寧夏
問:魏老師,您好,作為教學考試雜志社“優(yōu)師計劃研發(fā)方向五——二輪知識體系鞏固與測評的研究與實踐項目”第三階段T3小組的命題老師,在這次原創(chuàng)命題過程中,您的感受是什么呢?
答:誠惶誠恐,但是又心懷感恩。自己也是參與過多次命題工作的“老江湖”了,可心里還是忐忑不安。
問:在這次命題工作中,您具體負責的是哪部分試題呢?
答:我負責命制從聽力到七選五的原創(chuàng)試題。
問:在您負責命制的題型中,您覺得哪種題型最難命制呢?
答:當然是聽力試題了,這個是最讓人糾結的。從網絡教研以及審題老師的反饋中可以發(fā)現,改動最大的部分就是聽力試題。
問:您能介紹一下您命制聽力試題的思路和過程嗎?
答:當然可以。只是我說的這些都是我個人的看法,不一定對啊。
問:沒有關系的。
答:在命制聽力試題時,首先得有理論依據,不能自己憑空臆斷。所以我要了解考試說明對高考聽力的要求,做到心中有數。
問:那這些要求是什么呢?
答:要求考生聽懂熟悉的有關日常生活話題的簡短獨白和對話??忌鷳埽海?)理解主旨要義;(2)獲取事實性的具體信息;(3)對所聽內容作出簡單推斷;(4)理解說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。
問:好像明白了些,可是這些都是對題干的要求,對于具體的內容,好像沒有具體的說明?
答:是的,當我對高考聽力的要求有所了解后,就要對試題內容進行選擇了。這就需要我研讀最新的課程標準,知道高考考查的內容是什么。比如,高考要從人與自我、人與社會和人與自然三個方面對考生進行學科核心素養(yǎng)的滲透。
問:人與自我涉及哪些方面呢?
答:1.個人、家庭、社區(qū)及學校生活;2.健康的生活方式、積極的生活態(tài)度;3.認識自我,豐富自我,完善自我;4.樂于學習,善于學習,終身學習;5.語言學習的規(guī)律、方法等;6.優(yōu)秀品行,正確的人生態(tài)度,公民義務與社會責任;7.生命的意義與價值;8.未來職業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢,個人職業(yè)傾向、未來規(guī)劃等;9.創(chuàng)新與創(chuàng)業(yè)意識。
問:人與社會涉及哪些方面呢?
答:1.良好的人際關系與社會交往;2.公益事業(yè)與志愿服務;3.跨文化溝通、包容與合作;4.小說、戲劇、詩歌、傳記、文學簡史、經典演講、文學名著等;5.繪畫、建筑等領域的代表性作品和人物; 6.影視、音樂等領域的概況及其發(fā)展;7.體育活動、大型體育賽事、體育與健康、體育精神;8.不同民族文化習俗與傳統節(jié)日;9.對社會有突出貢獻的人物;10.重要國際組織與社會公益機構;11.法律常識與法治意識等;12.物質與非物質文化遺產;13.社會熱點問題;14.重大政治、歷史事件,文化淵源;15.社會進步與人類文明;16.科技發(fā)展與信息技術創(chuàng)新,科學精神,信息安全。
問:人與自然方面呢?
答:1.主要國家地理概況;2.自然環(huán)境、自然遺產保護;3.人與環(huán)境、人與動植物;4.自然災害與防范,安全常識與自我保護;5.人類生存、社會發(fā)展與環(huán)境的關系;6.自然科學研究成果;7.地球與宇宙奧秘探索。
問:這些任務都完成了,就可以開始命題了嗎?
答:可以了。同時我還要分析一下2018年全國卷Ⅱ聽力試題的構成、分配、詞數和話題等方面,盡力做到向高考真題靠近。
問:那您的分析結果是怎樣的呢?
