山東

所謂“思維定式”(Thinking Set/Mind Set)是指人們?cè)谔幚韱?wèn)題時(shí)受已有的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)或規(guī)則的影響，在處理類(lèi)似問(wèn)題時(shí)所表現(xiàn)出的一種習(xí)慣性思維傾向（心理學(xué)上稱(chēng)之為“首位效應(yīng)”）。思維定式是把“雙刃劍”：一方面有益于考生運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)舉一反三，觸類(lèi)旁通，順利解決問(wèn)題；另一方面會(huì)使考生套用已形成的慣性思維，對(duì)“似是而非，貌合神離”的問(wèn)題猶豫不決而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤抉擇。高考命題者就是抓住考生的這一“軟肋”設(shè)題，致使考生頻頻上當(dāng)?？忌灰莆找韵录记?，即可化解窘境，成功將考題突破！

技巧一：句子成分分析法

1.易錯(cuò)典題

(1)____ (face)with such a difficult problem, she still tried to make it at last.

(2)Which do you enjoy ____ (spend)your summer vacation, traveling or doing some reading?

(3)Children’s Day the children are looking forward to____ (come)soon.

2.答案及解析

第1題答案是Faced。考生容易誤解為現(xiàn)在分詞詞組作狀語(yǔ)而誤填Facing。該從句可還原為T(mén)hough she was faced with such a difficult problem，考查讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的省略用法。第2題答案是to spend。考生容易受enjoy doing sth.用法的影響而誤填spending，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分可知，enjoy的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是which，to spend作目的狀語(yǔ)。第3題答案是is coming，考生容易受look forward to doing sth.影響，而誤填coming。the children are looking forward to在此是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞Children’s Day，引導(dǎo)詞that/which（在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）已省略。 此外，表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）：go, come, leave, arrive, stay, return, take off, start等常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)。

3.解題技巧

命題者在設(shè)題時(shí)故意將考查內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了調(diào)整和改變，在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)運(yùn)用“句子成分誤導(dǎo)”的方式增加迷惑度及考點(diǎn)定位難度，深層次考查考生的語(yǔ)法靈活運(yùn)用能力及識(shí)辨能力。解題時(shí)考生不要急于作答，要從句子成分、句子結(jié)構(gòu)等角度分析命題人的設(shè)題意圖（尤其注意固定短語(yǔ)、結(jié)構(gòu)的用法與區(qū)別），在理解好句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分的基礎(chǔ)上逐步分析突破。

技巧二：句型識(shí)辨法

1.易錯(cuò)典題

(1)It was twelve o’clock last night ____ the earthquake happened.

(2)It was at twelve o’clock last night ____the earthquake happened.

(3)It is almost eight years _____ he abandoned himself to reading net literature.

2.答案及解析

第1題答案是when?？忌菀渍J(rèn)為是強(qiáng)調(diào)句而誤填that。實(shí)際上，it在此指“時(shí)間”，when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。第2題答案是that。本題考查的是it的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用法，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)two o’clock last night。突破上述兩題的關(guān)鍵在于介詞“at”，有“at”時(shí)，twelve o’clock last night為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；無(wú)“at”時(shí)，twelve o’clock last night為時(shí)間詞組作表語(yǔ)。第3題答案是since?？忌菀渍`填before（若填before, 主句時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤）。本題考查的是“It is/has been+一段時(shí)間詞組+since-clause”句型用法。

3.解題技巧

對(duì)于相似句型或結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)考題，考生不要急于作答，應(yīng)先通覽題干和選項(xiàng)，結(jié)合句意揣度命題者的考查意圖和主旨，初步縮小考點(diǎn)的定位范圍，回想該句型的標(biāo)志詞、時(shí)態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)特征等，然后根據(jù)該句型的特殊性（如時(shí)態(tài)）對(duì)號(hào)入座，逐步推斷答案。

技巧三：語(yǔ)序還原法

1.易錯(cuò)典題

(1)We must do everything we can_____ (save)our earth.

