宗勇 劉瀟檸 金婷婷 孫向榮 欒曉 高勝利 郭菲菲
【摘要】 目的:觀察下丘腦外側(cè)核(LHA)-中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)(VTA)Orexin-A通路對(duì)大鼠胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元放電活動(dòng)和胃排空的影響。方法:大鼠經(jīng)VTA給予Orexin-A,采用單細(xì)胞外放電記錄方法,觀察VTA內(nèi)胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元放電活動(dòng);酚紅定量法測定大鼠胃排空,并觀察電刺激下丘腦外側(cè)核后,VTA內(nèi)Orexin-A反應(yīng)性胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元放電活動(dòng)及大鼠胃排空的變化。結(jié)果:電生理記錄到58個(gè)胃牽張敏感VTA神經(jīng)元(GD),胃擴(kuò)張后呈現(xiàn)興奮效應(yīng)(GD-E)41個(gè),呈現(xiàn)抑制效應(yīng)(GD-I)17個(gè)。VTA微量注射Orexin-A,41個(gè)GD-E中,68.29%的神經(jīng)元放電頻率顯著升高(P<0.05),而17個(gè)GD-I中,70.59%的神經(jīng)元放電頻率顯著增加(P<0.05)。VTA預(yù)先注射Orexin1型受體拮抗劑SB-334867,則Orexin-A對(duì)胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元的作用被完全阻斷(P>0.05)。電刺激LHA,在VTA記錄到31個(gè)Orexin-A反應(yīng)性GD-E神經(jīng)元,其中有70.97%神經(jīng)元進(jìn)一步呈現(xiàn)興奮效應(yīng)(P<0.05);在VTA記錄到的17個(gè)Orexin-A反應(yīng)性GD-I神經(jīng)元,其中有64.71%神經(jīng)元放電頻率顯著升高(P<0.05)。SB-334867預(yù)處理VTA可抑制電刺激LHA的作用(P<0.05)。胃排空研究結(jié)果顯示,VTA內(nèi)微量注射Orexin-A和電刺激LHA,大鼠胃排空均顯著增加(P<0.05),VTA預(yù)先微量注射SB-334867,可阻斷該效應(yīng)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:下丘腦LHA-VTA存在Orexin-A功能通路,該通路可能參與胃功能的調(diào)控。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 Orexin-A; 下丘腦外側(cè)核-中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)通路; 胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元; 胃排空
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2019.26.002 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2019)26-000-04
Regulation of LHA-VTA Orexin-A Pathway on Discharge Activity of Gastric Distension Responsive Neurons and Gastric Emptying in Rats/ZONG Yong,LIU Xiaoning,JIN Tingting,et al.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2019,17(26):-6
【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the effect of Orexin-A pathway from lateral hypothalamic nucleus(LHA) to ventral tegmental area(VTA) on the discharge activity of gastric distension(GD) responsive neurons and gastric emptying in rats.Method:Extracellular discharges of single unit neuron was used to observe the discharge activity of GD-responsive neurons in VTA.Phenol red quantitative method was used to measure the gastric emptying in rats.The changes of the discharge activity of GD-responsive neurons in VTA and the gastric emptying in rats were observed after VTA Orexin-A administration or LHA electrical stimulation.
Result:Electrophysiological study showed that 58 GD were recorded in the VTA,of which 41 showed excitatory effects(GD-E) and 17 showed inhibitory effects(GD-I).Out of the 41 GD-E neurons,the discharge frequency of 68.29% was significantly increased(P<0.05).Out of GD-I neurons,the discharge frequency of 70.59% was significantly rised(P<0.05).After preadministration of Orexin-A receptor antagonist SB334867 into VTA,the effect of Orexin-A on GD sensitive neurons was completely blocked(P>0.05).31 Orexin-A reactive GD-E neurons in VTA were recorded after electrical stimulation of LHA,of which 70.97% neurons showed further excitatory effects(P<0.05);in orexin-A sensitive GD-I neurons,the discharge frequency of 64.71% neurons were significantly rised(P<0.05).Orexin-A receptor antagonist SB-334867 could inhibit the effects(P<0.05).The gastric emptying of rats was significantly increased by microinjection of Orexin-A in VTA(P<0.05) or electrical stimulation of LHA(P<0.05).Pre-microinjection of SB-334867 into VTA could block the effects(P<0.05).Conclusion:There is an Orexin-A pathway between LHA-VTA,which may be involved in the regulation of gastric function.
