徐姝 張彥紅
[摘要] 目的 觀察過氧化物酶體增殖物激活型受體α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α,PPARα)激動(dòng)劑非諾貝特對(duì)自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠心室重構(gòu)的影響。 方法 將20只12周齡自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠(SHR)隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(10只)及非諾貝特組(10只)。非諾貝特組大鼠給予非諾貝特60 mg/(kg·d)灌胃12周,給藥期間每4周監(jiān)測(cè)血壓。12周后,酶法檢測(cè)血清總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)含量,放免法檢測(cè)血漿和心肌血管緊張素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)水平,并檢測(cè)大鼠的全心重量(HW)、左室重量(LVM)和左室重量指數(shù)(LVMI)。電鏡觀察心肌細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。 結(jié)果 非諾貝特組小鼠尾動(dòng)脈血壓與對(duì)照組相比略有降低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。非諾貝特組與對(duì)照組相比血脂水平略有降低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,非諾貝特組全心重量(HW)、左室重量(LVM)及左室重量指數(shù)(LVMI)均降低(P<0.05)。非諾貝特組心肌細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)改變較對(duì)照組減輕。非諾貝特組血漿AngⅡ濃度與對(duì)照組比較無顯著性差異,但心肌AngⅡ濃度明顯降低(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 非諾貝特能改善SHR的心室重構(gòu),其降低心肌AngⅡ濃度、保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)可能為其機(jī)制之一。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 非諾貝特;心室重構(gòu);血管緊張素Ⅱ;高血壓
[中圖分類號(hào)] R541.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)26-0034-04
Effect of PPARα agonist fenofibrate on ventricular remodeling in hypertensive rats
XU Shu ZHANG Yanhong
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110000, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α(PPARα) agonist, on ventricular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Methods A total of 20 12-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) were randomly divided into control group(n=10) and fenofibrate group(n=10). Fenofibrate group was given intragastric administration of fenofibrate 60 mg/(kg·d) for 12 weeks, and blood pressure was monitored every 4 weeks during the administration period. After 12 weeks, serum total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) were detected by enzymatic method. Plasma and myocardial angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) levels were detected by radioimmunoassay. The rat's total heart weight(HW), left ventricular mass(LVW) and left ventricular mass index(LVMI) were measured. The ultrastructural changes of cardiomyocytes were observed by electron microscopy. Results The blood pressure of the tail artery of the fenofibrate group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but the differecne was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The blood lipid level in fenofibrate group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but there was no statistical difference(P>0.05). The whole body weight(HW), left ventricular mass(LVW), and left ventricular mass index(LVMI) of the fenofibrate group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). The ultrastructural changes of cardiomyocytes in the fenofibrate group were alleviated compared with those in the control group. There was no significant difference in plasma AngⅡ concentration between the fenofibrate group and the control group, but the myocardial AngⅡ concentration in the fenofibrate group was significantly lower(P<0.05). Conclusion Fenofibrate can improve the ventricular remodeling of SHR, and reducing myocardial AngⅡ concentration and protecting myocardial cell structure may be one of the its mechanisms.
