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血清尿酸與慢性腎臟病的關(guān)聯(lián)及降尿酸對(duì)腎臟的保護(hù)作用

2019-06-05 18:03:44華明
上海醫(yī)藥 2019年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:慢性腎臟病

華明

摘 要 目的:觀察血清尿酸(SUA)在慢性腎臟?。–KD)患者中與腎臟損傷的關(guān)聯(lián),及降尿酸治療對(duì)腎臟的保護(hù)作用。方法:本研究納入458例CKD患者,其中男性332例,女性126例,平均年齡(59.3±9.92)歲。評(píng)估SUA與腎功能指標(biāo)的關(guān)聯(lián)。對(duì)其中203例合并有高尿酸血癥(HUA)的CKD患者分為降尿酸治療(ULT)組(N=83)和對(duì)照組(N=120),評(píng)估患者6個(gè)月后兩組SUA和腎功能的差異。結(jié)果:隨著SUA水平的升高,CKD患者的估算腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(eGFR)水平逐漸降低(P<0.001),血肌酐(Scr)和24 h尿蛋白水平逐漸升高(P均<0.001)。與對(duì)照組相比,治療組經(jīng)6個(gè)月ULT后的SUA水平顯著降低(P<0.001);eGFR水平顯著升高(P<0.001),Scr水平和24 h尿蛋白水平顯著降低(P=0.013和P<0.001)。結(jié)論:SUA水平與CKD患者的腎臟損傷顯著成正相關(guān),ULT對(duì)CKD患者的腎臟具有保護(hù)作用。

關(guān)鍵詞 慢性腎臟病;血清尿酸;降尿酸治療;腎臟損傷

中圖分類號(hào):R692 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2019)10-0048-05

Association of serum uric acid with chronic kidney disease and protective effect of uric acid lowering on the kidney

HUA Ming

(Medical Management Section of Health Service Management Center of Jingan District, Shanghai 200070, China)

ABSTRACT Objective: To observe the association between serum uric acid(SUA) and renal injury in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD), and the renal protective effect of uric acid lowering therapy. Methods: This study included 458 patients with CKD, including 332 males and 126 females with an average age of (59.3±9.92) years to evaluate the association between SUA and renal function indexes. Among 203 patients with CKD who had hyperuricemia (HUA), they were divided into the uric acid lowering therapy(ULT) group(N=83) and the control group(N=120) to evaluate the difference of SUA and renal function between the two groups after 6 months. Results: With the increase of SUA level, the estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) level of CKD patients decreased gradually(P<0.001), while the levels of serum creatinine(Scr) and 24-hour urinary protein increased gradually(P<0.001). Compared with the control group, the SUA level in the treatment group decreased significantly after 6 months of ULT(P<0.001); the levels of eGFR increased significantly(P<0.001), the levels of Scr and 24-hour urinary protein decreased significantly(P=0.013 and P<0.001). Conclusion: SUA level is positively correlated with kidney injury in CKD patients, and ULT has the protective effect on kidney in CKD patients.

KEY WORDS chronic kidney disease; serum uric acid; uric acid lowering therapy; kidney injury

慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney diseases,CKD)是由遺傳、糖尿病、高血壓或感染等多種因素引起的慢性腎損傷或腎功能下降,其特征是腎小球硬化、腎功能萎縮和間質(zhì)纖維化[1]。CKD在我國(guó)的發(fā)病率高達(dá)10.8%,接近發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家水平。隨著腎功能惡化,CKD可進(jìn)展為終末期腎?。╡nd-stage renal disease,ESRD),并增加心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),死亡率高,已成為重要的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題[2-3]。

尿酸是人體嘌呤核苷酸代謝的終產(chǎn)物,主要通過(guò)腎臟代謝從尿液排出體外[4-6]。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),尿酸升高可以促進(jìn)尿酸沉積于腎臟,導(dǎo)致腎臟損傷、尿酸結(jié)石等,引起CKD的發(fā)生[7-8]。有研究顯示,高尿酸血癥(hyperuricemia,HUA)是導(dǎo)致估算腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)下降的獨(dú)立影響因素[9],血清尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)水平與腎小球間質(zhì)病變程度呈正比[10]。說(shuō)明SUA與腎損傷可能存在關(guān)聯(lián)。本研究旨在觀察SUA與CKD患者腎臟損傷的關(guān)聯(lián)和降尿酸治療(uric acid lowering therapy,ULT)對(duì)腎臟的保護(hù)作用。

