陽(yáng)建伶 李華 馬興璇
[摘要] 目的 探討孕產(chǎn)婦中血栓彈力圖的變化及臨床意義。 方法 選擇2018年1月~2018年12月廣西壯族自治區(qū)柳州市中醫(yī)醫(yī)院就診孕齡<36周的77例孕婦為觀察組1,≥36周的77名孕婦為觀察組2,選擇同期未孕健康婦女77例為對(duì)照組,檢測(cè)其三組婦女的血栓彈力圖(TEG)值、傳統(tǒng)凝血指標(biāo)值;比較三組婦女TEG各參數(shù),存在差異的參數(shù)建立參考值范圍,對(duì)孕婦傳統(tǒng)凝血指標(biāo)與TEG檢測(cè)結(jié)果做相關(guān)性分析。 結(jié)果 TEG各項(xiàng)參數(shù)比較,觀察組1及觀察組2在凝血反應(yīng)時(shí)間(R)、凝血形成時(shí)間(K)、血塊形成速度(α角度)、最大振幅(MA)、MA確定后30 min纖維蛋白溶解率(LY30)及綜合凝血指數(shù)(CI)方面與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。常規(guī)凝血參數(shù)上觀察組在凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)及活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(ATPP)與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。孕期<36周和≥36周的孕產(chǎn)婦TEG檢測(cè)指標(biāo)除LY30明顯縮短外(P < 0.05),其余指標(biāo)均無(wú)明顯變化。觀察組TEG與常規(guī)凝血參數(shù)相關(guān)性方面,除α角度外,其他指標(biāo)的參數(shù)值都與傳統(tǒng)凝血指標(biāo)具有一定相關(guān)性,PT與MA呈正相關(guān);APTT與R呈正相關(guān),與MA、CI值呈負(fù)相關(guān);INR與LY30值呈正相關(guān)性;Plt與K值呈負(fù)相關(guān),與MA和CI呈正相關(guān);TT與MA呈正相關(guān)。 結(jié)論 TEG能夠動(dòng)態(tài)全面的觀察孕產(chǎn)婦的凝血功能,根據(jù)指標(biāo)合理有效糾正孕產(chǎn)婦凝血功能,對(duì)降低手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有重要臨床意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 血栓彈力圖;孕產(chǎn)婦;足月妊娠;TEG參考值
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R714 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)05(a)-0167-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the changes and clinical significance of thrombus elastograms in pregnant women. Methods From January 2018 to December 2018, 77 pregnant women with gestational age < 36 weeks were selected as the observation group 1, 77 pregnant women with gestational age ≥ 36 weeks as the observation group 2, and 77 healthy women without pregnancy during the same period as the control group. The parameters of TEG of the three groups of women were compared, and the reference value range was established by comparing the different parameters, and the correlation analysis was conducted between the traditional blood coagulation indexes and TEG test results of pregnant women. Results There were statistically significant differences in TEG parameters comparison, pregnant women in the coagulation reaction time (R), clotting time (K), blood clots forming speed (α angle), maximum amplitude (MA), MA determine the rate of 30 min after fibrinolysis (LY30) and synthetic blood clotting index (CI) between observation group 1,2 and control group (P < 0.05). In terms of routine coagulation parameters, there were statistically significance differences between pregnant women and healthy women in prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thrombin time (ATPP) (P < 0.05). Compared with observation group 1, except LY30, TEG test indexes of observation group 2 were significantly shortened (P < 0.05), there was no significant change in other indexes. In terms of the correlation between TEG and conventional coagulation parameters in pregnant women, except for α angle, the parameter values of other indicators had a certain correlation with traditional coagulation parameters, and PT and MA were positively correlated. APTT was positively correlated with R and negatively correlated with MA and CI. The positive correlation between INR and LY30 was low. Plt was negatively correlated with K value and positively correlated with MA and CI value. TT was positively correlated with MA. Conclusion TEG can dynamically and comprehensively observe the maternal blood coagulation function, and correct the maternal blood coagulation function reasonably and effectively according to the indicators, which has important clinical significance for reducing the surgical risk.
