譯/禹杰 審訂/常玉田

Jazz is among the most respected art forms from America.It has played a big part in shaping the music industry.It has helpedinitiate1 initiate發(fā)起；開辟。a variety of new music elemental genres and careers of many musical geniuses.

爵士樂是源自美國(guó)的最受尊敬的藝術(shù)形式之一，在打造音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。爵士樂帶動(dòng)形成了多種音樂流派，也成就了許多音樂天才的職業(yè)生涯。

爵士樂可追溯至19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)初，是將歐洲和美國(guó)的古典音樂與非洲民歌及奴隸歌謠混合而成的一種音樂形式。這種音樂形式在20世紀(jì)發(fā)生了巨大的變化，此后一直不斷演變。這種變化可以歸功于新興藝術(shù)家?guī)淼男伦髌芳靶掠绊憽Ｊ咕羰繕愤@一藝術(shù)形式不斷演進(jìn)的那些音樂人是公認(rèn)的史上最杰出的一批爵士音樂家。以下是爵士樂史上一些最杰出藝術(shù)家的匯編介紹。

1.Louis Armstrong

1.路易斯·阿姆斯特朗

Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to a very poor family as his grandparents were slaves.His father abandoned his family when Louis was aninfant3 infant幼兒；未成年人。, and his mother left him and his sister to be cared for by their grandmother.Armstrong grew up to be one of the most influential jazz music figures in history.He came to prominence in 1920’s as a cornet and trumpet“inventive”player.With his gravelly voice, Armstrong demonstrated greatdeftness4 deftness熟練；靈巧。as a musicimproviser5 improviser即興演奏者；即興詩(shī)人。as he blended melody and lyrics of songs for the purpose of expressing himself.Louis was also a skilledscat6 scat擬聲唱法，一種爵士樂演唱技巧，這種唱法用擬聲的或無意義的音節(jié)進(jìn)行即興演唱，例如模仿樂器演奏的聲音等。singer and was responsible for the recognition of a trumpet as a stand alone instrument.

路易斯·阿姆斯特朗出生于路易斯安那州新奧爾良市的一個(gè)貧民家庭，祖父母都是奴隸。父親在他很小的時(shí)候就拋棄了家庭，母親把他和妹妹托付給外祖母照顧。阿姆斯特朗后來成為歷史上最具影響的爵士音樂家之一。20世紀(jì)20年代，他因獨(dú)創(chuàng)短號(hào)和小號(hào)“花式”吹奏而聲名鵲起。阿姆斯特朗嗓音沙啞，他把歌曲的旋律和歌詞糅合在一起表達(dá)情感，表現(xiàn)出嫻熟的即興演奏技巧。阿姆斯特朗也精通擬聲唱法。小號(hào)作為獨(dú)奏樂器用于表演并得到公眾認(rèn)可，也是阿姆斯特朗開的先河。

2.Thelonious Monk

2.塞隆尼斯·蒙克

Thelonious Monk was born in North Carolina’s Rocky Mount, but 5 years after his birth, his family relocated to Manhattan in New York.At age 6, he started playing the piano.Even though he did not complete high school, he started finding work in his late teens as a jazz player.He eventually became a jazz composer and pianist and is now among the giants of music in America.His improvisational style is unique, and it made major contributions to standard jazz selection.This includes“Well, You Needn’t”,“In Walked Bud”,“Ruby, My Dear”,“Blue Monk”and“Round Midnight”.