[Key words] Fenofibrate; Ventricular remodeling; Angiotensin Ⅱ; Hypertension
左室肥厚是高血壓病的靶器官損害之一,是心肌缺血、心律失常、心力衰竭及猝死的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[1],其病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)為心肌細(xì)胞的肥大及心肌細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的改變。近年來有研究表明,過氧化物酶體增殖物激活型受體α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, PPARα)在高血壓病的心肌重構(gòu)中起著重要作用,其激動(dòng)劑非諾貝特能夠減輕高血壓引起的心肌肥厚和心肌纖維化[2-3]。本研究以自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠(SHR)為研究對(duì)象,觀察PPARα激動(dòng)劑非諾貝特對(duì)SHR心室肥厚的影響,并探討其可能機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料來源
12周雄性自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠20只,體重260~280 g,購自中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心。大鼠單籠飼養(yǎng),自由食水,保持室溫(20~25)℃,濕度40%~70%。大鼠無創(chuàng)血壓儀(softron bp98);非諾貝特購自利博福尼公司(膠囊,200 mg×10粒,批號(hào):18858);生理鹽水為0.9%氯化鈉注射液(華仁藥業(yè)股份有限公司,100 mL/袋,批號(hào):F1704041);血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)放免試劑盒(北京奇松生物科技公司);血清總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)檢測(cè)試劑盒(南京建成生物研究所)。
1.2 分組及用藥方法
將SHR隨機(jī)分為兩組,每組10只。非諾貝特組予非諾貝特60 mg/(kg·d)灌胃給藥;對(duì)照組予等量生理鹽水灌胃,每日1次,連續(xù)12周。
1.3血壓測(cè)量
使用大鼠無創(chuàng)血壓儀(softron bp98)于給藥前及給藥后4周、8周及12周測(cè)量大鼠尾動(dòng)脈血壓。
1.4 標(biāo)本采集
(1)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束用10%水合氯醛處死大鼠,腹主動(dòng)脈抽血6 mL。其中3 mL 2000轉(zhuǎn)/min,離心10 min,抽血清用于血脂水平檢測(cè)。3 mL置入預(yù)冷的含抑肽酶及EDTA的抗凝管內(nèi)混勻,4℃冰箱內(nèi)靜置2 h,以3000 轉(zhuǎn)/min離心20 min,抽取血漿用于AngⅡ含量檢測(cè)。以上標(biāo)本置于-40℃冰箱保存待測(cè)。(2)取血后迅速取出心臟,生理鹽水清洗,去除周圍大血管,濾紙吸干,稱取全心重量(HW),剪去左右心房及右室游離壁,稱取左室重量(LVM),以左室重量指數(shù)(左室重量與體重比值,LVMI)反映左室肥厚程度。取左心室游離壁心肌組織0.2 g,加入0.9%生理鹽水1.8 mL充分研磨,制成10%的心肌組織勻漿,按3000轉(zhuǎn)/min離心20 min,取上清冷凍保存待測(cè)。取左心室心肌組織,0.1 mol/L PBS緩沖液漂洗后,2%戊二醛前固定(pH 7.2),1%四氧化鋨溶液(pH 7.2)后固定,經(jīng)梯度酒精丙酮系列脫水后,環(huán)氧樹脂浸透、包埋,瑞典LKB超薄切片機(jī)切片。心肌切片用醋酸鈾及檸檬酸鉛染色后, JEOL-100透射電子顯微鏡觀察。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
用SPSS 11.5 軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩組均數(shù)間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 非諾貝特對(duì)自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠血壓的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)前兩組大鼠間尾動(dòng)脈血壓無差異,實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中兩組血壓逐漸升高,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)非諾貝特組血壓較對(duì)照組略降低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,見表1。
2.2非諾貝特對(duì)自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠血脂的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后兩組血漿總膽固醇水平(TC)、高密度脂蛋白水平(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白水平(LDL-C)無明顯差異,非諾貝特組血漿甘油三酯水平(TG)略低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,見表2。
2.3非諾貝特對(duì)自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠心臟重量的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后非諾貝特組較對(duì)照組全心重量(HW)、左室重量(LVM)及左室重量指數(shù)(LVMI)均有下降(P<0.05),說明非諾貝特能夠改善SHR的心室肥厚。見表3。