答:10個語篇,20道題。題量分布是5,2,2,3,4,4??傇~數為812。事實細節(jié)題11道,推理判斷題5道,主旨大意題1道,觀點態(tài)度題3道。各個題的內容和詞數分別是Text 1德語學習情況,42詞;Text 2邀請參加派對,28詞;Text 3買火車票,28詞;Text 4談論一個餐館,32詞;Text 5面試是否順利,34詞;Text 6寫完作業(yè)后去放風箏,84詞;Text 7商量周日下午做什么,92詞;Text 8節(jié)目中談論貓的習性,153詞;Text 9談論孩子在幼兒園的表現,158詞;Text 10談自己學習跳舞到最后放棄的經歷,161詞。
問:哇,這么細致啊,現在可以命題了嗎?
答:可以了。完成了以上的工作,總算是可以正式命題了。
問:聽力原文都是您自己編寫的嗎?
答:不可能啊,我是中國人,我的思路都是中國人的思路。命制的是英語試題,當然要依據外國人的思路。
問:那您是怎樣克服思路上的困難的呢?
答:主要是通過瀏覽外文網站以及閱讀其他聽力試題,來選擇合適的方向和文本。具體來說,我的命題方向可以總結為“四個一”。即改一改、編一編、加一加和減一減。
問:什么是改一改呢?
答:舉例來說,改一改就是在原有聽力內容的基礎上,進行一些改動,比如2018年全國卷Ⅱ聽力試題的第1題原文:
W: So how is your German class going, John?
M: Well, not bad.The pronunciation is fine with me.And its vocabulary is similar to English, but I’m finding the grammar awful.
W: Well, it takes a while to get it right.
對話是兩位學生討論德語學習情況。對此我可以換個場景,如兩個學生討論體育課、數學課或物理課等。改編后的內容可以是這個樣子的:
W: The chemistry class is so hard.Don’t you think so,John?
M: Well, I like it.You know science is always my favorite.I like the feeling to deal with the puzzle step by step.But sometimes, it also makes me upset, for I often mess up the experiment.
問:我明白了,就是根據原有的文本,進行場景的替換,話題的內容隨之發(fā)生變化,對嗎?
答:是這樣的。
問:什么是編一編呢?
答:編一編,就是選擇已經命制好的試題,根據試題的設問,自己創(chuàng)設場景,進行人物對話,比如2018年全國卷Ⅱ聽力試題的第2題:
What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A.Colleagues.
B.Brother and sister.
C.Teacher and student.
這是一道推理判斷題,判斷兩位說話者之間的關系,他們之間可能是同事關系,也可能是兄妹關系,還可能是師生關系。我在命題的時候,保持設問不變,將兩者之間的對話內容設成這樣:
W: John, have you asked for a leave to your boss?
M: Of course.I also told Mr.Lee that I can’t take my son Tom to have lessons tomorrow.Don’t worry.I won’t miss our mother’s birthday party.
這樣,考查的雖然還是推斷人物關系,但已經不是原來的內容了。
問:我明白了,也就是說,您可以通過設問來反推聽力的內容,對嗎?
答:對,沒錯。
問:那什么又是加一加呢?
答:加一加就是在原有的聽力文本內容中添加其他話題,使得話題更加完整。比如2018年全國卷Ⅱ聽力試題的第3題原文:
W: May I help you?
M: Yes.When is the next train to London?
W: Oh, let me check.It leaves in twenty minutes.
M: One ticket, please.
這是一段有關購買火車票的對話,我可以再添加一些內容,使得對話更加完整,在設置問題的時候,也可以有更多的選擇空間,如:
W: May I help you?
M: Yes.When is the next train to London?
W: Oh, let me check.Oh, the next train to London will leave tomorrow.And the first one is at 7:00 am.
M: Well, that’s too early.I usually get up at 7:30 am.Is there a train between 9:00 and 10:00 in the morning.
W: Yes, there is one at 9:45 am.
M: That’s fine with me.How much is the ticket?
W: 45 pounds for an adult and 30 pounds for a kid under 12.
M: I want two tickets for adults and one for a kid.
問:減一減就是把長文本變短嗎?