[Key words] A thrombolytic diagram; Maternal; Term pregnancy; TEG reference
孕婦懷孕期間,由于雌性激素會(huì)逐漸增多,其體內(nèi)的凝血功能也會(huì)發(fā)生變化,甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)異常,導(dǎo)致胎膜早破等問(wèn)題,因此,為了有效對(duì)孕婦進(jìn)行觀察,要利用血栓彈力圖(thrombelastography,TEG)對(duì)孕婦出血原因進(jìn)行判定,保證治療充分[1]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[2-3]指出,由于孕婦體內(nèi)凝血生理平衡易被打破,會(huì)導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)凝血因子增加及抗凝物質(zhì)減少,從而引發(fā)孕婦呈高凝狀態(tài),故此,檢測(cè)孕婦凝血功能的變化尤為重要。妊娠期間這種情況對(duì)分娩及產(chǎn)后出血具有一定影響,且提高了產(chǎn)婦并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)。目前,臨床上常用TEG檢測(cè)孕產(chǎn)婦的凝血狀態(tài),有利于快速了解產(chǎn)婦的凝血情況,從而確定治療計(jì)劃。由于正常人群TEG參考值難以對(duì)孕婦的凝血狀態(tài)做出準(zhǔn)確診斷,為此,本研究比較了不同懷孕時(shí)期的TEG參照范圍[4-5]。本文旨在探討孕產(chǎn)婦中TEG的變化及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建立。現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2018年1月~2018年12月就診廣西壯族自治區(qū)柳州市中醫(yī)醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)孕齡<36周的77例孕婦為觀察組1,≥36周的77例孕婦為觀察組2,同期選擇未孕健康女性志愿者77例為對(duì)照組,兩組婦女年齡均在18~45歲,觀察組平均(35.34±4.24)歲,對(duì)照組平均(37.51±4.99)歲。觀察組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:①經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)同意,研究者本人及親屬知情且簽署同意書(shū);②孕婦。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):觀察組:①懷孕期間接受過(guò)抗凝治療或血小板藥物治療;②有凝血異?;蜓ㄐ约膊∈?。對(duì)照組:①近1個(gè)月內(nèi)接受過(guò)抗凝治療或血小板藥物治療;②已懷孕;③有凝血異常或血栓性疾病史;④近6個(gè)月內(nèi)服用過(guò)避孕藥者;⑤未簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 檢測(cè)指標(biāo)
兩組婦女均做常規(guī)凝血及TEG檢測(cè):每人各取靜脈血5 mL,采集血樣后2 h內(nèi)完成所有檢測(cè)。記錄凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT);活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(ATPP);血漿纖維蛋白原含量(Fib);凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)。TEG相關(guān)參數(shù):凝血反應(yīng)時(shí)間(R);凝血形成時(shí)間(K);血塊形成速度(α角度);最大振幅,反應(yīng)血凝塊絕對(duì)凝集強(qiáng)度(MA);MA 確定后30 min 纖維蛋白溶解率(LY30);綜合凝血指數(shù)(CI)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
選用SPSS 18.0對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組TEG檢測(cè)參照值
各組TEG參數(shù)比較,觀察組在凝血反應(yīng)時(shí)間、凝血形成時(shí)間、血塊形成速度、最大振幅,反應(yīng)血凝塊絕對(duì)凝集強(qiáng)度、MA確定后30 min纖維蛋白溶解率以及綜合凝血指數(shù)方面與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。常規(guī)凝血參數(shù)水平比較方面,對(duì)照組孕婦在凝血酶原時(shí)間及活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間與觀察組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。與觀察組1比較,觀察組2 TEC檢測(cè)指標(biāo)除LY30明顯縮短外(P < 0.05),其余指標(biāo)均無(wú)明顯變化,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1~2。
2.2 孕產(chǎn)婦TEG參數(shù)和常規(guī)凝血參數(shù)的相關(guān)性分析
除α角外,其他指標(biāo)的參數(shù)值都與傳統(tǒng)凝血指標(biāo)具有一定相關(guān)性,PT與MA呈高度正相關(guān);APTT與R呈低度正相關(guān),與MA、CI值呈低度負(fù)相關(guān);INR與LY30值呈低度正相關(guān)性;Plt與K值呈低度負(fù)相關(guān),與MA和CI呈低度正相關(guān);TT與MA呈低度正相關(guān)。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
