羅麗雯
在全國(guó)卷的語(yǔ)法填空中,除2014年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷沒(méi)有考查名詞外,每年每套題通??疾?~2個(gè)小題。自2014年開(kāi)始采用語(yǔ)法填空以來(lái),共13套題,有16道題考查名詞。其中8道題考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù),8道題考查名詞的用法。詳情如下表所示:
由上表可看出,全國(guó)Ⅰ卷重點(diǎn)考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,而全國(guó)Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷重點(diǎn)考查名詞的句法作用。
一、考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)
也就是要求考生將括號(hào)中所給的名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。一般說(shuō)來(lái),如果考生判斷此空該填名詞,而括號(hào)中給出的就是名詞,通常是要求考生填該名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。解答此類題有四條依據(jù):
(一)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)
1.(2014年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the __________(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
2.(2016年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)Recent __________(study)show that we are far more productive at work.
以上兩道題的答案都是括號(hào)中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,但change直接加s變復(fù)數(shù),study需要變成studies。這兩題都給學(xué)生留下解題依據(jù),一是該詞之后都是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,由此推斷此空應(yīng)該填名詞,再加上動(dòng)詞are和show都不是第三人稱單數(shù)形式,最終確定應(yīng)該是用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(二)空前修飾語(yǔ)
3.(2015年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese__________(painting).
4.(2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) The nursery team switches him every few __________(day)with his sister.
5.(2017年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)She has turned down several ______(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
以上三題的答案都是括號(hào)中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。而且,也都給考生留下比較明顯的依據(jù),2015年的題目名詞前有many,2016的題目中有few,2017年的題目中有several,這些詞都是修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的。
(三)空后所舉的例子
6.(2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side __________(effect)such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
這一題需要填effects。effect前沒(méi)有few, many, several之類的提示詞,可是空后有“such as overweight and heart disease”,也就是有兩個(gè)副作用,從這一提示可以確定應(yīng)該填名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(四)語(yǔ)境分析
7.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __________(cause).
8.(2017年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __________(crowd)on the roads above
最后這兩道題,也就是近年考的兩道題,難度又再次提升。除了句子比較長(zhǎng)之外,主要還是沒(méi)有了上下文的依據(jù)。所以,先借助from和avoid這兩個(gè)詞,即構(gòu)成介賓或動(dòng)賓短語(yǔ),推斷出所給的空是需要填名詞。如果考生基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)較扎實(shí),知道cause作“原因”解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,crowd作“人群”解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,則可以判斷這兩個(gè)空應(yīng)該填括號(hào)中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。當(dāng)然,如果實(shí)在判斷不了名詞是否可數(shù),從出題的角度來(lái)看,括號(hào)里給的是一個(gè)名詞,讓考生填名詞原形的可能性不太大。所以從這點(diǎn)來(lái)講,填名詞的復(fù)數(shù),正確率更高一些。
二、考查名詞的句法作用
名詞在句中主要是做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),名詞的句法作用是全國(guó)Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷的重點(diǎn)考查對(duì)象。解答此類題有三條依據(jù):
(一)名詞的用法
在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前做主語(yǔ),或在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后做賓語(yǔ),用所給詞的名詞形式填空。如:
9.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)This switch has decreased _______ (pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
10.(2016年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ______(achieve).
第9題在及物動(dòng)詞increased后做賓語(yǔ),第10題是做介詞of的賓語(yǔ),應(yīng)用所給動(dòng)詞的名詞形式,故分別填pollution和achievement。
(二)空前的冠詞
當(dāng)空格前有冠詞時(shí),用所給詞的名詞形式填空。
11.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a __________(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
12.(2017年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) This development was only possible with the ________(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
13.(2016年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the __________(develop)of chopsticks.
由空格前的冠詞可以判斷,這三空均填名詞形式。第11題,由句意或后面引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的who可判斷,填scientist;第12題和13題,分別填introduction和development。
(三)空前的形容詞性物主代詞
當(dāng)空格前有物主代詞時(shí),用所給詞的名詞形式填空。
14.(2017年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷) She is determined to carry on with her __________ (educate).
15.(2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their __________ (able)to“air condition”a house without using exectic equipment.
16.(2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top__________(attract).
第14和15兩題直接在形容詞性物主代詞后,用名詞,分別填education和ability;第16題空格前是“形容詞性物主代詞(its)+形容詞(top)”,其后應(yīng)填名詞attraction。
仔細(xì)分析以上9~16題,可以發(fā)現(xiàn):
1. 全國(guó)Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷對(duì)名詞的考查,一般是要考生進(jìn)行詞性轉(zhuǎn)換,并通常要求考生將動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的名詞。但第11題括號(hào)中所給詞是名詞science,第15題是形容詞able。
2. 到目前為止,將括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞后,不再要求考生第二次轉(zhuǎn)換,即不需要變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
值得一提的是,以上規(guī)律是根據(jù)已經(jīng)考過(guò)的全國(guó)卷真題總結(jié)出來(lái)的,掌握規(guī)律,有利于高考備考。但是,這既不代表平時(shí)的模擬考試也符合這些規(guī)律,更不代表今后的高考一成不變。因此,既要牢記規(guī)律,運(yùn)用規(guī)律,為高考服務(wù),又要從實(shí)際出發(fā),根據(jù)具體題目的具體語(yǔ)境來(lái)確定答案。如在將括號(hào)中所給詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞后,依然要分析語(yǔ)境,看是否需要變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
最后,留下幾道各市模擬題讓同學(xué)們鞏固一下:
1.(2018年安徽合肥)During the festival, which lasts three or four days, people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of colourful _________(activity).
2.(2018年廣東惠州)For example, Mobike sets a 100-point credit score for each user, with _________(point)taken in the case of bad behavior.
3.(2018年山東淄博)Later, when expensive _________ (tea)were sold in certain cafes, women were initially not allowed to enter.
4.(2018年廣東惠州)Public _________(celebration)include the Lusheng Festival and water buffalo fighting.
5.(2018年云南二檢)As a _________(music), Dylan has sold more than 100 million records, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.
6.(2018年陜西模擬)The doctor said I lost my ________(hear).
7.(2018年青海西寧)We should make every effort to prevent violence school happening, for more and more students would drop out if their personal _________(safe)could not be guaranteed.
8.(2018吉林長(zhǎng)春)The letter talked about the living and working conditions of the Queen at an early age, and included a detailed _________ (introduce) of the Palace.
參考答案與簡(jiǎn)析:
1. activities 因activity是可數(shù)名詞,且前有a variety of(各種各樣的)修飾(參考真題3,4,5)。
2. points 因point(這里指信用分)是可數(shù)名詞,扣去分?jǐn)?shù),表泛指用其復(fù)數(shù)(參考真題7)。
3. teas 因句子的謂語(yǔ)為were sold,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)(參考真題1)。
4. celebrations 因句子的謂語(yǔ)為include,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)(參考真題2)。
5. musician 作為一名_________,此處應(yīng)指人的身份或職業(yè),用musician (參考真題11)。
6. hearing 在形容詞性物主代詞my之后,需要填名詞(參考真題14,15)。
7. safety 因“形容詞性物主代詞+形容詞”之后,需要名詞(參考真題16)。
8. introduction 在“冠詞+形容詞(a detailed)”之后,填名詞。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青