答:沒錯,網絡上的很多文本非常長,比如BBC的6 Minute English節(jié)目,一篇文本幾乎上千詞,肯定不適合作為聽力材料,這就要求我們根據需要,從長文本中選取一段進行編寫。
問:根據您的敘述,好像聽力試題并不難命制,只要清楚這四點就可以了。
答:那您試試把這篇320詞的新聞改編成200詞以內的短文并設置4個問題,不準出現超綱的詞匯。
Accidents will happen.Mistakes will be made.It’s an unavoidable part of life.But what’s important is how we reflect on those mistakes and learn from them.Japan’s train industry, responsible for transporting millions of people each day, understandably takes safety very seriously.And their introspection and dedication to not repeating the past was on full display recently when JR East, one of the country’s major passenger railway companies, unveiled the new expansion to their“Exhibition Hall of Historical Accidents”.
The Exhibition Hall, which originally opened in 2002, is a fascinating glimpse into the Japanese psyche of introspection.If you’ve ever worked in a Japanese company, you’re probably familiar with the term hanseikai (反省會), which loosely translates as“introspection meeting.”During the meeting,those involved in an event will discuss what went wrong, and how it can be improved upon.In reality it’s perhaps the boss yelling at his or her subordinates, pointing out their mistakes.But in theory, the idea is to expose errors, rather than hide them,as a means of reflection and learning.Failure is more likely to trigger reflection than success.And reflection, not experience,is the key to learning.The Exhibition Hall of Historical Accidents is, in essence, a permanent large-scale hanseikai.
JR East recently completed an expansion of their exhibition hall.“We want our employees to never forget the accidents of the past so that we can reflect on the incidents and learn from them”said the company (PDF), reasserting the importance of this initiative.The new exhibition hall consist of video footage,slides, panels and digital signage, combined with newspaper clippings, reports and other documentations from accidents.In the newly added reference hall are real-scale replicas of trains that have been in accidents.
The new exhibition hall was unveiled to the press on October 9, 2018.Unfortunately, it is only open to employees of the company and is not for the public.
問:呃,這個確實有些難度,那您是怎么做的呢?
答:做到以下方面:選材語境明確;內容完整,信息量充足,不含超綱詞匯,人名、地名可以出現;不選擇別人出過的題;內容真實;長短適宜;首句不設題;考點分布均勻;題干和選項簡明扼要;不出現不聽就能選對的答案;答案唯一;選項平行,不出現包容的關系,干擾項有效;選項分布均衡,考查點不重合。
問:天哪,這么復雜?。?/p>
答:是啊,你不知道,在找資料的時候,多么揪心啊,找一個,有人用過了,再找一個,又有人用過了,哭死的心都有啊。
問:對了,那您剛剛說的那個短文最后是怎樣設題的呢?
答:Accidents will happen.Mistakes will be made.It’s an unavoidable part of life.But what’s important is how we reflect on those mistakes and learn from them.Japan’s train industry, responsible for transporting millions of people each day, takes safety very seriously.(17)JR East, one of the country’s major passenger railway companies, organized the new “Exhibition Hall of Historical Accidents”.
The Exhibition Hall, (18)which originally opened in 2002, is fascinating.The Exhibition Hall of Historical Accidents is, in essence, a permanent large-scale learning place.
JR East recently completed an expansion of their exhibition hall.“We want our employees to never forget the accidents of the past so that we can reflect on the incidents and learn from them” said the company.
The new exhibition hall consists of video footage, slides,combined with newspaper, reports and other documents from accidents.(19)In the newly added reference hall are realscale parts of trains that have been in accidents.
The new exhibition hall was reopened to the press on October 9, 2018.Unfortunately, (20)it is only open to employees of the company and is not for the public.
聽第10段材料,回答第17至20題。
17.Who organized the Historical Accidents Hall?
A.JR East.
B.Japan Train Industry parts.
C.The passager railway companies.
18.How long does the Hall exist?
A.Only 15 years.
B.More than 15 years.
C.Less than 15 years.
19.What can you see in the Hall?
A.Video games.
B.Fashion newspaper.
C.Damaged trains.
20.What can we know about the new exhibition hall?
A.It will open in 2018.
B.It is only for the employees.
C.It attracts the huge public.
問:謝謝您,聽了您的講解我對聽力原創(chuàng)試題的命制已有所了解,受益匪淺,以后有這樣的機會我也要參加原創(chuàng)試題命制。
答:我也要謝謝我們團隊的各位老師,我們在一起教研收獲很多,共同進步。