湖北宜昌天問國際學(xué)校 王 晶

遣詞的原則是準確恰當(dāng)、符合習(xí)慣、生動形象。英語的詞匯相當(dāng)豐富，同義詞近義詞很多，因此，只有準確選詞，力求語言地道、規(guī)范，文章才能備受閱卷老師的青睞。look forward to代替hope等。

例5 We had better make full use of something inexpensive.(make full use of比use高級)

例6 Finally he caught sight of the young man's light overcoat in the distance.（catch sight of比see生動）

例7 I'm looking forward to your visit next week.(look forward to比hope高級)

3.挖掘“味感”詞匯

有的單詞很常見，且“洋味”十足，表達地道，非常有“味感”,這類詞也被視為高級詞匯。如share,view,drive等。

例8 The four of us share one dormitory.(share比live in更有“味感”)

例9 We can view the problem in many ways.(view比look at更有內(nèi)涵)

例10 The noise next to the door drove me mad.(drive比make更地道)

三、英語與漢語用詞的差異

英語語言中相當(dāng)多的單詞往往是“一詞多類“或“一詞多義”。由于文化背景不同，英語與漢語中的詞匯意義是有差別的，要想在這兩種語言中求得詞匯意義完全對等并不是件容易的事情。

1.中式英語

許多考生由于不知道、不熟悉或一時想不起書面表達中所需要的詞匯，便用他們自己所熟悉的英語單詞，借助漢語思維造出令人啼笑皆非、五花八門的中

一、基本詞語的靈活選用

在用詞正確的前提下，多用生動形象的詞語，以增強語言的表現(xiàn)力和感染力。

例1下著傾盆大雨。

→It is raining cats and dogs.(cats and dogs比heavily更形象)

例2我現(xiàn)在忙得不可開交。

→I am as busy as a bee now.(as busy as a bee比very busy更有表現(xiàn)力)

二、高級詞匯的合理使用

高級詞匯主要是指《考試大綱》中沒有列入的，但在實際運用中使用較頻繁的詞匯。大綱中較常用詞匯通過構(gòu)詞法形成的詞也屬于高級詞匯。

1.掌握綱外詞匯

有些單詞在英語《考試大綱》中確實未出現(xiàn)，但在閱讀時經(jīng)常碰到。如annoyed，currently等。

例3 He was annoyed that she had forgotten his birthday.(annoyed比angry高級)

例4 China is currently in the primary stage of socialism.(currently比now高級)

2.挖掘可替代詞匯

使用詞組、習(xí)語來代替簡單枯燥的詞匯。如用make full use of代替 use，catch sight of代替 see，國式英語。如將跳水(dive)說成jump water；將學(xué)費(fee)說成study money；將今天早上(this morning)說成（today morning）；將一天早上(one morning)說成one day morning。

例11我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

→My hometown has a large/great change.（×）

很顯然，此句中的large和great是受漢語思維影響而產(chǎn)生的錯誤，應(yīng)改為:

My hometownhaschangedalot./Great changes have taken place in my hometown.

例12我的家鄉(xiāng)變得越來越美麗。

My hometown has changed more and more beautiful.（×）

本句中的change一詞并非系動詞，其后不能接表語，應(yīng)改為:

My hometown has become more and more beautiful.

2.詞性使用混亂

例13做兼職影響學(xué)習(xí)。

→Doing a part-time job always effects study.(×)

本句中的effect和另一個詞affect都有“影響”的意思，但前者是名詞，后者是動詞。該句應(yīng)使用動詞affect作謂語。在英語中，由于詞性不同，單詞所起的語法功能也就不同。考生在英文寫作時往往把名詞和動詞混為一談。應(yīng)改為：

Doing a part-time job always affects study.

3.動態(tài)、狀態(tài)不分

例14我們結(jié)婚兩年了。

We married for two years.(×)

本句中的marry是一個非延續(xù)性的動詞，表示的是動作而不是狀態(tài)，所以不能與一段時間連用。應(yīng)改為：

We have been married for two years.

例15街上有許多車輛，過馬路時要小心。

→There are many cars on the road.Be careful while crossing the road.（×）

本句中的car表示處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的“車”，若表示動態(tài)的“車”應(yīng)該用traffic。應(yīng)改為：

There is a lot of traffic on the road.Be careful while crossing the road.