(2)Who do you suggest _____ (send)to finish the task of our group?

(3)The old town has narrow streets and small houses____ are built close to each other.

2.答案及解析

第1題答案是to save?？忌菀资堋扒閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形”規(guī)則影響而誤填save。該題可還原為“We must do everything we can do to save our earth.”，to save 在 此作目的狀語(yǔ)。當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是do的某種形式，且定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也是do的某種形式時(shí)，從句中的do可以省略掉，這樣使得句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、簡(jiǎn)潔而含蓄。但是，若主、從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不一樣，則禁止這樣用。如：He gave away all his money he had to save the poor old man.他把所有的錢(qián)都捐出來(lái)拯救這位貧窮的老人。had在此不可省略，因?yàn)樗c主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（gave away）不一樣。第2題答案是be sent?？忌菀资躶uggest doing sth.詞組用法的影響而誤填sending。本題考查的是雙重疑問(wèn)句用法。題干可還原為Do you suggest who (should)be sent to finish the task of our group? 第3題答案是that/which?？忌菀渍`填where。分析句子成分及結(jié)構(gòu)可知，narrow streets and small houses邏輯上在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。

3.解題技巧

對(duì)于句型類(lèi)、句式類(lèi)、語(yǔ)序類(lèi)的考題，采用“還原法”可以化難為易，提高正確率。解答此類(lèi)考題有7種“還原法”：（1）將疑問(wèn)句還原為陳述句；（2）將倒裝語(yǔ)序還原為陳述語(yǔ)序；（3）將it句型結(jié)構(gòu)還原，然后根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)特征分析、辨別、定位所考句型；（4）將省略句還原為完整句；（5）將定語(yǔ)從句中的省略成分還原，然后判斷其邏輯上在定語(yǔ)從句中作何成分；（6）將分隔成分“剔除”，然后分析其他句子成分之間的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系；（7）主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句，分析主、謂語(yǔ)之間的主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系。考生還原題干后，再根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句意逐步定位考點(diǎn)，鎖定答案。

技巧四：句意還原法

1.易錯(cuò)典題

(1)The league clerk and monitor ____ (be)asked to make a speech at the meeting last week.

(2)Qingdao is ____ most beautiful city and I want to pay____ second visit to it next year.

2.答案及解析

第1題答案是was。考生容易受主語(yǔ)數(shù)的表面信息影響而誤填were。在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)兩個(gè)頭銜或職位集某人于一身時(shí)僅指一個(gè)人，且作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。此時(shí)，后一個(gè)頭銜或職位名詞前不加冠詞，一旦加了冠詞，則指代兩個(gè)人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。第2題答案是a;a。考生容易受形容詞最高級(jí)用法規(guī)則及序數(shù)詞用法規(guī)則影響而誤填the;the。由于本題中沒(méi)有使用最高級(jí)時(shí)的比較范圍詞組，因此第1個(gè)設(shè)空處不能用the，a most beautiful city意為“一座非常美麗的城市”。第2個(gè)設(shè)空處考查的是序數(shù)詞表示“再一，又一”的用法，此時(shí)，須用不定冠詞a/an，而不用the。

3.解題技巧

多數(shù)考生誤答這類(lèi)高考英語(yǔ)題是由于其對(duì)句意把握得不到位。該類(lèi)題目大多句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，考生面臨的最大問(wèn)題是難以確定考點(diǎn)；其次，由于考點(diǎn)不明，致使題干的句意也難以理順。因此，在不易確定考點(diǎn)的情況下，考生可以結(jié)合題干和選項(xiàng)先嘗試從整體上理解還原句子的本意，在句意大致明了的前提下，再定位所考的是何種句型、句子結(jié)構(gòu)或詞組，逐步揭開(kāi)“廬山真面目”，鎖定答案。

技巧五：歸納總結(jié)法

1.易錯(cuò)典題

(1)（改錯(cuò)題）No one only can depend others to be successful.

