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輕合金擠壓成形/成性一體化的研究進展

2019-01-14 02:31王野李峰王宇王雁鵬
關(guān)鍵詞:組織

王野 李峰 王宇 王雁鵬

摘 要:為了充分發(fā)揮擠壓工藝在高性能輕合金制備和成形兩個層面上的技術(shù)特點與集成優(yōu)勢,輕合金擠壓成形/成性一體化應(yīng)運而生并逐漸成為本領(lǐng)域的研究熱點問題之一。該類方法的技術(shù)特點在于通過對擠壓模的優(yōu)化設(shè)計、加載形式及坯料結(jié)構(gòu)等的改變,將以往獨立的細晶制備工序巧妙融入到擠壓過程中,在單道次內(nèi)即達到了對擠出制品“形/性”雙控的實效。從研究概況的“縮影”可以看出,與常規(guī)擠壓相比,在降低成形載荷、改善擠出流動均勻性、提高制品組織性能等諸多方面都體現(xiàn)出了其綜合優(yōu)勢。隨著相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)問題的解決,藉此為高性能輕合金短流程控形及控性一體化技術(shù)的研究和應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)指導(dǎo)。

關(guān)鍵詞:輕合金;擠壓;控形;控性;組織

DOI:10.15938/j.jhust.2019.05.001

中圖分類號: TG376

文獻標(biāo)志碼: A

文章編號: 1007-2683(2019)05-0001-06

Abstract:Extrusion processes can exert technical characteristics and integration advantages in preparing and forming lightweight high-performance magnesium alloys. The lightweight alloy extrusion integration consisting of forming and modification emerged as the times require, and has gradually become one of the hot topics in extrusion field. The technical characteristics of above processes are that the previous independent fine grain preparation processes is skillfully integrated into the extrusion processes through optimizing extrusion dies, changing loading modes and adjusting the structure of billets, etc. The actual effects of “shapes/properties” dual control of extrusion products have been achieved in a single pass. It can be seen from the microcosm of the research overviews that compared with the conventional extrusion, its comprehensive advantages are reflected in many aspects such as reducing forming load, improving the uniformity of extrusion flow, and improving the microstructure properties of the extruded products. To solve the related basic scientific problems, it provides scientific guidance for the research and application of lightweight high-performance alloy in short process and dual control of shape/performance.

Keywords:light alloys; extrusion; shape control; performance control; microstructure

0 引 言

鋁鎂合金兼具多種優(yōu)異的綜合性能,是航空航天、軌道交通、武器裝備等領(lǐng)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)輕量化的理想首選,具有廣闊的發(fā)展?jié)摿皯?yīng)用前景[1-3]。傳統(tǒng)輕合金構(gòu)件成形多采用鑄造工藝,但鑄件材質(zhì)不夠致密、承載能力及制品性能存在不足之處。比較而言,塑性加工法更利于輕合金構(gòu)件組織和力學(xué)性能的改善。以擠壓工藝為例,成形過程中變形區(qū)內(nèi)因具有三向受壓應(yīng)力狀態(tài)和可提供較大的剪切變形量而使被加工制品獲得細晶組織及優(yōu)異的力學(xué)性能[4-6],因此,該工藝逐漸成為鋁鎂等輕質(zhì)合金構(gòu)件主要的加工成形手段[7-9]。

我國鋁鎂資源儲備非常豐富,但深加工技術(shù)的開發(fā)能力和高附加值制品的產(chǎn)出等方面與國外發(fā)達國家仍存在著明顯差距,是長期困擾傳統(tǒng)輕合金擠壓技術(shù)快速發(fā)展及拓展應(yīng)用的癥結(jié)所在,更是輕合金高效精確塑性成形前沿研究領(lǐng)域所關(guān)注的關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)問題之一[10]。

當(dāng)前圍繞輕合金擠壓成形的相關(guān)研究工作主要集中在改性和成形兩個不同層面上。前者是利用擠壓工藝提供的剪切變形作為細晶改性手段來實施的[11-12],后者則是針對半成品或成品加工成形的技術(shù)手段[13]。發(fā)展擠壓成形/成性一體化技術(shù)是促進輕合金短流程深加工潛能提升的重要途徑。

1 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計

1.1 模具結(jié)構(gòu)

模具結(jié)構(gòu)是決定擠出流動行為、制品組織及力學(xué)性能的重要因素之一,因此,模腔結(jié)構(gòu)的精準(zhǔn)設(shè)計顯得尤為關(guān)鍵。XU等[14]對不同模角擠壓成形制品進行了對比研究,結(jié)果表明,芯模半角為45°時獲得AZ31鎂合金板材內(nèi)部組織較均勻,具有較弱的基面織構(gòu),屈服強度較低,但延展性較好,相對來講,其綜合性能仍為最佳。

