浙江

英語(yǔ)課程內(nèi)容是發(fā)展學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的基礎(chǔ)，它包含六個(gè)要素, 即主題語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)篇類型、語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、文化知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言技能和學(xué)習(xí)策略。這六個(gè)要素貫穿于各種類型的語(yǔ)篇材料中, 共同作用、影響和推進(jìn)各類語(yǔ)篇的形成，而其中語(yǔ)篇的導(dǎo)入部分受到這些核心素養(yǎng)要素的影響更加明顯, 下面筆者就這六個(gè)要素對(duì)語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)入的影響分門別類地進(jìn)行闡述, 以期起到拋磚引玉的作用,達(dá)到激起大家共同思考的目的。

一、主題語(yǔ)境

主題為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)提供主題范圍或主題語(yǔ)境。學(xué)生對(duì)主題意義的探究應(yīng)是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言中最重要的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)檫@將直接影響學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇理解的程度、其思維發(fā)展的水平和語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的成效。細(xì)分開來，主題語(yǔ)境主要包括人與自我、人與社會(huì)和人與自然三大類型。能夠快速、準(zhǔn)確把握哪種主題語(yǔ)境類型對(duì)于學(xué)生理解篇章，提高其閱讀能力不無裨益，而篇章起首的導(dǎo)入部分往往能夠幫助我們確定對(duì)全文主題語(yǔ)境的定位。

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇一：（2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ完形填空）When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person, we usually say “Sorry, wrong number!”and move on. But when Dennis Williams received a text that clearly wasn’t intended for him, he did something special.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇二：(2018年11月浙江卷閱讀理解C篇)I start every summer with the best of intentions： to attack one big book from the past, a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious. Often the pairings of books and settings have been purely accidental： “Moby Dick” on a three-day cross-country train trip; “The Magic Mountain”in a New England beachside cottage with no locks on the doors,no telephones or televisions in the rooms, and little to do beyond row on the salt pond. Attempting “The Man Without Qualities” on a return to Hawaii, my native state, however, was less fruitful： I made it through one and a quarter volumes (冊(cè))，then decided that I’d got the point and went swimming instead.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇三：The Domesticate elephant Arjun in Mysore is the most intelligent animal I have seen. When we rescued two elephants in Mysore four years back I saw how Arjun played a key role in taming (馴化 ) the two brat baby elephants. The baby elephants that we had caught were two years old and they had escaped from the herd for a fun ride as they were always under discipline from the elder ones. Both of them were caught after several hours of chasing and tied in different places as they were caught in different places. Both were shocked and depressed and were refusing to touch any food including sugar cane for the entire day and night.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇一是一篇完形填空篇章，主要講述應(yīng)對(duì)錯(cuò)發(fā)短消息的做法，很明顯這是一篇有關(guān)人與社會(huì)，即良好的人際關(guān)系和交往主題的文章。

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇二是一篇難度系數(shù)較大的有關(guān)夏天閱讀的篇章，主要講述作者在每年夏天閱讀不同書籍并體會(huì)到不同感受的內(nèi)容，顯而易見，我們很容易把它歸納到人與自我，即終身學(xué)習(xí)的類型。

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇三是筆者根據(jù)國(guó)外英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容編寫的文章，主要講述大象的智慧以及人類馴服大象的過程。毋庸置疑，本文在語(yǔ)篇類型上屬于人與自然系列，即人與動(dòng)植物相互關(guān)系的類型。

在語(yǔ)篇開頭馬上確定主題語(yǔ)境可以幫助我們快速切入主題，從而為快速準(zhǔn)確地理解全文打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。綜上所述，重視文章導(dǎo)入部分的主題語(yǔ)境關(guān)乎語(yǔ)篇閱讀的成敗，我們千萬(wàn)不能掉以輕心。