塞隆尼斯·蒙克出生在北卡羅來納州落基山城，5歲時(shí)全家搬到了紐約的曼哈頓。蒙克從6歲開始學(xué)鋼琴。雖然沒有讀完中學(xué)，但他不到20歲就開始找工作，為人演奏爵士樂。最終，他成為一位爵士樂作曲家、鋼琴家，如今是美國(guó)的音樂大家之一。他的即興創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格獨(dú)特，奉獻(xiàn)了不少爵士樂優(yōu)秀曲目，包括《其實(shí)你不必》《懵懂少女》《我親愛的露比》《憂郁的修道士》和《午夜圓舞曲》等。

3.Charles Mingus

3.查爾斯·明格斯

Charles Mingus is mostly known as the pioneering bass player.However,he is also one of the most inventive andraucous7 raucous喧鬧的。此處意為活躍的。composers in his era.He was born in Arizona Nogales but grew up in LA’s Watts area.His mother had an English and Chinese heritage, and his father was theillegitimate offspring8 illegitimate offspring私生子。of a black farmhand and a white granddaughter of a Swedish employer.Charles grew up to become a highly influential jazz double bassist, bandleader, and composer.He was a man who would refuse to compromise his musical integrity.

查爾斯·明格斯是著名的貝斯先驅(qū)，也是那個(gè)時(shí)代最有創(chuàng)造力、最活躍的作曲家之一。他出生在亞利桑那州諾加利斯市，但在洛杉磯沃茨區(qū)長(zhǎng)大。他的母親是中英混血，父親是黑人農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人和白人瑞典雇主孫女的私生子。明格斯長(zhǎng)大后成為爵士雙低音提琴手、樂隊(duì)領(lǐng)隊(duì)和作曲家，頗負(fù)影響力。他始終堅(jiān)持自己的音樂風(fēng)格，從不妥協(xié)。

4.Billie Holiday

4.比莉·荷莉戴

Billie Holiday was born to a musician father although he was never present for most of her life.Holiday had a difficult childhood and, as a result, she was never able to complete her high school education.Her singing career started in various Harlem night clubs.She eventually became an actress, songwriter and more notably, a jazz singer.She was given the nickname“Lady Day”by Lester Young, her musical partner and friend.Holiday has seminal influence on pop and jazz singing.Holiday’s vocal style was inspired by various jazz instrumentalists, and it pioneered a way of manipulating tempo and phrasing.

一是水利地理信息系統(tǒng)，主要有數(shù)據(jù)共享服務(wù)、數(shù)據(jù)管理、資源展示、數(shù)據(jù)維護(hù)等；二是水利數(shù)據(jù)中心，主要有數(shù)據(jù)匯集平臺(tái)、綜合數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、應(yīng)用支撐平臺(tái)；三是基礎(chǔ)軟硬件，主要有服務(wù)器、防入侵系統(tǒng)、防火墻、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、地理信息數(shù)據(jù)等。

比莉·荷莉戴的父親是音樂家，但對(duì)她卻不管不顧。荷莉戴的童年生活很艱辛，沒讀完中學(xué)就輟學(xué)了。她的演唱生涯始于在哈萊姆各大夜總會(huì)駐唱。后來她成了演員、流行歌曲作家，當(dāng)然更為知名的是作為爵士歌手。萊斯特·揚(yáng)是荷莉戴的音樂伙伴和朋友，他給荷莉戴起了個(gè)綽號(hào)叫“戴小姐”。荷莉戴對(duì)流行音樂和爵士樂的影響很大。她的演唱風(fēng)格受到了許多爵士演奏家的啟發(fā)，開創(chuàng)了操控音樂節(jié)奏和樂句劃分的演唱方式。

5.John Coltrane

5.約翰·克特蘭

Popularly known as“Trane”, John Coltrane was born in an apartment in Hamlet, North Carolina.When he was twelve, John’s father, grandmother and aunt all died within few months of each other.His mother and her close cousin were left to raise him.When he was 17, his mother bought him a saxophone(alto).He started playing professionally in mid-1945 while he served in the Navy.In his early career, he worked in the hard bop and bebop idioms, and this allowed him to be a pioneer in using jazz modes.He was also on the front line of free jazz.