【Key words】 Orexin-A; LHA-VTA pathway; Gastric distension-sensitive neurons; Gastric emptying
First-authors address:School of Basic Medicine,Qingdao University,Qingdao 266071,China
下丘腦包含室旁核(PVN)、弓狀核(ARC)、腹內(nèi)側(cè)核(VMH)、背內(nèi)側(cè)核(DMH)和外側(cè)區(qū)(LHA)等,主要通過協(xié)調(diào)行為、代謝和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌反應(yīng)等發(fā)揮作用[1]。下丘腦LHA因損傷后動(dòng)物模型出現(xiàn)攝食量下降和致死性的昏睡,一直被認(rèn)為是“饑餓中樞”和重要的覺醒核團(tuán),且是中樞少數(shù)幾個(gè)表達(dá)神經(jīng)肽Orexin的核團(tuán)之一[2-3]。Orexin主要作用是促進(jìn)攝食和維持覺醒狀態(tài),包括Orexin-A和Orexin-B兩種亞型,其受體為Orexin 1型和2型,在中樞廣泛分布,Orexin神經(jīng)元軸突在整個(gè)大腦中廣泛投射,有廣泛而復(fù)雜的功能[4-5]。
VTA是中腦邊緣多巴胺系統(tǒng)的核心腦區(qū),在成癮藥物,如嗎啡作用下,VTA內(nèi)多巴胺(DA)神經(jīng)元被激活,使伏隔核(NAc)內(nèi)DA水平顯著升高,這是成癮藥物發(fā)揮獎(jiǎng)賞和強(qiáng)化效應(yīng)及成癮行為建立的重要神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)[6]。進(jìn)一步動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),VTA、NAc和LC等成癮和獎(jiǎng)賞行為反應(yīng)有關(guān)核團(tuán)內(nèi)存在Orexin神經(jīng)投射纖維[7],且VTA注射Orexin激活VTA多巴胺能神經(jīng)元,增強(qiáng)由食物或藥物引發(fā)的獎(jiǎng)賞行為[8-10]。
本研究應(yīng)用神經(jīng)元單細(xì)胞外放電方法記錄電刺激LHA對(duì)VTA神經(jīng)元放電頻率,通過胃排空變化觀察VTA在Orexin調(diào)控?cái)z食中的作用,從而能夠?qū)HA表達(dá)Orexin作用和VTA在攝食、代謝和獎(jiǎng)賞成癮間相互調(diào)控作用有進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí),為肥胖和成癮治療提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與分組
Sprague-Dawley(SD)健康大鼠,成年雄性,體重200~250 g,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼料,飲水進(jìn)食無限制。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)前適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周。按照《青島大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物保護(hù)和使用管理辦法》要求進(jìn)行所有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。細(xì)胞外放電記錄共用大鼠90只,其中VTA注射Orexin-A后用50只,電刺激LHA后用40只。大鼠胃排空共用48只,其中VTA注射Orexin-A后用24只,隨機(jī)分為三組(n=8):生理鹽水組、Orexin-A組、SB334867+Orexin-A組;電刺激LHA后用24只,隨機(jī)分為三組(n=8):假電刺激組(SS)、電刺激組(ES)、SB334867+ES組。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 動(dòng)物麻醉 大鼠禁食18 h后,腹腔注射水合氯醛麻醉(10%,300 mg/kg)。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中根據(jù)動(dòng)物反應(yīng)程度酌情注射水合氯醛維持麻醉狀態(tài),每次低于首劑量的1/3。
1.2.2 胃部手術(shù) 分離大鼠胃部,胃大彎側(cè)切開胃腔,長約
1 cm,開口處放入胃擴(kuò)張球囊,球囊接聚乙烯軟管到電子恒壓器,縫合胃部切口。再結(jié)扎胃幽門與十二指腸結(jié)合部,避免十二指腸反流。最后縫合腹部切口。為模擬胃部攝食擴(kuò)張,由電子恒壓器注射3~5 ml生理鹽水進(jìn)入胃內(nèi)球囊,持續(xù)20 s,間隔4 min,共2 h[11]。
