楊永生 李榮亨 董秋梅
【摘 要】 類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎是一種自身免疫性炎性關(guān)節(jié)病,滑膜組織增生和滑膜炎是其主要病理改變。遺傳環(huán)境、免疫紊亂、細(xì)胞因子、滑膜細(xì)胞過度增殖被認(rèn)為是類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病的主要機(jī)制。Janus激酶/
信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(JAK/STAT)信號通路在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮主要作用。故對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎與JAK/STAT信號通路關(guān)系進(jìn)行探討,旨在為類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的機(jī)制和治療靶點(diǎn)研究提供新的思路。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 關(guān)節(jié)炎,類風(fēng)濕;發(fā)病機(jī)制;JAK/STAT;相關(guān)性
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一種主要影響關(guān)節(jié)的慢性全身性自身免疫性疾病,其特點(diǎn)是滑膜組織的增生,軟骨和骨的破壞,最終可導(dǎo)致身體功能的殘疾[1]。全球成年人口的患病率大約1%,具有較高的發(fā)病率和死亡率,嚴(yán)重影響人類的健康和生活質(zhì)量。本病的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,大量的研究證實(shí),Janus激酶/信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(JAK/STAT)信號通路參與調(diào)控RA關(guān)節(jié)滑膜中細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生和激活,參與調(diào)節(jié)該疾病的病理生理過程。本文就JAK/STAT信號通路與RA相關(guān)性進(jìn)行探討。
1 JAK/STAT
1.1 JAK/STAT家族的組成及結(jié)構(gòu) JAK/STAT是一條從胞外到胞核的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,依次由酪氨酸激酶相關(guān)受體、酪氨酸激酶JAK和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子STAT構(gòu)成,主要參與細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、凋亡以及免疫調(diào)節(jié)等許多重要生物學(xué)過程[2]。
JAK家族是一類非受體型的酪氨酸蛋白激酶,由4個家族成員組成:JAK1、JAK2、JAK3和TYK2,除JAK3僅表達(dá)于骨髓和淋巴系統(tǒng)中,其余JAK激酶家族成員廣泛存在于各種組織和細(xì)胞中。JAK激酶家族成員有7個高度同源性的功能結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū):JH1~JH7[3],分子量120~140 kDa,包含4個功能性結(jié)構(gòu)域:酪氨酸激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域(JH1),主管JAK激酶活性;不具有直接催化活性,但能夠?qū)H1的激酶活性進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)的偽激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域(JH2);SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域(JH3~JH5)和FERM結(jié)構(gòu)域(JH6、JH7)能識別并結(jié)合細(xì)胞膜上的特異性受體,盡管JAK激酶沒有顯示任何底物特異性,但是體內(nèi)靶基因研究證實(shí)它們有不同的特定生物學(xué)功能[4]。
STAT作為一種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,人類已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)有
7個家族成員:STAT1、STAT2、STAT3、STAT4、STAT5a、STAT5b和STAT6[5],分子量84~113 kDa。
STAT蛋白有6個功能區(qū)組成:N端結(jié)構(gòu)域介導(dǎo)STAT多聚體的形成;螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)域能與其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合;DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域能直接與靶基因的STAT結(jié)合元件相結(jié)合;連接結(jié)構(gòu)域(LK)連接DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域和SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域,與STAT轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān);SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域招募STAT與磷酸化受體相結(jié)合,介導(dǎo)活化STAT二聚體的形成;C端轉(zhuǎn)錄激活結(jié)構(gòu)域與其他轉(zhuǎn)錄活性因子相互作用,促進(jìn)靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[4]。JAK和STAT是細(xì)胞內(nèi)和受體相結(jié)合的蛋白質(zhì),在相應(yīng)信號分子的刺激下被逐級活化,完成從胞質(zhì)到核內(nèi)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[6]。