1 對(duì)象和方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象

本研究以2017年1月至12月在上海市靜安區(qū)某醫(yī)療聯(lián)合體內(nèi)就診的458例CKD患者為研究對(duì)象。其中男性患者332例,女性患者126例,平均年齡(59.3±9.92)歲,入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)年齡大于18歲。(2)符合2012年改善全球腎臟病預(yù)后組織(KDIGO)定義的CKD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)3個(gè)月內(nèi)接受過(guò)非布司他、別嘌呤醇或苯溴馬隆等降尿酸治療的患者;(2)患者有急性腎損傷、腎病綜合征、梗阻性腎病或合并可能導(dǎo)致腎功能快速降低的疾病(例如血管炎、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡等);(3)接受透析或腎臟移植的患者。

1.2 研究方法

收集458例CKD患者的年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、吸煙史、飲酒史、糖尿病史、高血壓史、SUA、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、eGFR、24 h尿蛋白等信息,評(píng)估SUA與腎功能指標(biāo)Scr、eGFR和24 h蛋白尿的關(guān)聯(lián)。

對(duì)其中203例被確診合并有HUA的CKD患者在不干預(yù)治療過(guò)程的情況下,根據(jù)患者本人意愿是否接受ULT分成治療組(83例)和對(duì)照組(120例)。治療組和對(duì)照組的男性人數(shù)(比例)分別為65例(78%)和90例(75%),平均年齡分別(61.7±8.2)歲和(59.2±10.8)歲,兩組性別和平均年齡差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。對(duì)治療組患者進(jìn)行非布司他(20~40 mg/d,起始首月劑量20 mg/d口服,然后根據(jù)患者尿酸控制情況酌情加量,最高不超過(guò)40 mg/d)或別嘌呤醇(100~300 mg/d 口服,起始首月劑量100 mg/d,然后根據(jù)患者尿酸控制情況及腎臟功能酌情加量,最高不超過(guò)300 mg/d)治療。對(duì)照組患者不應(yīng)用任何降尿酸藥物。比較兩組6個(gè)月后SUA、Scr、eGFR、24 h蛋白尿的改變差異。

1.3 評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)

(1)eGFR:計(jì)算采用慢性腎臟病流行病合作工作組(CKD-EPI)方程[11],男性eGFR(ml/min/1.73 m2)=141×(Scr/0.9)α×0.993年齡;女性eGFR(ml/min/1.73 m2)=144×(Scr/0.7)α×0.993年齡。當(dāng)男性Scr≤0.9 mg/dl,α=-0.411;Scr>0.9 mg/dl,α=-1.209。當(dāng)女性Scr≤0.7 mg/dl,α=-0.329;Scr>0.7 mg/dl,α=-1.209。(2)男性SUA≥7 mg/dl,女性SUA≥6 mg/dl被診斷為HUA。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

2 結(jié)果

2.1 CKD患者的基本情況

458例CKD患者的平均BMI為(23.5±2.63)kg/ m2。235例患者有吸煙史,占51%;206患者有飲酒史,占45%;388例患者有高血壓史,占85%,95例患者有糖尿病史,占21%。eGFR、SCs、SUA、24 h尿蛋白平均值分別為(63.5±18.5)ml/min/1.7 m2、(1.25±0.40)mg/dl、(6.75±1.98)mg/dl和(0.57±0.45)g。

治療組和對(duì)照組患者的平均BMI分別為(24.1±2.8)kg/m2和(23.8±2.7)kg/m2;吸煙者的比例分別為60.2%和50.0%;飲酒者的比例分別為47.0%和41.7%,糖尿病患者人數(shù)(比例)分別為21例(25.3%)和22例(18.3%),差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療組和對(duì)照組高血壓史患者人數(shù)(比例)分別為77例(92.7%)和100例(83.3%)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

2.2 不同SUA水平患者的eGFR、Scr和24 h尿蛋白情況

按照SUA水平將CKD患者劃分為4個(gè)區(qū)域[12]。I區(qū):SUA≤6 mg/dl;II區(qū):6 mg/dl9 mg/ dl。隨著SUA水平的升高,CKD患者的eGFR水平逐漸下降(P<0.001),Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平逐漸升高(均P<0.001),見(jiàn)表1。

