朱曉曉 張順 蔡挺
摘 要:人體鎳及其化合物暴露主要是通過(guò)吸入和攝入,已有的流行病學(xué)研究,肺癌發(fā)病率與鎳元素相關(guān)暴露有顯著的相關(guān)性。然而,鎳及其化合物可通過(guò)多種途徑從多個(gè)方面作用于組織細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)肺癌發(fā)生的分子機(jī)制尚不明確。本文主要對(duì)鎳及其化合物影響細(xì)胞凋亡、自噬、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移、增殖等方面進(jìn)行綜述,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)與鎳相關(guān)的肺癌致病機(jī)制的深入研究。
關(guān)鍵詞:鎳;肺癌;凋亡;自噬;侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移;增殖
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R734.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.17.002
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)17-0004-04
Abstract:Exposure of human nickel and its compounds is mainly through inhalation and ingestion,and existing epidemiological studies have shown a significant correlation between lung cancer incidence and nickel-related exposure.However,nickel and its compounds can act on tissue cells in many ways through various ways,and the molecular mechanism of inducing lung cancer is still unclear.This review focuses on the effects of nickel and its compounds on apoptosis,autophagy,invasion and metastasis,and proliferation,and further promotes the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of nickel-related lung cancer.
Key words:Nickel;Lung cancer;Apoptosis;Autophagy;Invasion and metastasis;Proliferation
鎳(nickel)是天然存在于地殼中的金屬元素,是地球上最豐富的元素之一,物理和化學(xué)性能獨(dú)特。金屬鎳及其化合物廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,例如鎳精煉,電鍍以及與其他金屬結(jié)合[1,2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鎳冶金工人體內(nèi)鎳及其化合物含量明顯高于普通人群[3],其暴露主要是通過(guò)吸入和攝入,會(huì)對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生多種不利影響,包括皮膚過(guò)敏,肺纖維化和呼吸道癌癥等[4],其中最嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題是與鎳的致癌活性有關(guān)。自上世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái),已有不少流行病學(xué)研究報(bào)告表明,職業(yè)接觸金屬類(lèi)毒物是肺癌的危險(xiǎn)因素,暴露于鎳及其化合物導(dǎo)致鎳精煉工人導(dǎo)致肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高[5-7]。早在1990年,國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)(IARC)將鎳化合物作為人類(lèi)致癌物(1組),和金屬鎳作為人類(lèi)可能致癌(2B組),鎳元素接觸與肺癌發(fā)病率有顯著的相關(guān)性。然而,鎳誘導(dǎo)相關(guān)的腫瘤發(fā)生分子機(jī)制尚不明確。本文主要綜述目前已提出的多種鎳及其化合物誘導(dǎo)肺癌的可能機(jī)制,包括鎳及其化合物誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、自噬、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移、增殖等。
1凋亡
凋亡(apoptosis)是細(xì)胞的一種基本生物學(xué)現(xiàn)象,為特定基因調(diào)控的主動(dòng)性細(xì)胞自我死亡過(guò)程[8]。細(xì)胞凋亡抵抗是腫瘤細(xì)胞逃避生理監(jiān)測(cè)并獲得超過(guò)正常細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的關(guān)鍵因素。Park S等[9]通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞術(shù)對(duì)斷裂的DNA研究,證實(shí)了暴露于鎳納米顆粒下(粒徑<100 nm)的肺泡上皮(A549)細(xì)胞因活性氧簇(ROS)的產(chǎn)生引起凋亡損傷。Zhao J等[10]通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)將小鼠上皮(JB6)細(xì)胞暴露于0.1~20 μg/cm2的鎳納米顆?;蚣?xì)顆粒24 h后,也可觀察到細(xì)胞凋亡。目前研究表明,金屬鎳細(xì)顆粒和納米顆粒的基因毒性可能是通過(guò)凋亡途徑導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生,但并沒(méi)有得到驗(yàn)證。
