漿蛋白校正內(nèi)參,Histone H3.1作為核蛋白校正內(nèi)參。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用ANOVA方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 華蟾毒配基對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞增殖活性的影響
CCK-8結(jié)果顯示,不同濃度(0.75、1.25、2.5、5、10 μmol/L)華蟾毒配基作用HepG2細(xì)胞24 h后,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制率分別為(75.9±8.2)%、(71.9±7.5)%、(61.9±6.8)%、(51.7±4.1)%和(39.7±8.2)%。華蟾毒配基對(duì)肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)有明顯的抑制作用,且呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴(lài)性(F = 6.37,P < 0.05)。華蟾毒配基作用HepG2細(xì)胞24 h的IC50值為5.1 μmol/L。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 華蟾毒配基對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞周期的影響
細(xì)胞周期結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組處于G2/M期細(xì)胞的比例為(16.17±2.77)%,5 μmol/L華蟾毒配基作用12 h后處于G2/M期細(xì)胞的比例為(31.14±5.48)%,作用24 h處于G2/M期細(xì)胞的比例為(49.14±6.48)%。細(xì)胞周期結(jié)果顯示,華蟾毒配基能夠引發(fā)HepG2細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生G2/M期阻滯,且呈現(xiàn)作用時(shí)間依賴(lài)性(F = 8.32,P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3 華蟾毒配基對(duì)CaMK2B和MeCP2相互作用的影響
細(xì)胞免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組細(xì)胞綠色熒光CaMK2B和紅色熒光MeCP2在細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞胞漿中均有顯著的共定位關(guān)系,呈現(xiàn)明亮且均勻分布的共定位關(guān)系,當(dāng)華蟾毒配基作用HepG2細(xì)胞24 h后,紅色與綠色熒光集中于細(xì)胞核邊緣,且熒光密度與對(duì)照組比較顯著增加(t = 7.03,P < 0.05),結(jié)果提示華蟾毒配基能促進(jìn)CaMK2B和MeCP2在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)發(fā)生相互作用。見(jiàn)圖3(封三)。
2.4 華蟾毒配基對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2中CaMK2B和MeCP2表達(dá)的影響
Western blot結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)過(guò)華蟾毒配基作用12、24 h后,CaMK2B和p-MeCP2水平均顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 8.32,P < 0.05),且呈現(xiàn)作用時(shí)間依賴(lài)性(F = 5.37,P < 0.05),而MeCP2表達(dá)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖4。
2.5 華蟾毒配基對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2表觀遺傳作用相關(guān)分子表達(dá)的影響
Western blot結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)過(guò)華蟾毒配基作用12、24 h后,組蛋白乙?;斤@著降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 6.32,P < 0.05);組蛋白甲基化水平顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 9.41,P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖5。
3 討論
肝細(xì)胞癌是全球第三大惡性腫瘤,也是人類(lèi)腫瘤相關(guān)死亡的第二大原因[9]。肝癌發(fā)現(xiàn)即晚期,失去手術(shù)治療機(jī)會(huì),因此,選擇有效治療肝癌的靶基因和治療藥物具有重要的意義。
華蟾毒配基作為從中藥蟾酥中提取的活性成分,是一種強(qiáng)心苷類(lèi)固醇類(lèi)物質(zhì),作為鈉鉀泵的天然抑制劑,具有良好的抗腫瘤活性,且毒性低,副作用小。研究顯示,人肝癌組織中鈉鉀ATP酶呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá)狀態(tài)。腫瘤組織與正常組織中NKA表達(dá)狀態(tài)的差異化,為以華蟾毒配基為代表的蟾酥活性成分提供了潛在的藥物作用靶點(diǎn)[10]。前期研究顯示,華蟾毒配基可引起肝癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)游離Ca2+濃度顯著升高,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,因此我們推測(cè)華蟾毒配基可激活肝癌細(xì)胞鈣信號(hào)介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞死亡[11],當(dāng)前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)華蟾毒配基作用肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞后能顯著增加CaMK2B表達(dá)水平。CaMK2B是CaMK家族的重要一員,屬于多功能的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,在調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、增殖速度、細(xì)胞周期、凋亡率和細(xì)胞侵襲性等生物學(xué)行為中發(fā)揮著重要作用[12];同時(shí)CaMK2B也參與腫瘤細(xì)胞鈣離子穩(wěn)態(tài)以及與組蛋白去乙?;?(HDAC9)結(jié)合催化組蛋白的去乙?;M(jìn)程,參與癌/抑癌相關(guān)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)過(guò)程[13-16]。而MeCP2蛋白是甲基化結(jié)合蛋白家族中的主要成員,與組蛋白去乙?;笍?fù)合物直接相互作用,同時(shí)利用其對(duì)甲基化DNA的特異性識(shí)別,間接促進(jìn)染色體組蛋白的去乙?;?,易化DNA的甲基化封閉過(guò)程,抑制下游抑癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[17-20]。當(dāng)前研究提示,華蟾毒配基能促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞CaMK2B和MeCP2之間的相互作用,且上調(diào)CaMK2B和p-MeCP2表達(dá),此時(shí)與染色體結(jié)合的MeCP2減少,抑制染色體組蛋白乙?;?,促進(jìn)組蛋白甲基化。
綜上所述,華蟾毒配基可能通過(guò)激活CaMK2B-MeCP2信號(hào)通路抑制細(xì)胞組蛋白乙?;T導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞死亡。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-02 本文編輯:張瑜杰)