河南
眾所周知,在高三復(fù)習(xí)備考階段,應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮教師的主導(dǎo)作用和考生的主體作用,在認(rèn)真研讀往年的高考試題,充分了解考試情況的基礎(chǔ)上,教師應(yīng)確定高考復(fù)習(xí)備考的深度和廣度,為考生制定出縝密的復(fù)習(xí)方案。針對(duì)考生的難點(diǎn)和易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),教師應(yīng)及時(shí)采取解決方案,弄清考生出錯(cuò)的原因,幫助考生梳理知識(shí),總結(jié)解題的規(guī)律和方法,做到重點(diǎn)突出、難點(diǎn)突破,從而提升考生的解題技巧和應(yīng)試能力。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)名詞(doing)、現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)、過(guò)去分詞(done)和動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)四個(gè)項(xiàng)目,而且,動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞還有各種不同的形式,如一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式、被動(dòng)式、完成被動(dòng)式,由此可見(jiàn)這個(gè)考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容繁多,用法復(fù)雜。請(qǐng)看非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)的思維導(dǎo)圖:
由于這個(gè)考點(diǎn)具備較高的區(qū)分度,所以一直頗受命題人的青睞。它既是歷年高考必考的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,又是考生容易出錯(cuò)的板塊。下面筆者擬分析近年高考試題中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)分布和命題趨勢(shì),并探究其復(fù)習(xí)備考的有效策略。
研究近年的考點(diǎn)是確保復(fù)習(xí)備考成功的基礎(chǔ),教師應(yīng)認(rèn)真研究近五年高考試題,探究高考的命題規(guī)律和趨勢(shì),提出有效的備考方案,在復(fù)習(xí)備考中做到有的放矢。
近五年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)分布:
近五年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)分布:
近三年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)分布:
從以上表格的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)可知,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的六種功能全被考查過(guò)。其中,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)、作定語(yǔ)和作狀語(yǔ)被反復(fù)考查,這些歷年必考的內(nèi)容就是高考的熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,也是備考的重中之重。
在復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí),教師應(yīng)涵蓋非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的六種基本用法,做到不遺漏任何考點(diǎn)。然后,針對(duì)考查的熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練,做到重點(diǎn)突出、難點(diǎn)突破,確??忌龅酱祟愒囶},能夠從容應(yīng)對(duì),在這個(gè)考點(diǎn)上不失分。
只有動(dòng)名詞(doing)和動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)在句中可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。在介詞、某些動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)后,常接動(dòng)名詞,而另一些動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)后常接動(dòng)詞不定式??忌鷳?yīng)熟練掌握這些高考必備的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。
1.在介詞、某些動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)后,常用動(dòng)名詞(doing)作賓語(yǔ)。表示主動(dòng)意義用動(dòng)名詞的一般式(doing),表示被動(dòng)意義用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式(being done)。例如:
① We can improve our vocabulary by _______(read)English novels and magazines.(reading)
② My dad suggest me ________ (go) hiking on Sundays to build up my health.(going)
③ My cousin insisted on ________ (travel) to Tibet during the summer holiday.(traveling)
④ Maria wore dark glasses to avoid ________ (recognize)when she was shopping.(being recognized)
⑤ Surprisingly, John attended Martin’s birthday party without ________ (invite).(being invited)
【注意】后接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)有:advise, admit,allow, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, dislike, discuss,enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine,include, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, practice,prevent, prohibit, report, risk, suggest, be busy(忙 于),be accustomed/get used to(對(duì)……習(xí)慣), be worth(值得),burst out(突 然 開(kāi) 始),can’t stand(不 能 忍 受),can’t help(情不自禁),be devoted to(致力于),be opposed to(反對(duì)),contribute to(有助于,促成),decide on/upon(決定),feel like(想要),get down to(開(kāi)始認(rèn)真做),give up(放棄),insist on(堅(jiān)持),keep on(繼續(xù)),lead to(導(dǎo)致),object to(反對(duì)),put off(推遲),pay attention to(注意),set about(開(kāi)始,著手),stick to(堅(jiān)持),look forward to(期盼),keep/prevent/stop sb.from(阻止某人做某事)等。
2.在某些動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)后常接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。表示主動(dòng)意義用動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式(to do), 表示被動(dòng)意義用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式(to be done)。例如:
① The manager of the company refused _______(make)any comments on the accident.(to make)
② Not having made careful preparations, Tom failed________ (pass) the driving test.(to pass)
③ I hope ________(admit) to a famous university when I graduate from high school.(to be admitted)
【注意】后接動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)有:afford,agree, aim, ask, arrange, attempt, choose, decide, decline,demand, desire, deserve, determine, expect, fail, guarantee,happen, hesitate, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan,prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, threaten,undertake, volunteer, wish, want, can’t wait(迫不及待),should/would like(想 要),would prefer(寧 愿),try one’s best(盡力),make an attempt(嘗試), make a plan(計(jì)劃),make a decision(決定),make a promise(承諾),make up one’s mind(下定決心),set out(著手),take action (采取行動(dòng)),take one’s turns(輪流),take measures(采取措施)等。
動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞均可作定語(yǔ),但是它們的含義各不相同,教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)考生進(jìn)行區(qū)別。
1.表示一個(gè)主動(dòng)的、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作常用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式(doing)作定語(yǔ)。單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞通常放在名詞中心詞之前,而現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)通常放在名詞中心詞之后。表示正在進(jìn)行的一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作則用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式(being done),通常放在名詞中心詞之后。例如:
① Early warnings of _______(rise) water levels prevented another major catastrophe.(rising)