約翰·克特蘭更廣為人知的名字是“柯川”?？颂靥m出生在北卡羅來納州哈姆雷特市的一個(gè)公寓里。在他12歲時(shí)，父親、祖母和姑姑在幾個(gè)月之內(nèi)相繼去世。他的母親和一位表親將他撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大?？颂靥m17歲時(shí)，母親給他買了一個(gè)中音薩克斯。他在海軍服役期間，于1945年夏開始專業(yè)演奏薩克斯。職業(yè)生涯初期，他的演奏風(fēng)格是硬博普和比博普，他因此成為使用不同爵士樂類型的先驅(qū)，在自由爵士樂方面他也走在前列。

6.Nat King Cole

6.耐特·金·科爾

Nat King Cole grew up in Chicago Illinois.His first music performance was“Yes! We Have No Bananas”when he was 4 years old.At age 12, he started formal lessons.He eventually learnedgospel music9 gospel music福音音樂，美國(guó)黑人的一種宗教音樂，主要強(qiáng)調(diào)有節(jié)奏的器樂伴奏和即興演唱。, jazz and classical music from the West.Since his family lives in Bronzeville, Chicago, Cole wouldsneak10 sneak偷偷溜走；潛行。out and go sit outside clubs to listen to artists like Jimmie Noon, Earl Hines and Louis Armstrong.He went on to become a leading jazz pianist.He was also widely noted for having soft,baritone11 baritone男中音；男中音歌手。vocals, which he used in his performances.He was also the first black man to host a TV show called“The Nat King Cole Show”.

耐特·金·科爾在伊利諾伊州的芝加哥長(zhǎng)大。他第一次表演時(shí)才4歲，演唱曲目是《對(duì)！我們沒有香蕉》。12歲時(shí)，他開始接受正式的音樂培訓(xùn)，最終學(xué)到了西部的福音音樂、爵士樂和古典音樂?？茽柤易≈ゼ痈绮祭势澗S爾，他因此經(jīng)常會(huì)從家里偷偷溜出去，坐在音樂俱樂部外面聆聽吉米·努恩、厄爾·海恩斯以及路易斯·阿姆斯特朗等藝術(shù)家表演?？茽柡髞沓蔀橹木羰夸撉偌?。他還是出名的男中音，演唱時(shí)聲音柔和。此外，他還是第一位主持電視表演秀的黑人，這個(gè)節(jié)目的名稱就是“耐特·金·科爾秀”。

7.Miles Davis

7.邁爾斯·戴維斯

Miles Dewey Davis III, more commonly known as Miles Davis, was born in Alton, Illinois to an affluent African-American family.His father was a dentist, and he moved the family to Illinois’s East St.Louis in 1927.It was in Illinois that Davis developed an interest for music as a young man.He grew up listening to music in church.His mother, being a capable blues pianist, wanted her son to learn the piano.He started studying music at 13 with a trumpet he got from his mother.Davis grew up to be a jazz musician, composer, trumpeter, and band leader.He was also one of the people who were at the forefront of many jazz music developments.

邁爾斯·杜威·戴維斯三世，一般多稱其邁爾斯·戴維斯。他出生在伊利諾伊州奧爾頓市一個(gè)富裕的非裔美國(guó)人家庭。父親是牙醫(yī)，全家于1927年搬到了該州的東圣路易斯市。正是在伊利諾伊州，年輕的戴維斯對(duì)音樂產(chǎn)生了興趣，他從小就常到教堂聆聽音樂。他的母親是才華出眾的藍(lán)調(diào)鋼琴家，希望他學(xué)鋼琴。戴維斯13歲時(shí)開始學(xué)習(xí)音樂，所學(xué)樂器便是母親送給他的一把小號(hào)。戴維斯后來成為爵士音樂人、作曲家、小號(hào)手以及樂隊(duì)指揮，也是爵士樂發(fā)展歷程中的先驅(qū)之一。

8.Charlie Parker

8.查理·帕克

Nicknamed“Yardbird”, Charlie Parker was born and bred in Kansas and was the only child.In 1934, he started high-school but soon after (in 1935)withdrew and joined a local musicians’union.He started playing the saxophone when he was 11 years old and by the time he was 14, he had joined his school’s band.This gave him the chance to rent school instruments.He started to diligently practice playing in late 1930’s.He is remembered for being one of the most influential jazz soloists of all time.