二、語(yǔ)篇類型

語(yǔ)篇類型是指記敘文、議論文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等不同類型的文體，以及口頭、書面等多模態(tài)形式的語(yǔ)篇，如文字、圖示、歌曲、音頻、視頻等。接觸和學(xué)習(xí)不同類型的語(yǔ)篇，熟悉生活中常見的語(yǔ)篇形式，把握不同語(yǔ)篇的特定結(jié)構(gòu)、文體特征和表達(dá)方式，不僅有助于學(xué)生加深對(duì)語(yǔ)篇意義的理解，還有助于他們使用不同類型的語(yǔ)篇進(jìn)行有效的表達(dá)和交流。往往每篇語(yǔ)篇的文體在導(dǎo)入部分就可以確定，所以仔細(xì)研讀語(yǔ)篇的導(dǎo)入部分，盡早確定語(yǔ)篇的文體類型，對(duì)于把握文章的中心、梳理語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)、確定作者的意圖有非常大的幫助。

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇四：Almost everyone wants to be happy, but not all know how to find happiness. Money and success alone do not bring lasting happiness. Aristotle, a Greek thinker, said,“Happiness depends upon ourselves.” In other words, we make our own happiness. Here are a few suggestions to help you be happier.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇五：I’d just finished some shopping, and was getting ready to leave the supermarket’s parking lot, when I heard music coming from the area of the shopping carts. I knew it was someone I knew, well—the beggar, I couldn’t really call him.

對(duì)于上面兩篇語(yǔ)篇的導(dǎo)入部分，我們可以從語(yǔ)篇類型的角度進(jìn)行分類，導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇四講述如何得到人生的快樂，明顯是一篇說明文，而導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇五講述了作者在超市購(gòu)物結(jié)束后進(jìn)入地下車庫(kù)的情節(jié)，毫無疑問是一篇記敘文。

對(duì)于如何區(qū)分記敘文和說明文，我們有一種簡(jiǎn)便的方法，那就是注意篇章中時(shí)態(tài)的使用。如果導(dǎo)入部分使用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，那么這篇文章往往是說明文，如果導(dǎo)入部分使用了一般過去時(shí)，那么這篇文章很可能是記敘文。

一旦根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)入部分確定了語(yǔ)篇類型，我們就可以調(diào)整閱讀策略，對(duì)于說明文，我們必須要立足篇章信息的邏輯關(guān)系，而對(duì)于記述文，我們則應(yīng)該重視文章情節(jié)的展開。側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同可以保證我們合理分配閱讀的時(shí)間和精力，達(dá)到高效閱讀的目的。

三、語(yǔ)言知識(shí)

語(yǔ)言知識(shí)包括語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)篇和語(yǔ)用知識(shí)。學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的目的是發(fā)展語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，因此要特別關(guān)注語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的表意功能。每篇語(yǔ)篇的導(dǎo)入部分都會(huì)運(yùn)用到不同的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯知識(shí)，如果不能準(zhǔn)確把握這些句型的表意功能，不能準(zhǔn)確理解這些高級(jí)詞匯的含義，閱讀之初即被當(dāng)頭一棒，對(duì)于語(yǔ)篇的正確打開會(huì)有致命的影響。

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇六：(2016年10月浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫) One weekend in July, Jane and her husband, Tom, had driven three hours to camp overnight by a lake in the forest. Unfortunately,on the way an unpleasant subject came up and they started to quarrel. By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom, “I’m going to find a better spot for us to camp”and walked away.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇七：Researchers carried out a series of studies which showed those who counted money before taking part in an experiment where they would accept low levels of pain felt less discomfort than those who did not. Handling a hand of cash may be better at killing pain than aspirin, their study suggests. The study showed that counting notes and coins helps to reduce pain by improving feelings of self-worth and selfsatisfaction.