1.2.3 VTA埋管術(shù) 空腹大鼠麻醉后固定于恒溫腦立體定位儀。參照Paxinos大鼠腦解剖圖譜[12],按VTA(前囟后5.6~6 mm,正中線旁開0.5~1 mm,顱骨下8~9 mm)定位用牙科鉆在顱骨開口,將不銹鋼套管(29 G)緩慢插入VTA,用牙托粉固定,縫合頭皮。術(shù)后7 d,每日腹腔注射青霉素8萬單位。
1.2.4 玻璃微電極制備 按要求(尖端直徑約3~10 μm,電極阻抗5~20 MΩ)制備四管玻璃微電極[13],1號(hào)管灌注0.2%滂胺天藍(lán)(pH 7.7),滂胺天藍(lán)內(nèi)插入銀電極絲,傳導(dǎo)電流信號(hào)至電生理記錄儀;2、3和4號(hào)管分別用于注射Orexin-A溶液、SB-334867溶液或0.5 mol/L氯化鈉溶液。
1.2.5 細(xì)胞外放電記錄 記錄前,監(jiān)聽器和記錄儀所示波形判斷玻璃微電極的尖端進(jìn)入空氣與瓊脂界面,再用微量推進(jìn)器緩慢將微電極送至監(jiān)測核團(tuán)。探尋、記錄穩(wěn)定的細(xì)胞外放電神經(jīng)元,并鑒別其是否為胃擴(kuò)張敏感神經(jīng)元。壓力注射儀經(jīng)2、3、4管將干預(yù)藥物分別注射于細(xì)胞表面,壓力:3.0~35.0 psi,給藥時(shí)間:100~1 500 ms/次,重復(fù)次數(shù):2~5次[14]。神經(jīng)元放電信號(hào)經(jīng)放大器后輸入記錄儀,POWERLAB生物信號(hào)處理軟件分析神經(jīng)元放電頻率變化。
1.2.6 電刺激伏隔核 空腹大鼠麻醉后固定于腦立體定位儀。參照Paxinos大鼠腦解剖圖譜,將刺激電極插入LHA(前囟后5.6~6 mm,正中線旁開0.5~1 mm,顱骨下8~9 mm),連接至電刺激器,設(shè)定參數(shù):波寬0.5 ms,強(qiáng)度20 μA,頻率50 Hz,持續(xù)時(shí)間10 s[15]。實(shí)驗(yàn)后,多聚甲醛灌注固定,取腦行冠狀切片,HE染色觀察電極位置,電極位于LHA內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)入統(tǒng)計(jì)。
1.2.7 胃排空實(shí)驗(yàn) 1.5 ml的酚紅注入空腹大鼠胃內(nèi)。20 min后,處死大鼠,分離幽門和賁門,分別結(jié)扎后取下完整胃部。胃大彎側(cè)剖開胃體,內(nèi)容物全部倒入100 ml NaOH溶液(0.1 N)中,緩慢攪勻后置于室溫1 h。5 ml待測液上清與0.5 ml三氯乙酸(20%)混勻后離心(3 000 r/min,20 min)。離心后取1 ml上清液與4 ml NaOH溶液(0.5 N)充分混合,測量混合液對(duì)560 nm光的吸收值。胃排空率計(jì)算公式如下:胃排空率(%)=(1-酚紅灌胃20 min后吸收值/酚紅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)吸收值)×100%。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)以(x±s)表示。多樣本均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析,兩組間樣本均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 Orexin-A對(duì)中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元放電活動(dòng)的影響
本實(shí)驗(yàn)共用大鼠50只,在VTA內(nèi)共記錄到58個(gè)胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元(GD),其中有41個(gè)神經(jīng)元放電頻率從(5.65±1.27)Hz增大至(7.73±2.33)Hz(P<0.05),為胃牽張興奮性神經(jīng)元(GD-E)。有17個(gè)神經(jīng)元放電頻率從(5.78±0.97)Hz減小至(3.42±0.56)Hz(P<0.05),為胃牽張抑制性神經(jīng)元(GD-I)。
VTA經(jīng)四管玻璃微電極微量注射Orexin-A,41個(gè)GD-E神經(jīng)元中,有28個(gè)神經(jīng)元(28/41,68.29%)放電頻率從(6.14±1.22)Hz升高到(9.21±1.43)Hz(圖1 A),有9個(gè)神經(jīng)元(9/41,21.95%)放電頻率從(6.87±1.46)Hz降低到(4.13±1.12)Hz,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其余4個(gè)神經(jīng)元(4/41,9.76%)注射Orexin-A后放電頻率無顯著變化(P>0.05)。Orexin1型受體拮抗劑SB334867預(yù)處理VTA,可阻斷Orexin-A對(duì)GD神經(jīng)元的作用(P<0.05,圖1A)。