在TEG最初應(yīng)用過(guò)程中,主要是對(duì)單個(gè)血樣的整體凝血功能進(jìn)行分析,并且在0.5 h內(nèi)對(duì)血小板功能和凝血狀態(tài)予以判定。在TEG運(yùn)行的過(guò)程中,利用一次性盛放血樣的燒杯和自由懸針進(jìn)行處理和操作,將適量的血樣放入燒杯中后,保證溫度能控制在35~37℃,以固定角度旋轉(zhuǎn),每次持續(xù)性維持在10 s左右[7]。需要注意的是,在旋轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中,纖維蛋白在燒杯壁和扭力絲之間會(huì)形成多聚反應(yīng),此時(shí)凝血開(kāi)始,并且凝血血塊也會(huì)逐漸形成。正是借助電腦對(duì)自由懸針和扭力絲之間的機(jī)械性阻抗變化予以記錄,才能結(jié)合時(shí)間繪制相應(yīng)的圖像,形成TEG[8-9]。最關(guān)鍵的就是,TEG能有效反映全血凝血功能以及纖溶能力和水平,為臨床診療工作和健康管理提供保障。
隨著目前二孩政策的全面開(kāi)放,孕婦的數(shù)量逐漸增加,保障孕婦的安全成為我院重中之重,傳統(tǒng)的檢測(cè)對(duì)孕婦體內(nèi)凝血功能的全貌有一定困難[7]。孕婦在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后出現(xiàn)血小板活化、纖溶數(shù)據(jù)下降等,都會(huì)造成孕婦手術(shù)后出現(xiàn)高凝狀態(tài),甚至?xí)l(fā)深靜脈血栓或者是心肌梗死等[8-9]。因此,借助TEG對(duì)具體問(wèn)題進(jìn)行具體分析,從而減少創(chuàng)傷后孕婦的輸血需求,避免凝血功能出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的惡化,改善高危孕產(chǎn)婦的生存率[10]。為此本研究通過(guò)比較孕產(chǎn)婦和健康女性的凝血功能指標(biāo)及TEG,以期望為臨床治療提供幫助,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果總結(jié)如下:
TEG能有效反映出孕婦實(shí)時(shí)凝血狀態(tài),傳統(tǒng)的檢測(cè)過(guò)程要對(duì)APTT和PT進(jìn)行分析,只能對(duì)凝血過(guò)程中的某一個(gè)因子進(jìn)行分析[11],但是,利用TEG能對(duì)整個(gè)全血凝血狀態(tài)進(jìn)行判定,且提升整體測(cè)定和數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性,更加全面地實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析目標(biāo)[12-14]。本研究中,各組的常規(guī)凝血功能檢查比較上,觀察組在凝血酶原時(shí)間及活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間上都較對(duì)照組更長(zhǎng)(P < 0.05)。提示孕產(chǎn)婦凝血功能較對(duì)照組差,要想從根本上提高孕產(chǎn)婦臨床手術(shù)的安全性,就要對(duì)補(bǔ)液工作予以調(diào)整和管控,如果要進(jìn)行輸液,醫(yī)生就要保證血小板、新鮮的冰凍血漿和紅細(xì)胞以相同比例輸入患者體內(nèi),從根本上糾正凝血功能障礙問(wèn)題,確保產(chǎn)婦生存率得以優(yōu)化,借助TEG就能夠更全面動(dòng)態(tài)地觀察孕婦凝血因子、纖維蛋白原和血小板[15-17]。本研究顯示,對(duì)照組的TEG各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)與觀察組比較,孕產(chǎn)婦的R、K和LY30值均明顯低于對(duì)照組,提示妊娠期婦女凝血功能在低凝狀態(tài),容易發(fā)生出血等危險(xiǎn)。研究結(jié)果還顯示,除α角外其他指標(biāo)的參數(shù)值都與傳統(tǒng)凝血指標(biāo)具有一定相關(guān)性,PT與MA呈高度正相關(guān);APTT與R呈低度正相關(guān),與MA、CI值呈低度負(fù)相關(guān);INR與LY30值呈低度正相關(guān)性;Plt與K值呈低度負(fù)相關(guān),與MA和CI呈低度正相關(guān);TT與MA呈低度正相關(guān)。另外,孕產(chǎn)婦的不同孕期的TEG各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)除LY30明顯縮短外,其他指標(biāo)變化并不明顯。因此,為防止孕產(chǎn)婦在分娩時(shí)大量出血及體內(nèi)的凝血系統(tǒng)低凝變化,孕婦TEG各項(xiàng)參數(shù)的變化均符合妊娠期凝血系統(tǒng)的改變,可用于妊娠時(shí)孕婦凝血狀態(tài)的檢測(cè)[18-20]。
綜上所述,TEG對(duì)觀察妊娠婦女凝血功能、凝血全貌明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)凝血4項(xiàng),且觀察組與對(duì)照組各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)值相比明顯不同。因此,根據(jù)TEG指標(biāo)合理有效地糾正孕產(chǎn)婦凝血功能,對(duì)降低手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有重要臨床意義。
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(收稿日期:2018-11-06 本文編輯:封 華)