如果在導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇六中不注意句型知識(shí)by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，那么我們很可能會(huì)在閱讀中卡殼，影響閱讀的心情，從而使我們失去繼續(xù)閱讀的興趣，不能正確把握發(fā)生在Jane和Tom之間的故事。

如果在導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇七中不注意詞匯 carry out, a series of,discomfort, handle, self-worth, self-satisfaction 等的具體含義，那么我們就會(huì)陷入理解的誤區(qū)，在文章脈絡(luò)把握和主題思想概括方面遇到困難。

“千里之堤，潰于蟻穴?！蔽覀儽仨氉⒁馄綍r(shí)的積累，打好扎實(shí)的句型和詞匯知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)，學(xué)會(huì)把這些知識(shí)運(yùn)用到語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)入部分，進(jìn)而為梳理文脈和理解中心思想掃清障礙。

四、文化知識(shí)

文化知識(shí)是指中外文化知識(shí)。語(yǔ)言是文化的載體，語(yǔ)言知識(shí)與文化知識(shí)是相互依存和相互滲透的關(guān)系，語(yǔ)篇起初往往滲透著不少文化知識(shí)，我們必須要在閱讀開端即注意中西方文化差異，正確對(duì)待這些文化知識(shí)，快速入局，從而使我們能夠高效閱讀，精致閱讀。

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇八：（2018年11月浙江卷閱讀理解A篇）The most welcome sight on a cold, wet winter night in London is the familiar shape of a London taxi cab approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly. That shows it is ready to pick you up. Travelling by taxi in London is not just a way of going from one place to another. It is an experience to be enjoyed and remembered.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇九：Winter is the time of year when people feel very blessed. This isn’t because people feel thankful for the cold weather, nor because the important festivals—Christmas or Spring Festival—offer an excuse to celebrate. In fact, “Bless you!”is a common response if someone sneezes, a symptom of catching a cold or the flu.

如果在閱讀導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇八之前就了解國(guó)外出租車司機(jī)的開朗、博學(xué)，那么我們?cè)诳焖偾腥胫黝}、捕捉文意時(shí)將不會(huì)存在障礙。而假如在閱讀導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇九前不了解西方人在別人打噴嚏后往往要說一句“God bless you”這一文化知識(shí)，我們很可能在閱讀起初就陷入“云里霧里”，不知所以然。

五、語(yǔ)言技能

語(yǔ)言技能包括聽、說、讀、寫、看五項(xiàng)技能, 是學(xué)生從語(yǔ)篇中獲得語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和文化知識(shí),理解和表達(dá)意義、意圖、情感和觀點(diǎn)，發(fā)展思維品質(zhì)的重要途徑。如果我們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)入時(shí)就能把閱讀內(nèi)容與聽力材料內(nèi)容以及書面表達(dá)寫作內(nèi)容緊密掛鉤，達(dá)到共通有無的地步，就能夠輕松達(dá)到柳暗花明的境界。

（2018年11月浙江卷聽力材料第10段獨(dú)白）

Hello, everyone. It is indeed a great pleasure to have this chance to address such a large audience this evening. I’m Pierre Chabrol from the University of Marseille. At the moment, I’m carrying out research in Senegal for the United Nations, as part of a project to increase world food production. Before I get on to what exactly we did in our research, I would like to explain briefly the purpose behind it. Quite simply, my subject is rice.As you all know, rice is the main food for millions of people in the world. So, if rice crops fail, millions of people starve and die. And they do fail, very often through disease. Now,what my colleagues and I have been doing out in the field in Senegal, as well as in the university laboratories, is to try to produce a disease-resisting variety of rice — a particular kind of rice which will resist disease...in other words, a stronger type of rice.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇十：As the old Chinese saying goes, “Humanity’s most fundamental relationship is with what we eat.” Although food has played an important part in Chinese culture for years,hunger had been a huge problem in the country until the 1970s.However, the Chinese scientist Yuan Longping helped to deal with this problem.