抗凋亡蛋白的異常表達(dá)是多種惡性腫瘤的常見(jiàn)特征,包括肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、黑素瘤和白血病等??沟蛲龅鞍椎倪^(guò)度表達(dá)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),擺脫生理監(jiān)測(cè),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤的形成[11,12]。最近研究表明,氯化鎳(NiCl2)誘導(dǎo)的上皮細(xì)胞致癌轉(zhuǎn)化,介導(dǎo)致癌途徑激活,伴隨著增強(qiáng)的B淋巴細(xì)胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)及其家族成員Bcl-xL蛋白表達(dá)[13]。Bcl-2和Bcl-xL蛋白的表達(dá)與癌癥和細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān)[11,14]。國(guó)內(nèi)有學(xué)者[15]對(duì)NiCl2轉(zhuǎn)化的人肺上皮細(xì)胞的抗凋亡特性及其潛在機(jī)制進(jìn)行了探討,該研究表明轉(zhuǎn)化的人肺上皮細(xì)胞(BEAS-2B)對(duì)NiCl2誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡具有抗性,證實(shí)了Bcl-2,Bcl-xL和ROS清除酶的表達(dá)在NiCl2轉(zhuǎn)化的BEAS-2B細(xì)胞凋亡抗性方面是重要的。對(duì)于NiCl2暴露下誘導(dǎo)人肺上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的分子研究機(jī)制很少,其轉(zhuǎn)化的細(xì)胞是否具有凋亡抗性和致瘤性有待進(jìn)一步研究。另有研究表明[16]乙酸鎳暴露可誘導(dǎo)附膜蛋白(MUC1)表達(dá),激活人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞(Beas-2B)中的EGFR/ERK1/2信號(hào)通路,增強(qiáng)對(duì)凋亡細(xì)胞死亡的抗性,慢性暴露于鎳化合物時(shí)持續(xù)的MUC1表達(dá)可能有助于增加上皮細(xì)胞抵抗力,通過(guò)抑制生理凋亡來(lái)促進(jìn)癌癥的發(fā)展。
此外, Kalaivani P等[17]通過(guò)測(cè)試新型鎳縮氨基硫脲配合物對(duì)人肺腺癌細(xì)胞系(A549)的體外細(xì)胞毒性,實(shí)驗(yàn)表明該配合物具有細(xì)胞毒性,可誘導(dǎo)A549細(xì)胞凋亡。也有研究表明[18]活性氧激活的Akt/ASK1/p38信號(hào)通路在鎳化合物誘導(dǎo)的BEAS 2B細(xì)胞凋亡中具有一定作用。另Wang YF等[19]也證實(shí)了鎳誘導(dǎo)人近端腎小管細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性和細(xì)胞凋亡通過(guò)ROS和線粒體介導(dǎo)的途徑。因此,鎳及其化合物可從多方面引起細(xì)胞凋亡,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生。
2自噬
自噬(autophagy)是一種保守的分解代謝性細(xì)胞通路,通過(guò)溶酶體降解大分子和細(xì)胞器,維持細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)和適應(yīng)性[20,21]。自噬既可對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抑制作用,也可促進(jìn)其發(fā)生和發(fā)展,其復(fù)雜的雙重調(diào)節(jié)作用已在臨床研究中不斷被證實(shí)[22-24]。此雙重調(diào)節(jié)作用最有可能的解釋是自噬在癌癥中的作用是動(dòng)態(tài)的,并且自噬在腫瘤細(xì)胞中受多種信號(hào)通路的調(diào)控[25]。其中,Beclin1是酵母自噬基因Atg6/Vps30的同源基因,也稱(chēng)為BECN1,在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用,是一個(gè)重要的抑癌基因[26]。呂嘉春研究[27]構(gòu)建了結(jié)晶型硫化鎳惡性轉(zhuǎn)化人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞(16HBE)模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞(16HBE-T)的GFP-LC3蛋白點(diǎn)狀聚集明顯低于正常細(xì)胞(16HBE-N),且自噬信號(hào)通路關(guān)鍵效應(yīng)分子mTOR激酶活性上升,同時(shí)Beclin 1表達(dá)下降,證明了結(jié)晶型硫化鎳可通過(guò)依賴(lài)mTOR激酶自噬途徑參與誘導(dǎo)16HBE細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的癌變過(guò)程。此外,黃傳書(shū)教授等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的蛋白SQSTM1/p62對(duì)鎳誘導(dǎo)的炎性腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)表達(dá)具有重要作用,可能導(dǎo)致人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化活性和致癌性。實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),鎳暴露下小鼠在體肺組織、離體的人肺上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)、及人肺鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中可觀察到SQSTM1蛋白上調(diào)。進(jìn)一步的研究表明,敲除SQSTM1蛋白可顯著抑制慢性鎳暴露后人肺上皮細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化。鎳誘導(dǎo)的SQSTM1蛋白降解是通過(guò)MTOR-ULK1-BECN1介導(dǎo)的自噬,SQSTM1蛋白上調(diào)表現(xiàn)出促進(jìn)鎳誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化。
此外,核因子2(nuclear factor E2related factor 2,Nrf2)也是當(dāng)前自噬相關(guān)的肺癌發(fā)生分子機(jī)制的研究熱點(diǎn)。國(guó)內(nèi)有學(xué)者[29]通過(guò)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)細(xì)胞系中上調(diào)/下調(diào)Nrf2,研究Nrf2對(duì)NSCLC自噬的影響及其在NSCLC發(fā)展中的作用。其結(jié)果顯示Nrf2是與NSCLC患者的生存率負(fù)相關(guān)的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因子,Nrf2表達(dá)升高促進(jìn)NSCLC轉(zhuǎn)化,增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)和體外逃逸凋亡。該研究進(jìn)一步提示Nrf2還可以誘導(dǎo)自噬體形成并增強(qiáng)自噬活性,進(jìn)而抑制NSCLC細(xì)胞的凋亡。另韓國(guó)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)[30]報(bào)道肺腫瘤組織和鎳轉(zhuǎn)化的人肺支氣管上皮BEAS-2B細(xì)胞(NiT細(xì)胞)中轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Nrf2高表達(dá),其在NiT細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞凋亡抗性中起關(guān)鍵作用。有研究表明[31]二甲雙胍可通過(guò)己糖激酶2(HK2)驅(qū)動(dòng)人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞中的脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白2(LCN2)活化減輕了NiCl2誘導(dǎo)的自噬和細(xì)胞凋亡。然而,我們是否可利用這一特征,用于臨床治療,有待探討。