四、使用英語詞匯應(yīng)注意的幾點

1.漢語沒有英語那么多的曲折變化

(1)英語動詞時態(tài)的曲折變化在漢語里沒有相應(yīng)的形式。

例16他爸爸想去美國，可是沒成功。

（×）His father wanted to go to America but fail.

（√）His father wanted to go to America but failed.

例17自從我們分手后，什么事情也沒發(fā)生。

（×）Nothing happened since we parted.

（√）Nothing has happened since we parted.

（2）英語名詞復(fù)數(shù)的曲折變化在漢語里沒有相應(yīng)的形式。

例18老師給了我許多建議。

（×）The teacher gave me many advices.

（√）The teacher gave me many pieces of advice.

例19她是我們學(xué)校最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生之一。

（×）She is one of the most successful student in our school.

（√）She is one of the most successful students in our school.

(3)英語代詞的曲折變化在漢語里沒有相應(yīng)的形式。

最常見的錯誤是該用賓格的地方用主格?？忌３：雎訧與me,he與him,she與her的區(qū)別,因為漢語里沒有這種區(qū)別。

例20除他以外,我沒有別的朋友。

（×）I have no friend but he.

（√）I have no friend but him.

例21這件事是我做的。

（×）It is me that have done this work.

（√）It is I that have done this work.

2.注意中文無而英文有的現(xiàn)象

（1）冠詞是英語句子里的一個重要部分。當(dāng)名詞前沒有所有格形式時，如果指一類東西中的一個或幾個特定事物，要使用定冠詞；如果指一類事物中任何一個，就用不定冠詞。在漢語中，沒有詞匯和冠詞（a/an/the）相當(dāng)，因此在翻譯時，要注意在需要的地方用冠詞。

例22我們在隨后的那個禮拜去了上海。

（×）We went to Shanghai next week.

（√）We went to Shanghai the next week.

例23架子上的大部分書是小說。

（×）Most of books on shelf are novels.

（√）Most of the books on the shelf are novels.

（2）在比較時，英語常用“that”或“those”代替同類相比的事物以避免重復(fù)，即要把兩樣相比的事物對稱地說出，而漢語可以省略,且其意義可以很清楚。

例24他的藏書比我的多。

（×）The books he has collected are more than me.

（√）The books he has collected are more than those of mine.

3.語法功能詞在中英文中的不對等性

（1）英語常用連接詞來連接詞、短語、句子，而漢語可以省略。這一差異造成中國考生漢譯英或使用英語時經(jīng)常寫出病句。

例25老師問了我一個問題，我不會回答。

（×）The teacher asked me a question,I couldn't answer it.

（√）The teacher asked me a question,and/but I couldn't answer it.

例26我沒出去，待在家里看書。

（×）I didn't go out,I stayed home and read books.

（√）I didn't go out;instead,I stayed home and read books.

（2）either...or；neither...nor；so(...)that等都與漢語存在差異。漢語中相似的意思在英語中用不同的句法結(jié)構(gòu)表示，這就給中國考生的英語寫作帶來了困難。

例27他不抽煙，也不喝酒。

→He neither smokes nor drinks.

（3）漢語中注重關(guān)聯(lián)詞的成對使用，如“因為……,所以……”，“雖然……,但是……”，“盡管……,還/仍……”等，但英語不能對等翻譯,且有別的說法。

例28因為我的車壞在路上，所以我來晚了。

Because my car broke down on the way,I came late.（The reason why I came late was that my car broke down on the way.）

（4）英語介詞遠比漢語介詞活躍。例29有人敲門。

（×）Someone is knocking the door.

（√）Someone is knocking at the door.

例30在老師的幫助下，我的英語取得了進步。（×）Under the teacher’s help，I have made progress in my English.

（√）With the teacher’s help,I have made progress in my English.

即時訓(xùn)練選詞填空

1.I_________(forgot,left)my keys in the car when I got off the car.

2.Martin Luther King,a great black leader in the movement against racial discrimination, was__________(awarded,rewarded)the Nobel Peace Prize for his outstanding contribution to world peace.

3.We__________(arrived,arrived at)the railway station at noon.

4.If you come across a(n)__________(known，unknown)English word,youcanrefertoyour e-dictionary to find its meaning.

5.It is reported that by the end of next week the price will have_________(raised,risen)by about 10%.

6.Whenever we are in trouble,we should never lose___________(heart,hearts).

7.Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from whom you___________(received,accepted)gifts?