2.3 ULT治療前后的SUA、eGFR、Scr和24 h尿蛋白的比較

與治療前相比,治療6個(gè)月后治療組患者的SUA水平下降值明顯大于對(duì)照組(P<0.001)。治療6個(gè)月后,治療組患者的Scr水平下降,GFR水平升高,而對(duì)照組患者Scr水平上升,eGFR水平下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療組患者24 h尿蛋白水平均下降值明顯大于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見(jiàn)表2。

3 討論

本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SUA水平的升高與CKD患者的eGFR水平逐漸降低,Scr水平和24 h尿蛋白水平升高相關(guān)聯(lián),提示SUA升高可能會(huì)直接造成腎臟損傷;也可能是CKD患者的本身腎臟功能不全,使SUA排泄障礙而導(dǎo)致SUA水平增高,SUA的升高又進(jìn)一步加重腎臟損害而形成惡性循環(huán)。

CKD患者普遍存在合并HUA。SUA升高可以通過(guò)多種機(jī)制引起腎臟損傷:(1)SUA可以抑制致密斑一氧化氮(NO)合成酶系統(tǒng)而減少腎NO的生成,也可以直接與NO產(chǎn)生迅速而不可逆的反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致NO耗竭。NO生物活性的降低誘導(dǎo)了內(nèi)皮功能障礙,進(jìn)而引起高血壓、動(dòng)脈硬化、以及腎臟疾病(如腎臟缺氧、腎小球硬化癥以及腎臟炎癥等)[13-14]。(2)SUA可以通過(guò)人尿酸鹽陰離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(URAT1)進(jìn)入血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs),激活特異性絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)和環(huán)氧酶2(COX-2)mRNA的表達(dá);部分通過(guò)激活腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)來(lái)促進(jìn)VSMCs的增殖,引起腎小球前血管病變[15]。(3)尿酸水平升高也會(huì)誘導(dǎo)腎小管細(xì)胞由上皮向間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移,從而引起腎小管間質(zhì)性纖維化[16-17]。

中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)CKD橫斷面研究結(jié)果顯示,HUA患者的腎臟損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比非HUA患者高9.3倍[18]。另外一項(xiàng)隨訪研究顯示,基線期SUA水平高的患者4.6年后CKD進(jìn)展到3~5級(jí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著提高,表明HUA可能是CKD患者發(fā)生腎臟損傷的高危因素[19]。在高血壓患者中,SUA水平越高,eGFR水平越低,腎臟抵抗指數(shù)越高,24 h尿蛋白水平越高[20]。有數(shù)據(jù)顯示,SUA水平每升高1 mg/dl,腎功能下降14%[21]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)SUA水平越高的CKD患者eGFR水平越低,Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平越高,提示SUA升高與腎臟損傷有關(guān)。

有研究表明降尿酸治療可以延緩腎損傷[22-27]。一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物模型研究顯示,對(duì)被阻斷單側(cè)輸尿管造成腎功能不全的大鼠進(jìn)行藥物降尿酸治療,可降低大鼠的Scr水平,提高大鼠的腎功能,對(duì)腎臟具有較好的保護(hù)作用[28]。另一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),采用非布司他對(duì)3~4級(jí)CKD合并HUA治療6個(gè)月后,eGFR水平顯著升高,且eGFR下降10%的患者比例顯著低于對(duì)照組,表明降低SUA水平可以延緩患者eGFR的下降[29]。本研究結(jié)果也顯示,經(jīng)過(guò)6個(gè)月ULT,合并有HUA的CKD患者的SUA水平顯著降低,eGFR水平升高,Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平均下降。這可能是ULT后,減少了SUA與NO的結(jié)合,或者降低了SUA對(duì)MAPK、COX-2及RAAS的刺激,抑制VSMCs的增殖,使腎功能得到一定恢復(fù),提高了腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率,從而提高腎臟對(duì)SUA、Scr及24 h尿蛋白的清除,進(jìn)而達(dá)到保護(hù)腎臟的作用[15-16]。

綜上所述,SUA與CKD患者的腎臟損傷顯著正相關(guān),ULT對(duì)CKD患者具有腎臟保護(hù)作用。但本研究納入的樣本量較小,隨訪時(shí)間較短,研究結(jié)論還有待大樣本的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間觀察研究證實(shí)。

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