在聽力輸入有關(guān)非洲科學(xué)家著力研究抵抗疾病的水稻的背景知識(shí)下,我們肯定能夠?qū)υ∑皆诮鉀Q中國(guó)的糧食問題上的重要性有更加深刻的認(rèn)識(shí),從而對(duì)閱讀活動(dòng)的展開會(huì)有很大的幫助。

（2018年11月浙江卷書面表達(dá)）

假定你是李華，乘坐FL753航班抵達(dá)倫敦后發(fā)現(xiàn)錢包遺失。請(qǐng)給航空公司寫一封郵件說明情況并尋求幫助。內(nèi)容包括：

1.行程信息；

2.錢包特征；

3.聯(lián)系方式。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)80左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié), 以使行文連貫。

One possible version：

To whom it may concern,

I am writing to report the loss of my wallet. On 1st November, 2018 I flew business class on your flight FL753 from China to London.

I clearly remember it was still with me the moment I boarded the plane. However, on arrival in London Heathrow Airport, I found it gone. I guess it must have slipped out of my pocket during the flight. It is a black leather one with around 200 dollars, my ID card, and 2 credit cards in it. Along with the items mentioned above, the wallet contains a family photo,which is my precious memory. As you can imagine, these matter a lot to me.

Has anybody happened to find it? Please email me at XXX@googlemail.com.

Thank you for your time and support.

Yours sincerely,Li Hua

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇十一：I had arrived at the airport to catch an early flight home. It had been a very busy three days for me on an interstate trip with lots of meetings，business to do and new customers to meet. Then came the announcement that the flight had been delayed due to a technical problem. I could see a group of technicians and ground staff rushing about，obviously trying hard to fix the problem. I watched and listened as many of the passengers sitting near me shared their frustration about the inconvenience.

同理，在進(jìn)行了有關(guān)乘飛機(jī)遇到麻煩的應(yīng)用文寫作后，我們遇到類似的飛機(jī)故障延時(shí)的導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇就會(huì)有似曾相識(shí)的感覺，從而輕松完成閱讀任務(wù)。

聽、說、讀、寫、看五種能力都是立足于篇章基礎(chǔ)之上的，所以，重視五種能力的融會(huì)貫通并且應(yīng)用到語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)能夠使我們看到意想不到的效果。

六、學(xué)習(xí)策略

學(xué)習(xí)策略包括元認(rèn)知策略、認(rèn)知策略、交際策略和情感策略。其中認(rèn)知策略中的重要一條學(xué)習(xí)策略是根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇中的核心詞、代詞等去理解段落或句子之間的內(nèi)在銜接。比如說句型 What comes to your mind when you talk/think about...?（當(dāng)你談/想到……你會(huì)想到……?）往往是用來引出話題的，先提出一種你經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤想法作為比較,然后引出篇章主題。通過歸納總結(jié)我們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)入部分就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)的核心句型的語(yǔ)用知識(shí)，了解其這一特點(diǎn)，從而順利切入主題：

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇十二：What comes to your mind when you talk about donations? You probably think of a group of people with boxes in hand asking people to donate money. But my school came up with a new way of raising funds—Fun Night.

導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇十三：What comes into your mind when you think about robots? Do you imagine armies of evil metal monsters planning to take over the world? Or perhaps of mechanical men who have been created as guards or soldiers by a mad genius? Or maybe you think of man-like robots who act, think, and look like human beings. In fact robots like these have more to do with science fiction films than with real life.In the real world robots are machines that do jobs which have to be done by people. Robots either are operated by themselves or under the control of a person.

盡管上述兩個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的主題語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)篇類型不盡相同，但是從導(dǎo)入語(yǔ)篇的寫作手法來看，都是使用提問的手法引出話題，然后再提出反面例子作為鋪墊，最后導(dǎo)入主題。把握了這一特點(diǎn)，我們就能夠集中精力緊抓文章中心。更加重要的是在以后遇到類似以“What comes to your mind when you talk/think about...？”開篇的語(yǔ)篇材料時(shí)能夠合理使用閱讀策略，完成理解任務(wù)。

語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)入部分不可避免地受到英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)六個(gè)要素的影響，為了解碼語(yǔ)篇，我們需要探索這些核心素養(yǎng)的影響，只有在語(yǔ)篇開端就正視這個(gè)問題，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)“良好的開端是成功的一半”的目的，切實(shí)從閱讀中享受到幸福和快樂。