② The girl _______(stand) at the school gate is Mary’s sister.(standing)
③ Food safety is one of the popular topics during the conference _______(hold) in Beijing these days.(being held)
【注意】現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having done)通常不用作定語(yǔ)。
2.表示一個(gè)已完成的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去分詞(done)作定語(yǔ)。單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞通常放在名詞中心詞之前,而過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)通常放在名詞中心詞之后。例如:
① It is a good habit to drink some cold ______(boil)water after getting up in the morning.(boiled)
② Most of the people _________(invite) to attend the meeting were famous scientists.(invited)
3.表示事物的用途或功能常用動(dòng)名詞(doing)作定語(yǔ),通常放在名詞中心詞的前面。例如:
① A lot of people sat in the _____(wait) room, some of them talking quietly.(waiting)
② My grandma is able to move around with the help of a______(walk) stick.(walking)
4.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),常表示一個(gè)尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,通常放在名詞或代詞之后。如果表示一個(gè)主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,多用動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式(to do);如果表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,多用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式(to be done)。例如:
① If you have someone______(talk) to, you will be cheerful.(to talk)
② I bet there are a lot of things ________(discuss) at the meeting tomorrow.(to be discussed)
除了動(dòng)名詞不能用作狀語(yǔ)之外,現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)、過(guò)去分詞(done)和動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)都可以作狀語(yǔ)。它們的含義和用法均有所差異。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),表示一個(gè)由主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作,可表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨狀況和結(jié)果等。如果一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行,宜用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式(doing);如果該動(dòng)作由主語(yǔ)發(fā)出,且早于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生,宜用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having done);如果一個(gè)動(dòng)作早于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生,但主語(yǔ)是該動(dòng)作的承受者,則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。例如:
① _______(hear) the exciting news, they burst into tears.(Hearing)
② _______(suffer) from heart trouble for years, Professor White is now in hospital.(Having suffered)
③ _______(show) around the Water Cube, the tourists were then taken to the Bird’s Nest.(Having been shown)
2.過(guò)去分詞
過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的或已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),可放在句首或句末,表示時(shí)間?原因?條件?結(jié)果、讓步?方式?伴隨狀況等。例如:
① _______(attract) by the beauty of nature, we decided to spend another two days on the farm.(Attracted)
② _______(see)from a distance, the Sydney Opera House looks like the sails of ships.(Seen)
【注意】一些形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 并不表示被動(dòng),而表示主語(yǔ)的情緒或狀態(tài)。例如:
① After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,________(exhaust).(exhausted)
② Jane sat there in silence, _______ (lose) in thought.(lost)
由“be+過(guò)去分詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)通常表示主語(yǔ)的一種狀態(tài)。去掉be后,直接用過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。這些短語(yǔ)有:be worried about(對(duì)……擔(dān)心),be lost in thought(陷入沉思),be addicted to(對(duì)……沉迷),be faced with(面臨),be interested in(對(duì)……感興趣),be absorbed in(專注于某事),be concerned about(對(duì)……關(guān)注),be pleased with(對(duì)……滿意),be surprised at(對(duì)……感到吃驚),be satisfied with(對(duì)……滿意),be armed with(武裝著),be equipped with(裝備有),be occupied in/with(忙于),be seated in/at(坐在……),be dressed in(穿著),be stuck in(被困在……),be located in(坐落于),be engaged in sth.(忙于某事),be caught in(被困 ,遭遇),be devoted to doing sth.(致力于做某事),be determined to do sth.(下定決心做某事)。
3.動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)通常表示行為的原因、目的和結(jié)果等。如果表示主動(dòng)意義用動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式(to do),表示被動(dòng)意義用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式(to be done)。
(1)表示目的。有時(shí),為了強(qiáng)調(diào),也可用in order (not)to do 和 so as (not) to do 結(jié)構(gòu)(so as (not) to do 不可以置于句首)。例如:
① We work hard every day ______(get) good scores in the examination.(to get)
② Lucy shouted loudly and waved her hand in order________(notice) among the crowds.(to be noticed)
③ I’ll write down his telephone number so as not_______(forget) it.(to forget)
(2)表示結(jié)果。動(dòng)詞不定式常常表示意外的結(jié)果,可在其前加only或never。例如:
① Peter got to the station in a hurry, only _______(find)the train had gone.(to find)
② Tom and I went to the school library, only_______(tell)that it was under repair.(to be told)
③ Annie’s father disappeared ten years ago, never_______(hear) from again.(to be heard)
(3)在“主系表+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ),表示主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生某種情緒的原因。例如:
① We are eager ______(cooperate) with your company.(to cooperate)
② I am delighted _______(receive) your greeting card.(to receive)
根據(jù)筆者的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),考生容易在狀語(yǔ)從句的省略、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、it作形式主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)以及一些特殊句式中出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。在復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí),教師應(yīng)特別關(guān)注這幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
如果主句和從句的主語(yǔ)相同或從句的主語(yǔ)為it, 從句中含有be的某種形式,通常把狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞省略, 保留“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)”。例如:
① When (it is) completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.