GD-I神經(jīng)元中,Orexin-A刺激12個(gè)神經(jīng)元(12/17,70.59%)放電頻率從(6.03±1.42)Hz升高到(9.22±1.90)Hz(P<0.05;圖1B),4個(gè)神經(jīng)元(4/17,23.53%)放電頻率被抑制,從(6.23±1.01)Hz下降到(3.12±0.92)Hz(P<0.05),1個(gè)神經(jīng)元(1/17,23.53%)對(duì)Orexin-A無明顯反應(yīng)(P>0.05)。VTA中預(yù)先注射SB334867,可阻斷Orexin-A對(duì)GD神經(jīng)元的影響(P<0.05,圖1B)。生理鹽水對(duì)VTA中GD神經(jīng)元放電頻率無影響(P>0.05)。
圖1 中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)中微量注射Orexin-A對(duì)大鼠胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元的影響
注:A為GD-E神經(jīng)元;B為GD-I神經(jīng)元。
2.2 電刺激下丘腦LHA對(duì)VTA內(nèi)Orexin-A反應(yīng)性胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元放電活動(dòng)的影響
本組共用40只大鼠,在VTA中鑒別出43個(gè)GD-E神經(jīng)元,26個(gè)GD-I 神經(jīng)元。Orexin-A刺激31個(gè)GD-E神經(jīng)元(31/43,72.09%)和17個(gè)GD-I神經(jīng)元(11/17,64.71%)放電頻率升高。
上述31個(gè)GD-E神經(jīng)元中,22個(gè)(22/31,70.97%)放電頻率在電刺激LHA時(shí)加快,從(6.41±1.98)Hz升高至(12.55±3.35)Hz(P<0.05,圖2A),6個(gè)(6/31,19.35%)放電頻率減慢[(6.15±2.06)Hz vs (3.49±1.27)Hz,P<0.05,圖2A],其余3個(gè)(3/31,9.68%)神經(jīng)元放電頻率無明顯變化(P<0.05,圖2A)。
17個(gè)可被Orexin-A激活的GD-I神經(jīng)元中,11個(gè)神經(jīng)元(11/17,64.71%)在電刺激LHA時(shí)出現(xiàn)興奮狀態(tài),放電頻率升高[(6.28±1.28)Hz vs (9.65±2.29)Hz,P<0.01,圖2B],5個(gè)(5/17,29.41%)神經(jīng)元放電頻率受抑制[(6.91±1.78)Hz vs (4.02±1.06)Hz,
P<0.05],1個(gè)(1/17,5.88%)神經(jīng)元的放電頻率無顯著變化(P>0.05)。
進(jìn)一步研究電刺激LHA對(duì)VTA中GD神經(jīng)元調(diào)控作用是否通過orexin遞質(zhì)通路,VTA中預(yù)先注射SB334867降低電刺激LHA對(duì)VTA內(nèi)GD-神經(jīng)元放電頻率的作用(P<0.05,圖2A、2B)。VTA內(nèi)單獨(dú)注射SB334867,GD-E神經(jīng)元和GD-I神經(jīng)元放電頻率均未出現(xiàn)顯著改變(P>0.05,圖2A、2B)。
圖2 VTA微量注射Orexin-A對(duì)大鼠GD神經(jīng)元放電頻率的影響
注:A為GD-E神經(jīng)元;B為GD-I神經(jīng)元。
2.3 VTA微量注射Orexin-A對(duì)大鼠胃排空的影響
VTA微量注射Orexin-A后,Orexin-A組大鼠20 min胃排空率與生理鹽水組相比顯著增加[(94.4±3.9)% vs (78.2±16.7)%,P<0.05,圖3]。SB334867預(yù)處理VTA顯著降低Orexin-A引起的大鼠胃排空增加[(81.2±4.2)%,P<0.05]。
圖3 中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)微量注射Orexin-A對(duì)大鼠胃排空的影響
*與生理鹽水組相比,P<0.05;#與SB334867+Orexin-A組比較,P<0.05。
2.4 電刺激下丘腦LHA對(duì)胃排空的影響
與VTA中注射Orexin-A類似,LHA電刺激促進(jìn)胃排空。電刺激LHA(50 mA)20 min后,胃排空率較假電刺激組增加[(74.67±4.76)% vs (60.79±3.98)%,圖4],與假電刺激組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。電刺激LHA前VTA中注射SB334867(6 μg),電刺激LHA增加胃排空的作用減輕,排空率為(63.56±2.54)%,與LHA電刺激組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。以上結(jié)果提示LHA可通過VTA調(diào)控胃排空,且LHA和VTA間Orexin-A神經(jīng)通路發(fā)揮重要作用。
