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損及腎盂行鎖邊縫合法的中華田園犬實驗研究

2018-12-22 09:34劉高傅點程文
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報 2018年32期

劉高 傅點 程文

[摘要] 目的 探討腎盂、腎實質(zhì)及腎包膜全層連續(xù)鎖邊縫合法在腎腫瘤腎部分切除術(shù)后創(chuàng)面縫合中的效果。 方法 選擇4只健康雄性中華田園犬,麻醉成功后按人類開放性腎部分切除術(shù)程序進行操作,對創(chuàng)面的腎盂黏膜、黏膜下層、肌層及腎膜層間行連續(xù)鎖邊縫合。觀察手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量、動脈阻斷時間、術(shù)后恢復(fù)活動時間、圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 腎動脈阻斷手術(shù)時間、局部阻斷手術(shù)時間、腎動脈阻斷時間、局部阻斷時間分別為(39.00±2.16)、(37.50±4.30)、(10.25±2.50)、(8.45±1.81) min,腎動脈阻斷腎部分切除及縫合術(shù)中出血量為(54.50±4.21) mL、局部阻斷腎部分切除及縫合術(shù)中出血量為(57.50±9.58) mL。麻醉蘇醒即可原地活動。次日予以進食,1周后恢復(fù)如常。 結(jié)論 本術(shù)式手術(shù)時間短、出血量少、恢復(fù)快,術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)大出血與漏尿等嚴重并發(fā)癥,有效地預(yù)防與制止腎部分切除術(shù)后常見兩大并發(fā)癥,為其臨床應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 腎部分切除術(shù);腎腫瘤;鎖邊縫合法;阻斷

[中圖分類號] R687.3 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)11(b)-0009-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of continuous suture of renal pelvis, renal parenchyma and renal capsule on wound suture after removal of renal tumor. Methods Four healthy male Chinese rural dogs were selected. After successful anesthesia, the operation was performed according to the human open kidney partial resection procedure. The sutures of the renal pelvis mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer and renal layer were sutured continuously. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, arterial block time, postoperative recovery time, and perioperative complications were observed. Results The operation time of renal artery occlusion, local occlusion time, renal artery occlusion time and local occlusion time were (39.00±2.16), (37.50±4.30), (10.25±2.50), (8.45±1.81) min, respectively. The amount of bleeding in the renal artery block partial nephrectomy and suture was (54.50±4.21) mL, and the amount of hemorrhage during local partial nephrectomy and suturing was (57.50±9.58) mL. After the anesthesia waken up, they could move in place. The next day, they were given food and returned to normal after a week. Conclusion The operation time is short, the amount of bleeding is small, the recovery is fast, and there are no serious complications such as major bleeding and urinary leakage after operation. It effectively prevents and eliminates two common complications after partial nephrectomy, which lays a foundation for its clinical application.

[Key words] Partial nephrectomy; Renal tumors; Lockstitch method; Block

目前,通常對直徑≤4 cm的小型局限性腎癌行保留腎單位的腎部分切除術(shù)或腫瘤剜除術(shù)。其無瘤生存率和局部復(fù)發(fā)率與根治性腎切術(shù)相似[1]。涉及腎盂的腎部分切除術(shù)常出現(xiàn)圍術(shù)期大出血和嚴重漏尿等并發(fā)癥。因此,本研究試行腎部分切除術(shù),凡涉及腎盂的創(chuàng)面均行全層連續(xù)鎖邊縫合法關(guān)閉,以評價該術(shù)法的效果。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實驗動物

選取4只雄性健康中華田園犬[南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院比較醫(yī)學(xué)科提供,實驗動物生產(chǎn)許可證號:SCXK(軍)2012-0014],平均體重23.05 kg,飼養(yǎng)溫度14~23℃,濕度30%~40%,日常光照0.5~2.0 h,符合SPF級要求。本研究經(jīng)南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院實驗動物倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。