2.4 非諾貝特對(duì)自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠AngⅡ的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后非諾貝特組與對(duì)照組血漿AngⅡ水平無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,而心肌AngⅡ水平低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.5對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后透射電鏡觀察兩組大鼠心肌切片,對(duì)照組可見肌絲排列稀疏、紊亂,肌原纖維灶性溶解,間質(zhì)膠原纖維增生。線粒體增生,大小不一,嵴減少或消失。核呈不規(guī)則形,偶見核質(zhì)邊集現(xiàn)象(封三圖2)。非諾貝特組心肌超微結(jié)構(gòu)改變較對(duì)照組減輕,僅有部分肌原纖維排列紊亂,肌原纖維間間隙增寬,部分線粒體水腫,嵴斷裂,無肌原纖維灶性溶解。橫紋清楚,間質(zhì)膠原纖維無明顯增生,說明非諾貝特可改善SHR心肌超微結(jié)構(gòu)的改變(封三圖3)。
3討論
心室重構(gòu)是高血壓的重要病理變化,該病理變化主要表現(xiàn)為心肌細(xì)胞增殖、肥大及間質(zhì)纖維化[4]。目前已有多個(gè)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[5,6]證實(shí)SHR大鼠存在心室重構(gòu),在本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后可見24周時(shí)SHR心肌細(xì)胞核膜不完整,線粒體腫大,紊亂,嵴減少或消失,肌原纖維模糊排列紊亂,橫紋不清,間質(zhì)膠原纖維增生,說明24周SHR心肌細(xì)胞已發(fā)生心肌重構(gòu)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PPARα激動(dòng)劑在壓力超負(fù)荷動(dòng)物模型短暫應(yīng)用可減輕心肌肥厚[7]。本研究證實(shí)通過PPARα激動(dòng)劑非諾貝特干預(yù)后,SHR左室重量及左室重量指數(shù)較對(duì)照組減低,且心肌細(xì)胞電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)變化較對(duì)照組減輕,說明非諾貝特能延緩SHR的心肌重構(gòu)及左室肥厚。
PPARα是核受體超家族成員之一,能夠調(diào)節(jié)脂肪酸和糖類代謝,對(duì)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、分化、心血管氧化應(yīng)激和炎性反應(yīng)都有調(diào)控作用[8]。有研究表明在肥厚心肌中PPARα活性減低,說明其參與了心肌重構(gòu)[9]。通過本實(shí)驗(yàn)也證實(shí)了PPARα激動(dòng)劑非諾貝特可干預(yù)SHR的心肌重構(gòu),其中的具體機(jī)制尚不清楚。我們認(rèn)為線粒體脂肪酸β 氧化是ATP產(chǎn)生的主要來源,PPARα活性降低,將導(dǎo)致脂肪酸β氧化供能能力減低,從而影響心肌的能量代謝。而非諾貝特可通過激活PPARα促進(jìn)脂肪酸β氧化,增加心肌能量供應(yīng),改善心肌細(xì)胞重構(gòu)。
另一方面,目前已證實(shí)在高血壓病患者中存在血管緊張素醛固酮系統(tǒng)過度激活及AngⅡ過度分泌。高AngⅡ水平不僅有升壓作用,同時(shí)還可直接促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞RNA和蛋白質(zhì)的合成[10],促進(jìn)纖維細(xì)胞增殖[11],引起心肌重構(gòu)。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中SHR血漿AngⅡ水平無明顯變化,而心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)AngⅡ水平下降,機(jī)制不清。但這也符合非諾貝特對(duì)SHR血壓無影響的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。心肌重構(gòu)主要是膠原生成和降解兩方面的失衡及膠原特性、構(gòu)型和排列等異常改變的結(jié)果。膠原的生成和降解受許多因素的影響和基因調(diào)控,受多個(gè)通路的調(diào)節(jié),主要有AngⅡ系統(tǒng)及其信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路、生長(zhǎng)因子及其信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路、兒茶酚胺及其信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路。非諾貝特可能是通過AngⅡ系統(tǒng)影響心肌重構(gòu),具體機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步研究。同時(shí)我們還注意到,在非諾貝特組及對(duì)照組間血脂無明顯差異,甘油三酯水平也沒有明顯下降,考慮這可能與實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)各組大鼠基線血脂水平不高及用藥時(shí)間偏短有關(guān)。但這同時(shí)也說明非諾貝特對(duì)心室重構(gòu)的影響與血脂無關(guān)。
綜上,PPARα激動(dòng)劑非諾貝特除降低血脂外,還能夠調(diào)節(jié)心肌能量代謝,延緩心室重構(gòu),進(jìn)一步可降低心血管疾病發(fā)病率及病死率[12-15]。本研究為PPAR-α激動(dòng)劑在臨床的新用途提供了有力的證據(jù)支持。但是,該藥物影響心室重構(gòu)的機(jī)制仍需深入研究。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-27)