1.2 JAK/STAT信號通路的傳遞 許多細(xì)胞因子如干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)、GM-CSF、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-4、IL-6、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12、IL-15和IL-21等的膜受體本身并無激酶活性[7],當(dāng)受體與相應(yīng)配體結(jié)合時,可使受體二聚體化,并與胞漿中的另一類具有酪氨酸蛋白激酶活性的激酶(JAK)相結(jié)合、聚集,并使JAK激活,激活的JAK使受體上酪氨酸殘基發(fā)生磷酸化,而受體上酪氨酸殘基的磷酸化位點(diǎn)就成為信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(STAT)蛋白中SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域的識別位點(diǎn),于是STAT與受體結(jié)合,并在JAK的催化下發(fā)生磷酸化,磷酸化STAT與受體親和力降低,與受體分離,并形成二聚體的活性形式轉(zhuǎn)移到核內(nèi),結(jié)合到DNA的特定反應(yīng)元件上誘導(dǎo)相應(yīng)靶基因的表達(dá)[8-9]。
1.3 JAK/STAT信號通路的負(fù)調(diào)控 JAK/STAT信號通路的負(fù)調(diào)控對于切斷細(xì)胞因子、生長因子信號是至關(guān)重要的[10]。JAK/STAT的負(fù)調(diào)控主要涉及三個負(fù)調(diào)控因子:細(xì)胞因子信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制蛋白(SOCS)、蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTPs)、活化STATs蛋白抑制因子(PIAS)[11]。SOCS蛋白是組成細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白家族之一,能以負(fù)反饋的形式調(diào)控JAK介導(dǎo)的基因表達(dá)[12],PTPs有使JAKs激酶去磷酸化的能力[13],PTP1B也被證明對JAK/STAT信號通路調(diào)節(jié)有重要作用[11],PIAS家族蛋白是STAT介導(dǎo)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的負(fù)向調(diào)解器,細(xì)胞因子刺激后,PIAS1和PIAS3分別綁定激活的STAT1和STAT3阻斷其結(jié)合DNA[14]。另外,JAK/STAT信號通路的負(fù)性調(diào)控還包括:含SH2區(qū)域的酪氨酸磷酸酶(SHPs)催化JAK激酶酪氨酸去磷酸化;淋巴細(xì)胞特異連接蛋白(LNK)是SH2B家族的成員,在造血方面通過SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)JAK2的激活,CBL作為泛素連接酶活性多功能適配器蛋白參與了JAK/STAT信號通路的負(fù)調(diào)控,CD45是一種跨膜磷酸酶也參與了JAK/STAT信號通路的負(fù)調(diào)控[4,9]。
2 JAK/STAT信號通路與RA
2.1 JAK/STAT信號通路與RA成纖維樣滑膜細(xì)胞(RAFLS)增殖 滑膜增生被認(rèn)為是RA主要的病理特征之一,可引起軟骨和骨的侵蝕,最終導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞,越來越多的證據(jù)表明RAFLS有抵抗凋亡的作用,展現(xiàn)了腫瘤樣擴(kuò)張?zhí)匦訹15]。被許多細(xì)胞因子激活的JAK/STAT信號通路可調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)和細(xì)胞活化、增殖、分化[16],功能失調(diào)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號通路JAK/STAT參與了RA病理進(jìn)
展[17]。先前的研究報(bào)道了激活的STAT1、STAT3和STAT6在RA滑膜組織的表達(dá)[18],RA滑膜組織中STAT1表達(dá)和活性增加,而STAT3可促進(jìn)FLS的存活[19]。STAT1激活可阻斷淋巴細(xì)胞和FLS生長而促進(jìn)其凋亡[20],持續(xù)激活的STAT3可致抗凋亡分子的表達(dá),抑制程序性細(xì)胞死亡誘
導(dǎo)[21],下調(diào)STAT3表達(dá)有助于RAFLS凋亡[22]。STAT1和STAT3可分別作為腫瘤抑制基因和腫瘤啟動子[23]。已經(jīng)有研究認(rèn)為JAK2-STAT1/3可能是FLS增殖抑制作用的上游機(jī)制[19]。
2.2 JAK/STAT信號通路與RA滑膜炎癥 滑膜炎是RA的基本病理改變,在RA滑膜中觀察到的許多炎癥反應(yīng),包括細(xì)胞因子和黏附分子基因的激活,都與特異性的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路有關(guān)。攜特定膜結(jié)合受體的促炎細(xì)胞因子、抗炎因子相互作用使JAK磷酸化,進(jìn)一步致STAT蛋白激活,STAT基因轉(zhuǎn)錄與持續(xù)的炎癥和RA關(guān)節(jié)破壞進(jìn)展有關(guān)[17]。IL-7也有助于RA炎癥進(jìn)程,IL-7綁定到IL-7Rα/IL-2Rγ鏈可導(dǎo)致JAK/STAT信號通路激活[24]。JAKs在細(xì)胞信號傳導(dǎo)途徑參與調(diào)節(jié)免疫和炎癥過程中發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用,針對JAK家族成員的治療可造成免疫抑制或抗炎效果,JAK激酶抑制劑對RA可能發(fā)揮有益的效果[25]。JAK3是重要的促炎細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)的信號,參與了RA的發(fā)病,臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證明了JAK3的功效[26-28]。