1.2 主要儀器及試劑

人腎部分切除術(shù)醫(yī)用器械、液體與輸液設(shè)備。麻醉藥物:①速眠新Ⅱ注射液(846合劑)(吉林省敦化市圣達動物藥品有限公司,生產(chǎn)指號:07003),是靜松靈、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、鹽酸二氫埃托啡和氟哌啶醇的復(fù)方合劑;②丙泊酚注射液(Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh),含雙異丙酚10 mg/mL。

1.3 手術(shù)方法

給腎部分切除術(shù)(open partial nephrectomy,OPN)實驗犬上口罩。肌注速眠新注射液,耳靜脈滴注丙泊酚注射液(2 mL)維持。取平臥位,墊高腰部,于12肋下理毛、消毒、腹部正中線切口,逐層切開皮膚、皮下組織、肌層和腹膜。確定腎臟位置,鈍性分離腎周圍連接組織,游離腎臟,確立包括腎盂的切割帶與腎切除范圍,然后如人類腎部分切除術(shù)方法,阻斷腎動脈或局部壓迫性阻斷,并計時,行腎部分切除,移棄切除部分,采用3-0可吸收線行腎盂黏膜、黏膜下組織、肌層及漿膜全層(進針由內(nèi)向外連續(xù)鎖邊縫合),邊縫合邊帶緊鎖邊線(助手協(xié)助),以達嚴密鎖邊止血的目的。松解腎動脈或局部壓迫,并記錄腎動脈阻斷和局部壓迫阻斷時間。此時,一般可見少量滲血。用2-0可吸收線“8”字縫合以逐步關(guān)閉腎盂及其余切除部位的腎創(chuàng)面。觀察縫合面3~5 min,如有出血,用2-0線行間斷行“8”字縫合,直到無活動性出血為度。留置腹腔引流管1根,逐層關(guān)閉切口。腎動脈阻斷行腎部分切除,腎盂黏膜、黏膜下組織、肌層及漿膜全層連續(xù)鎖邊縫合手術(shù)見圖1A~F,局部阻斷行腎部分切除,腎盂黏膜、黏膜下組織、肌層及漿膜全層連續(xù)鎖邊縫合手術(shù)見圖2A~E)。

1.4 觀察指標(biāo)及隨訪

觀察指標(biāo)有手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量、動脈阻斷時間、術(shù)后恢復(fù)活動時間、圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥。1個月后,行對側(cè)腎部分切除術(shù)。

2 結(jié)果

4只雄性中華田園犬平均體重(23.05±1.87)kg,腎動脈阻斷手術(shù)時間、局部阻斷手術(shù)時間、腎動脈阻斷時間、局部阻斷時間分別為(39.00±2.16)、(37.50±4.30)、(10.25±2.50)、(8.45±1.81) min,腎動脈阻斷腎部分切除及縫合術(shù)中出血量為(54.50±4.21)mL、局部阻斷腎部分切除及縫合術(shù)中出血量為(57.50±9.58)mL。麻醉復(fù)蘇后,即可原地活動;次日,予以進食,1周后恢復(fù)如常。術(shù)后觀察1個月,行對側(cè)腎部分切除術(shù),均未出現(xiàn)漏尿和大出血,且狀態(tài)良好。

3 討論

腎細胞癌是泌尿系統(tǒng)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,占全身惡性腫瘤的2%~3%,占腎臟惡性腫瘤的85%,而且其發(fā)病率尚有逐漸上升的趨勢[2-4]。保留腎單位的腎部分切除術(shù)治療腎腫瘤的安全性和有效性已被肯定,是T1a期患者的主要推薦治療方式[5-6]。腎部分切除術(shù)或腎腫瘤剜除術(shù)可用于T1b、T2期腎腫瘤的治療[7-11]。對較小腎癌(<4 cm)行保留腎單位手術(shù)[12-14],其手術(shù)效果、預(yù)后均與根治術(shù)效果相當(dāng),能保持較低的腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率,而且其并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率也與根治性手術(shù)基本相同[15-17]。隨著B超、CT及MRI技術(shù)的日益完善,小腎癌[18-20]在臨床的檢出愈來愈多。由于無法預(yù)測切除病腎后對側(cè)腎臟的病變及其功能的代償程度,特別是孤立腎和雙腎的患者,局限性腎腫瘤保留腎單位手術(shù)已成為治療早期腎癌的最佳選擇。