圖5 鎂合金轉(zhuǎn)模擠壓的晶粒尺寸對比

Fig.5 The comparison of grain size for magnesium alloy

by extrusion through rotating container

此外,YU等[42]對反擠壓凹模施加了旋轉(zhuǎn)嘗試,對擠壓成形管狀制品微觀組織及性能的研究結(jié)果表明:轉(zhuǎn)速與顯微硬度呈反比趨勢變化;當(dāng)溫度和應(yīng)變速率不變時,晶粒尺寸隨轉(zhuǎn)速的增加而變大,而動態(tài)再結(jié)晶細化和晶粒生長呈動態(tài)競爭關(guān)系。

2.3 側(cè)向加載

芯模是決定擠出制品形狀的關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu),研究者們突破了傳統(tǒng)的芯模設(shè)計理念,將其設(shè)計成可動式結(jié)構(gòu),隨著擠壓過程的進行,可獲得截面連續(xù)變化的擠出制品。

LIN等[43]設(shè)計了一種可以實現(xiàn)側(cè)向柔性加載的變截面擠壓成形工藝,即通過分別調(diào)控固定模和活動模獲得沿長度方向具有變化截面的棒材或管材,原理如圖6所示,擠壓過程中關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)確動態(tài)地調(diào)整所圍成形??椎膸缀涡螤罴俺叽?。同時基于等效體積理論,提出了一種新的動模調(diào)控模型,并給出了該模型的數(shù)值計算方法和程序結(jié)果表明,該運動控制模型具有足夠的精度和精度,可用于設(shè)計及參數(shù)計算。

胡水平等[44]開發(fā)出了一種與電、液、計算機技術(shù)融為一體的連續(xù)變斷面擠壓法,原理如圖7所示。以工業(yè)純鋁為研究對象,通過調(diào)節(jié)主液壓缸和側(cè)向伺服液壓系統(tǒng)的參數(shù),可以獲得截面尺寸呈連續(xù)規(guī)律變化的擠出構(gòu)件。無須在擠壓過程中停機更換模具,使生產(chǎn)效率大幅度提高。隨后對連續(xù)變斷面擠壓工藝進行了實驗,研究結(jié)果表明[45]:沿長度方向上制品組織很不均勻,晶粒尺寸由試樣外層到中部逐漸變大,需通過后續(xù)熱處理進行調(diào)控。

2.4 交替加載

對擠壓凸模進行離散設(shè)計并交互下載作用也能達到節(jié)省載荷和細化晶粒的效果?;谶@種思想,LI等[46]提出了交替擠壓法,原理如圖8所示。該工藝采用分體式凸模代替整體式結(jié)構(gòu),交替向下施加載荷。以兩半分體凸模結(jié)構(gòu)為例,加載模式可分為遞進式和交互式。

LIU等[47]將常規(guī)擠壓法與交替擠壓法進行了對比研究,結(jié)果表明,交替擠壓過程中除擠壓??谥車猓惶嫦滦屑虞d過程中不同分體沖頭之間交界面處可產(chǎn)生了持續(xù)劇烈的附加剪切變形作用,促進了低塑性鎂合金內(nèi)部組織的深度細化,利于擠出制品綜合力學(xué)性能的改善及質(zhì)量的提高。

3 結(jié)論及展望

1)輕合金擠壓成形/成性一體化是高效精確塑性成形前沿研究領(lǐng)域所關(guān)注的重要基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)問題之一。為解決本領(lǐng)域長期存在的生產(chǎn)效率低、形狀尺寸精度和組織性能協(xié)同控制難度大等難題提供了一種新思路;

2)輕合金擠壓成形/成性一體化雖具有一定的改性優(yōu)勢,但與大塑性變形技術(shù)有著本質(zhì)區(qū)別,不能混淆。如不具備重復(fù)多次加載、獲得超細晶組織等技術(shù)特征,與大塑性變形技術(shù)相比,更易于在生產(chǎn)實際中推廣應(yīng)用;

3)高效低耗地進行制品形狀和性能的短流程精確調(diào)控是改善輕合金擠壓件綜合質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)效率及擴大適用范圍的根本“良方”之一。隨著使用需求的日益增高,輕合金擠壓成形/成性一體化的“奇思妙想”仍在不斷涌現(xiàn)并與時俱進地發(fā)展。

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(編輯:溫澤宇)

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