查理·帕克綽號(hào)“大鳥”，出生在堪薩斯州并在那里長(zhǎng)大，是家里的獨(dú)生子。1934年上中學(xué)后不久（1935年），他便輟學(xué)加入了當(dāng)?shù)氐囊魳芳覅f(xié)會(huì)。帕克11歲開始演奏薩克斯，14歲加入了學(xué)校的樂隊(duì)，因此有機(jī)會(huì)租用學(xué)校的樂器。30年代末，他開始勤奮練習(xí)樂器演奏。帕克是爵士樂發(fā)展史上最具影響力的爵士獨(dú)奏家之一。

9.Duke Ellington

9.艾靈頓公爵

Edward Kennedy Ellington, better known as Duke Ellington, was born in West End, Washington D.C.Both his parents were pianists—his mother mostly played parlor songs whereas his father was into operatic arias.Ellington started piano classes when he was 7 years old.His mother also surrounded him with dignified women because she wanted him to learn to live elegantly.As expected, his manners changed, he had easy grace and was a dapper dresser.His friend noticed his nobleman mannerisms and nicknamed him“Duke”.His first composition was written while he worked as Poodle Dog Café soda jerk.It is called“Soda Fountain Rag”.Many compositions later, he is renowned for being a great pianist, composer and jazz orchestras’ band leader.

愛德華·肯尼迪·艾靈頓，即著名的艾靈頓公爵。他出生在華盛頓特區(qū)西區(qū)。父母都是鋼琴家，母親主要演奏客廳歌曲，父親則為歌劇伴奏。艾靈頓7歲時(shí)開始學(xué)習(xí)鋼琴。他的母親希望他學(xué)會(huì)優(yōu)雅地生活，因此安排他多多接觸端莊優(yōu)雅的女性。如其所愿，他的行為舉止改變了，總是從容優(yōu)雅、衣冠楚楚。朋友注意到他舉手投足宛若貴族，于是給他起了個(gè)綽號(hào)“公爵”。他的第一個(gè)作品《冷飲柜拉格泰姆舞曲》是在獅子狗咖啡館做冷飲時(shí)創(chuàng)作的。艾靈頓后來創(chuàng)作了許多音樂作品，被譽(yù)為偉大的鋼琴家、作曲家和爵士管弦樂隊(duì)指揮。

10.Lena Horne

10.蓮納·荷恩

Lena Mary Calhoun Horne, better known as Lena Horne, was born on Brooklyn’s Bedford-Stuyvesant.Both sides of her family come from a mixture of African-American, Native American and European American descent.Her family also belonged to the middleclass, upperstratum12 stratum社會(huì)階層；巖層。of well-educated citizens.She joined Cotton Club’s chorus when she was 16 to become a nightclub performer.She moved to Hollywood, but later returned home to her nightclub performing career, only this time she also performed on TV.She sporadically continued performing into the 90’s where she was given numerous accolades and awards.

蓮納·瑪麗·卡爾霍恩·荷恩，多稱蓮納·荷恩，出生在紐約布魯克林區(qū)貝德福德-史岱文森。父母都是非裔美國(guó)人、美洲原住民和歐裔美國(guó)人的混血。她的家庭屬于中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，即受過高等教育的上層人士。蓮納16歲時(shí)加入了棉花俱樂部合唱團(tuán)，在夜總會(huì)表演。她曾搬到好萊塢住了一段時(shí)間，后又搬回了家，繼續(xù)在夜總會(huì)表演，不過當(dāng)時(shí)她還上電視演出。蓮納的表演生涯斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，一直持續(xù)到90年代，其間獲得過許多榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。