腹腔鏡下行腎部分切除術(shù)及開放性腎部分切除術(shù)的常見并發(fā)癥均為術(shù)后大出血與術(shù)后嚴重漏尿,尤其是手術(shù)中涉及腎盂的腫瘤患者。進一步探索、完善該項技術(shù)的操作程序,不斷提高其手術(shù)質(zhì)量,具有十分重要的意義。腎部分切除術(shù)未損及腎盂時,采用“8”字縫合或倒刺線連續(xù)縫合,大多能止血,且能避免尿漏的發(fā)生。對于損及腎盂的切口,其切口處多是較大的血管,且靠近腎蒂,出血兇猛,該方法往往無法止住靠近腎盂的血管出血,有時縫合后未出現(xiàn)出血,但靠近腎盂的血管破裂后未能很好地縫合止血,術(shù)后會向腎盂內(nèi)出血,而且縫合后較難再處理,只可重新阻斷腎動脈,再次處理靠近腎盂的深部血管。這將造成腎臟的再次熱缺血損傷。本研究的腎盂、腎實質(zhì)及腎包膜全層連續(xù)鎖邊縫合法能很好地解決該難題。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一次性鎖邊縫合后,松開腎動脈阻斷夾或手阻斷,創(chuàng)面出血大大減少,部分可見少許點片狀滲血,此時可在滲血處加針“8”字縫合;其后,在不阻斷腎動脈或手阻斷的情況下“8”字縫合或連續(xù)縫合關(guān)閉腎盂(以防向腎盂內(nèi)出血);最后,連續(xù)或者“8”字縫合關(guān)閉切口。本研究選取4只雄性健康中華田園犬,共行8次涉及腎盂腎部分切除術(shù),著力觀察其術(shù)后漏尿與腎出血的發(fā)生情況。8次腎部分切除術(shù)后1~2個月均未發(fā)生漏尿與腎出血,恢復(fù)良好。提示該方法安全與可靠,值得推廣。該術(shù)式技術(shù)要求不高,手術(shù)過程簡單,有一定手術(shù)基礎(chǔ)的泌尿外科醫(yī)生均能完成,適用于縣級基層單位臨床。

腎出血和漏尿是涉及腎盂的腎腫瘤切除手術(shù)最常見且嚴重的并發(fā)癥。通常腎集合系統(tǒng)被切開,以2-0可吸收線全層縫合(“8”字縫合)腎臟創(chuàng)面,可能會導(dǎo)致腎盂創(chuàng)面較深處的斷裂血管的漏扎,出現(xiàn)向腎盂出血的情況,并發(fā)嚴重的大出血。此外,該縫合方法若未認真處理腎盂創(chuàng)面,也易造成漏尿。本研究切除腫瘤后采用2-0可吸收線行腎盂黏膜、黏膜下組織、肌層及漿膜全層(進針由內(nèi)向外)連續(xù)鎖邊縫合,邊縫合邊帶緊鎖邊線(助手協(xié)助),以嚴密鎖邊止血。松解腎動脈及局部壓迫,可見少量滲血。采用2-0可吸收線“8”字縫合,以逐步關(guān)閉腎盂及其余切除部位的腎創(chuàng)面創(chuàng)口。觀察創(chuàng)面3~5 min,如有出血,用2-0線行間斷“8”字縫合,直到無活動性出血。

綜上所述,腎盂創(chuàng)面的全層連續(xù)鎖邊縫合、閉合腎盂創(chuàng)面的“8”字縫合及松解阻斷后的創(chuàng)面間斷“8”字縫合法相互配合,能達到避免圍術(shù)期涉及腎盂的腎部分切除術(shù)大出血和嚴重漏尿。局部阻斷法可有效防止手術(shù)過程中殘存腎組織熱缺血的發(fā)生,有利于腎組織及腎功能的保護。

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(收稿日期:2018-08-11 本文編輯:任 念)

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