② While (I was) waiting for the bus to come, I bought a newspaper.
③ I am going to the seaside for my holiday if (it is) possible.
④ Children, when _________(accompany) by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium.(accompanied)
⑤ Though __________(surprise) to see us,the professor gave us a warm welcome.(surprised)
⑥ While _________ (cross) the street, you can’t be too careful.(crossing)
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個(gè)名詞或代詞,加上一個(gè)形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞或動(dòng)詞不定式等構(gòu)成的,在句中作狀語(yǔ)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同,它獨(dú)立存在。名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi),與主句之間不使用連接詞。
(1)名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞(邏輯主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者)。例如:
① Weather _______(permit), the party will be held in the garden.(permitting)
(2)名詞(代詞)+過(guò)去分詞(邏輯主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者)。例如:
① The problems ________(solve), the manager felt relieved.(solved)
(3)名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式(分詞的動(dòng)作早于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生,且邏輯主語(yǔ)是該分詞動(dòng)作的承受者)。例如:
① The lecture _________(given), a lively question-andanswer session followed.(having been given)
(4)名詞(代詞)+動(dòng)詞不定式(動(dòng)詞不定式表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。例如:
① So many people _______(help) us soon, we are sure to complete the task on time.(to help)
如果作主語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng),可用it作形式賓語(yǔ)和形式主語(yǔ)來(lái)代替它們。例如:
(1)it作形式主語(yǔ)
在“It + is/was +adj./n.(for sb./of sb.) + to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中,it代替動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))。如果形容詞是表示事物的特點(diǎn)或特征的,如difficult,hard,easy,impossible,necessary,important等,應(yīng)用介詞for;如果形容詞是表示人的性格特征或特點(diǎn)的,如nice,good,bad,kind,silly,foolish,wise,clever, careless,rude,brave,cruel,careful, grateful等,應(yīng)用介詞 of。例如:
① It’s important for us ______(have) a balanced diet every day.(to have)
② It is kind of you ______(offer) me timely help.(to offer)
但在“It is/was no use/good doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中 , it常代替動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))。例如:
① It is no good _______(argue) with Peter.He won’t listen.(arguing)
② It is no use ______(cry) over spilt milk.(crying)
(2)it作形式賓語(yǔ)
在“ 主 語(yǔ) + think/find/feel/consider/make/regard...+ it +形容詞/名詞+to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中,it代替動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。例如:
① I find it pleasant _____(work) with Jimmy.(to work)
② Mary makes it a habit ____(do) some reading in the evening.(to do)
但在“主語(yǔ) + think/find/feel/consider/make/regard...+ it +形容詞/名詞+doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中,it代替動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。例如:
① The professor considers it no use ______(read) without understanding.(reading)
② I think it no good _______(complain) without taking action.(complaining)
4.一些特殊句式
在一些特殊句式中,常用動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。例如:
(1)常用動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))的句式:
① There is no point in getting upset.
② There’s no sense in blaming him.
③ There’s no point in worrying about it.
④There is no difficulty/trouble/problem (in) understanding the novel.
(2)常用動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))的句式:
① There is nothing to worry about.
② There is no need for us to praise it; it speaks for itself.
③ You need to get to the hospital—there’s no time to lose!
④ I have never wasted a chance to improve my English.
在高三復(fù)習(xí)備考階段,考生們時(shí)間緊,而語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目繁雜,導(dǎo)致復(fù)習(xí)任務(wù)重,怎么進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)才能取得事半功倍的效果呢?