綜上所述,自噬在參與癌變過(guò)程中具有重要作用,但是調(diào)控途徑的上下游信號(hào)分子比較多、機(jī)制復(fù)雜。因此,通過(guò)闡明自噬在肺細(xì)胞癌變中的參與過(guò)程來(lái)預(yù)防和治療肺癌,值得更深入的研究。
3侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移
肺癌的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移(invasion and metastasis)是一個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的多基因調(diào)控和多步驟發(fā)展過(guò)程,是腫瘤的惡性標(biāo)志和特征。鎳及其化合物影響細(xì)胞的遷移、侵襲和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞粘附作用,影響肺癌治療效果和導(dǎo)致患者死亡的主要原因之一。Chiou YH等[32]通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)高鎳暴露組EGFR突變的患病率明顯高于低鎳暴露組,肺組織中的鎳積聚可能導(dǎo)致未吸煙的肺癌患者發(fā)生EGFR突變。其主要原因可能是鎳誘導(dǎo)的miR-21通過(guò)活化EGFR/NF-kB信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑來(lái)抑制SPRY2和RECK表達(dá),增加肺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲性,特別是在EGFR L858R表達(dá)載體轉(zhuǎn)染的細(xì)胞中。此外,肺癌患者血液內(nèi)鎳元素水平與miR-21表達(dá)水平相關(guān),證實(shí)了鎳暴露可能導(dǎo)致癌癥發(fā)病率上升,也會(huì)促進(jìn)肺癌的侵襲。國(guó)內(nèi)有學(xué)者[33]通過(guò)體外研究證實(shí)鎳化合物,如氯化鎳,可激活人肺癌細(xì)胞中的TLR4信號(hào)途徑,而TLR4/MyD88的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)促進(jìn)了鎳誘導(dǎo)的人肺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲力,同時(shí)受到人肺癌細(xì)胞中IL-8,TGF-β,MMP2和MMP9的表達(dá)影響,揭示了p38MAPK途徑和NF-kB途徑增強(qiáng)由鎳誘導(dǎo)的人肺癌細(xì)胞侵襲潛力的可能機(jī)制。
4增殖
細(xì)胞以分裂的方式進(jìn)行增殖(proliferation),是生物體的重要生命特征。已有研究表明致癌性金屬化合物改變基因表達(dá),主要是通過(guò)激活原癌基因或干擾負(fù)責(zé)下調(diào)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的腫瘤抑制基因[34],促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。王琛等[35]通過(guò)不同濃度的Ni2+對(duì)小鼠成纖維細(xì)胞L929刺激,觀察到L929 細(xì)胞增殖受到顯著抑制,結(jié)果表明Ni2+對(duì) L929 細(xì)胞可產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性作用。Cameron KS等 [36]在研究中觀察到肺部化學(xué)相關(guān)性的非腫瘤性病變,隨著氧化鎳(NiO)暴露濃度的增加而更嚴(yán)重,支氣管和縱隔淋巴結(jié)的淋巴增生色素沉著,也發(fā)現(xiàn)肺泡/支氣管腺瘤或癌(混合癌)發(fā)病率增加。Bucchianico SD等[37]最新研究將BEAS-2B細(xì)胞鎳暴露于金屬鎳和氧化鎳納米粒子,透射電鏡和電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜研究結(jié)果提示,氧化鎳納米粒子易導(dǎo)致DNA鏈斷裂并產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧,引起染色體畸變,產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性和遺傳毒性。此外,國(guó)內(nèi)有學(xué)者[38]探討了鎳離子對(duì)人血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(HUVECs)增殖的影響,通過(guò)MTT法和GiEMSA染色法觀察在不同濃度的鎳離子下HUVECs細(xì)胞細(xì)胞增殖程度,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)Ni2+對(duì)于于HuVEC細(xì)胞具有毒性作用。當(dāng)前,鎳誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞增殖作用相關(guān)的肺癌發(fā)生機(jī)制及其治療研究甚少,尋找一種可以逆轉(zhuǎn)鎳的致癌作用藥物,是未來(lái)的研究重點(diǎn)之一。
5結(jié)論
鎳及其化合物通過(guò)多種途徑作用于細(xì)胞,影響細(xì)胞的凋亡、自噬、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移、增殖等多個(gè)方面,誘導(dǎo)肺癌發(fā)生的機(jī)制相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。如今細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)、基因技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,有助于促進(jìn)鎳誘導(dǎo)肺癌發(fā)生機(jī)制研究的深入。結(jié)合目前有關(guān)鎳及其化合物致肺癌分子機(jī)制的研究基礎(chǔ),探索阻斷鎳及其化合物對(duì)于機(jī)體的致肺癌作用,必定推動(dòng)鎳致肺癌防治研究工作前進(jìn)一大步。
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收稿日期:2018-7-6;修回日期:2018-8-8
編輯/李樺