3 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Orexin-A刺激VTA中胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元放電頻率變化,電刺激下丘腦LHA區(qū)域也影響VTA中胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元放電頻率,Orexin1型受體拮抗劑SB334867可阻斷此作用;胃排空實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示VTA注射Orexin-A和電刺激LHA均增加胃運(yùn)動(dòng),且SB334867預(yù)處理后胃運(yùn)動(dòng)無顯著增加。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,VTA內(nèi)胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元在Orexin-A刺激后放電頻率發(fā)生變化,興奮性部分增加,部分降低或無反應(yīng),提示VTA內(nèi)胃牽張敏感神經(jīng)元大部分表達(dá)Orexin-A受體。關(guān)于Orexin-A在VTA內(nèi)作用機(jī)制,Borgland等[16-17]發(fā)現(xiàn)急性應(yīng)用Orexin-A能夠通過PKC/PLC信號(hào)通路劑量依賴性增加NMDA受體后興奮性突觸后電位,但對(duì)AMPA受體后興奮性突觸后電位無作用。Chiou等[18]還發(fā)現(xiàn)Orexin-A激活Gq/11偶聯(lián)的PLC-DAGL通路,再通過2-花生酰甘油三酯(2-AG)逆行抑制GABA產(chǎn)生和釋放。本實(shí)驗(yàn)電刺激LHA后,VTA部分神經(jīng)元放電頻率發(fā)生變化,說明LHA與VTA間存在信號(hào)傳遞,且1型受體拮抗劑SB334867預(yù)處理能夠抑制此影響,進(jìn)一步表明LHA內(nèi)部分Orexin-A沿神經(jīng)元軸突纖維投射至VTA發(fā)揮作用。
既然VTA內(nèi)胃運(yùn)動(dòng)相關(guān)的神經(jīng)元對(duì)Orexin-A有反應(yīng),那么Orexin-A在VTA內(nèi)是否參與胃運(yùn)動(dòng)的調(diào)控,LHA到VTA的神經(jīng)元投射又有什么功能?本實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察VTA內(nèi)注射Orexin-A促進(jìn)大鼠胃排空,與Orexin-A外周或中樞DMN內(nèi)注射作用一致。電刺激LHA后胃排空增強(qiáng),且SB334867預(yù)處理阻斷其作用,提示電刺激LHA后促進(jìn)其表達(dá)Orexin-A,經(jīng)軸突傳遞至VTA后具有一定生理功能。VTA由DA、GABA和谷氨酸(GLU)釋放神經(jīng)元組成,其中DA神經(jīng)元最豐富,而GABA和GLU神經(jīng)元分別占總數(shù)的35%和2%~5%[19]。因VTA無直接神經(jīng)元投射至胃部,故推測Orexin-A刺激VTA興奮后,通過GABA或多巴胺(DA)等遞質(zhì)直接或間接影響DMN等迷走神經(jīng)核團(tuán),再發(fā)揮調(diào)控胃排空作用。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過電生理學(xué)和胃排空變化,觀察LHA經(jīng)Orexin-A遞質(zhì)對(duì)VTA神經(jīng)元放電調(diào)控及對(duì)胃排空的促進(jìn)作用,完善了生理?xiàng)l件下LHA與VTA間Orexin遞質(zhì)作用,為進(jìn)一步研究Orexin在調(diào)控VTA有關(guān)的獎(jiǎng)賞性攝食和非生理性攝食提供新的研究思路,為肥胖和成癮治療提供新的理論基礎(chǔ)。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-26) (本文編輯:何玉勤)
*基金項(xiàng)目:中國博士后科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目
(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):2018M632627;2018M630749)
山東省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):2018WS378)
①青島大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院 山東 青島 266071
②淄博市臨淄區(qū)婦幼保健院
通信作者:高勝利