STAT3、STAT1和STAT5已被證實(shí)可以施加強(qiáng)有力的免疫激活作用,促進(jìn)滑膜炎,研究表明,JAK抑制劑對下游STATs在RAFLS可影響細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的炎癥通路的多個過程[25]。佐劑性關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠炎癥高峰時,滑膜襯里層酪氨酸磷酸化STAT1和STAT3激活被認(rèn)為積極參與了慢性滑膜炎[29]。通過與炎癥有關(guān)聯(lián)基因的激活STAT1可促進(jìn)滑膜炎,經(jīng)失控促炎因子失調(diào)的STAT3信號可導(dǎo)致慢性滑膜炎[30]。研究認(rèn)為STAT1既有促進(jìn)滑膜炎作用,又在RA中起促凋亡作用,STAT1在RA中可能具有致病及保護(hù)雙重作用。
此外,許多細(xì)胞因子如TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6等通過激活JAK1、JAK2、JAK3、p38激酶、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2(ERK1/2)和PI3K/Akt/mTor通路對RA免疫介導(dǎo)的炎癥負(fù)主要責(zé)任,激活的信號通路致促炎癥細(xì)胞因子、環(huán)氧合酶-2、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)、促血管形成蛋白和抗凋亡蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),后者導(dǎo)致激活的T細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞異常存活[31]。
2.3 JAK/STAT信號通路與RA軟骨和骨破壞 多種機(jī)制和細(xì)胞類型對RA中的軟骨降解和骨質(zhì)破壞進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)[32]。RA滑膜襯里層FLS可以黏附并侵蝕軟骨,而FLS增殖、侵蝕可能與JAK/STAT信號通路調(diào)控有關(guān)。FLS和軟骨細(xì)胞可分泌MMPs,而MMPs降解關(guān)節(jié)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)成分,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退化[33],激活的JAK/STAT信號通路轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞核內(nèi)可調(diào)節(jié)靶基因表達(dá),如MMPs,參與軟骨病變[34]。破骨細(xì)胞是進(jìn)行骨降解的主要細(xì)胞,在RA中核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子κB受體激動劑配體(RANKL)主要由FLS產(chǎn)生,RANKL在調(diào)節(jié)破骨細(xì)胞活化和分化中有至關(guān)重要的作用,研究認(rèn)為,在RAFLS中RANKL的表達(dá)是由IL-6/sIL-6R/JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3通路調(diào)節(jié)[35]。
3 以JAK/STAT信號通路分子為靶點(diǎn)的RA治療策略
鑒于JAK/STAT信號通路參與RA的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,抑制JAK/STAT信號通路是治療RA一種新的方式[36]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Yin Yang1在RA患者和膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠中過度表達(dá),阻斷核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Yin Yang1可抑制JAK/STAT信號通路激活[37]。烯丙基焦性兒茶酚可減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠足爪腫脹程度、改善骨和軟骨的破壞,阻止關(guān)節(jié)炎病程進(jìn)展,在RA W264.7細(xì)胞株中,烯丙基焦性兒茶酚可抑制TNF-α、IL-6等細(xì)胞因子,調(diào)節(jié)JAK/STAT、細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2、c-Jun氨基末端激酶信號通路,烯丙基焦性兒茶酚被認(rèn)為可能是通過調(diào)節(jié)信號通路控制關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)展[38]。有研究報(bào)道,綠原酸可抑制IL-6誘導(dǎo)的FLS中JAK1和p-STAT3的表達(dá)[39]。中藥方劑仙方活命飲也通過抑制JAK/STAT信號通路減輕細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,抑制RA的發(fā)病過程,或許是中醫(yī)藥針對RA的現(xiàn)代補(bǔ)充或替代療法[40]。
4 小 結(jié)
RA的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號通路JAK/STAT關(guān)系密切。通過深入了解和揭示該通路在發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用,進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識RA的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,有可能為RA的治療提供新策略和新靶點(diǎn),為抗風(fēng)濕藥物的開發(fā)提供新的方向。
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收稿日期:2017-09-25;修回日期:2017-11-15
風(fēng)濕病與關(guān)節(jié)炎2018年7期