借助于思維導(dǎo)圖,教師可以清晰地呈現(xiàn)出某個(gè)知識(shí)塊,從而幫助考生構(gòu)建知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò),提高考生的知識(shí)整合和遷移能力,在解題時(shí)快速、準(zhǔn)確地獲取相關(guān)信息。請(qǐng)看非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)的思維導(dǎo)圖:
現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)和過(guò)去分詞(done)都可作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。但現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的含義,常用來(lái)描述事物,而過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)的含義,常用來(lái)描述人。例如:
① The audience were deeply impressed by the ________(move) story.(moving)
② Jim was so ______(excite) that it was long before he calmed down.(excited)
③ The _______(excite) audience was talking about the movie loudly.(excited)
【注意】形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞有:amazing(令人驚異的),amusing(令人愉快的),annoying(令人生氣的),boring(令人討厭的),confusing(令人迷惑的),convincing(令人信服的),disappointing(令人失望的),disturbing(煩人的),embarrassing(令人尷尬的),encouraging(令人鼓舞的),entertaining(愉快的,有趣的),exhausting(令人精疲力竭的),fascinating(迷人的,有吸引力的),freezing(冰凍的,嚴(yán)寒的),frightening(令人害怕的),interesting(令人感興趣的),moving(感動(dòng)人的),puzzling(令人不解的),surprising(令人驚訝的),pleasing(令人高興的),relaxing(輕松的),touching(令人感動(dòng)的),worrying(令人擔(dān)憂的),frustrating(令人失望的),tiring(令人疲勞的),thrilling(令人緊張的)。
【注意】形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞有:amazed(感到驚異的), amused(感到開(kāi)心的),annoyed(生氣的),bored(感到厭煩的),confused(感到迷惑的), convinced(相信的),disappointed(感到失望的),disturbed (受到干擾的),embarrassed(感到尷尬的),encouraged(受到鼓勵(lì)的), entertained(感到愉快的),exhausted(精疲力竭的),fascinated(著迷的),frozen(凍僵了的),frightened(感到害怕的),interested(感興趣的),moved(受感動(dòng)的),pleased(感到高興的),puzzled (感到不解的),relaxed(放松的,輕松的),surprised(感到驚訝的),thrilled(極為興奮的),touched(受感動(dòng)的),worried(感到擔(dān)憂的),frustrated(感到失望的),tired(感到勞累、疲乏的)。
引導(dǎo)考生使用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則來(lái)表達(dá)思想,在使用過(guò)程中把知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為技能。例如:
在課堂上,讓考生用英語(yǔ)描述圖畫(huà)的內(nèi)容和自己的想法,盡量使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。例如:
① It is no fun to play computer games.
② It is unwise for parents to lie to their children.
③ It is important for parents to set a good example to children.
④ A boy is busy sending text messages while having class.
⑤ Some students have formed the habit of playing with their smartphones.
⑥ We can see a boy sitting at the desk with his eyes staring at his smartphones.
⑦ The boy enjoys sending text messages instead of listening to his teacher in class.
在描述圖畫(huà)時(shí),鼓勵(lì)考生自由地表達(dá)思想,培養(yǎng)考生的發(fā)散思維能力,通過(guò)看圖說(shuō)話,使考生把語(yǔ)言知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為語(yǔ)言能力。
考生學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)篇,讓考生在語(yǔ)篇中正確使用所學(xué)的知識(shí)是教師教學(xué)的最終目的。因此,在課堂上,教師應(yīng)為考生提供大量的語(yǔ)境,讓考生使用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)自由地表達(dá)思想。
在英語(yǔ)課上,教師給出了下面一組圖畫(huà),請(qǐng)考生用英語(yǔ)輪流發(fā)言,談?wù)勛约簩?duì)這幅畫(huà)的理解。并寫(xiě)出一篇100詞左右的發(fā)言稿。
One possible version:
It was spring time.A family of three made a trip to the countryside.When they arrived at the foot of a hill, they saw the scenery was so beautiful that they decidedto put upa tent there.Then they played games on the grass,talking and laughing happily.When they weretired, they made a fire to have a picnic lunch.They went onplayingin the field that afternoon and had a good time.When night fell, they headed home,leaving a lot of rubbish behind, including packages,cans, soft drink bottles and plastic bags.
In my view, is wrongto pollute the environment.It is everyone’s responsibilityto protect the earth.Only in this way can we make the earth a better place.
總之,只要教師精確把握考點(diǎn),明確目的,采取一些有效的復(fù)習(xí)備考策略,就能幫助考生系統(tǒng)地梳理知識(shí),夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ),不斷積累解題經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技巧,最終提升應(yīng)試能力。