(2)（改錯(cuò)題）While I entered into the kitchen, my mother was making my birthday cake.

2.答案及解析

第1題答案是在depend 后加on。depend 作“依賴(lài)于，依靠”解時(shí)常用作不及物動(dòng)詞，習(xí)慣上與on連用，再接賓語(yǔ)。第2題答案是刪掉into。enter作“進(jìn)入……”解時(shí)是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，故將into刪掉。

3.解題技巧

考生對(duì)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)中的特殊、重點(diǎn)現(xiàn)象要學(xué)會(huì)歸納總結(jié)（如：建立錯(cuò)題集），專(zhuān)門(mén)記憶。這樣有益于條分縷析、厘清思路、關(guān)注難點(diǎn)。譬如，容易誤用作及物動(dòng)詞的不及物動(dòng)詞如deal, depend, insist, knock, participate, operate,refer, rely等，其后通常接相對(duì)應(yīng)的介詞后，再接賓語(yǔ)。容易誤用作不及物動(dòng)詞的及物動(dòng)詞有serve, marry, discuss,mention, enter, contact, equal, ring等。當(dāng)然，少數(shù)兼類(lèi)詞（既可用作及物動(dòng)詞又可用作不及物動(dòng)詞）含義有別，要特別關(guān)注。如：The two old men entered into a long conversation.兩位老人開(kāi)始長(zhǎng)談起來(lái)。enter 作不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“開(kāi)始進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)或活動(dòng)”，用于較抽象的概念。

要想成功突破該類(lèi)難題，精準(zhǔn)掌握句意是根本，厘清句子結(jié)構(gòu)是關(guān)鍵，分析句子成分是基礎(chǔ)，關(guān)注特殊用法是要點(diǎn)。學(xué)生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法時(shí)要善于歸納總結(jié)，對(duì)特殊用法、特殊考題、設(shè)計(jì)巧妙的習(xí)題要做好分類(lèi)記錄。多看、多練、多思，才能成功突破語(yǔ)法難題。

以下是精選、改編的典型習(xí)題，一顯身手吧！

【鞏固練習(xí)】

請(qǐng)用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空或填入合適的單詞。

1.You can’t imagine what a great difficulty I had ____(solve)the problem at last.

2.— Have you seen the movie Hello Mr.Billionaire（西虹市首富）?

— Of course, I have.It was in our village ____ it was made.

3.I, together with my wife and son, ____ (be)going to pay a visit to the Great Wall during the vacation of National Day this autumn.

4.He wrote a letter _____ he explained what he knew about the car accident that happened last week.

5.It was the middle of the night _____ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.（2014 年江西卷單項(xiàng)填空35改編）

6.My friend showed me round the town, ____ was very kind of him.

7.He was the only one of the boys who _____ (be)on behalf of our school to attend the conference.

8.In order not to be disturbed, the writer spent two weeks____ (lock)in his studio, writing his new novel.

9.Jack is ____ good a student _____ is liked by all his teachers.

10.They were puzzled about the reason ____ resulted in the serious trains crack accident.

11.—Have you ever visited the Opera House?

—Yes, when I was in Sydney, I ____ (visit)it twice.

12.With a lot of difficult problems ____ (solve), the new headmaster felt stressed out all the time.

13.____ (face)such a difficult situation, he still did everything he could to make it.

14.The idea ____ he came up with at the meeting sounded reasonable.

15.My studying dream is to do what I can _____ (be)a top student.

16.Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy____ (save).

17.Little Tom sat _____ (amaze)watching the monkey dancing in front of him.（2015年四川卷單項(xiàng)填空9改編）

【參考答案】

1.solving 2.that 3.am 4.where 5.when 6.which 7.was 8.locked 9.so;as 10.that/which 11.visited 12.to solve 13.Facing 14.that/which/不填 15.to be 16.would have been saved 17.amazed