劉寶杰
【摘 要】寫作教學是英語教學的重要方面。為提高寫作教學的實效性,培養(yǎng)學生的英語學科核心素養(yǎng),教師可以通過討論歸還學生主體地位,通過思維導圖提升學生思維品質(zhì),通過拓展生成提升學生語言能力,通過范文學習提升學生學習能力,通過師生共評培養(yǎng)學生文化品格。
【關(guān)鍵詞】英語;寫作教學;實效性;核心素養(yǎng)
【中圖分類號】G623.31? 【文獻標志碼】A? 【文章編號】1005-6009(2019)33-0051-04
寫作教學是英語教學的重要方面,隨著英語學科核心素養(yǎng)的提出,小學英語寫作教學又有了新的方向。筆者曾參加過一次關(guān)于寫作教學的研討活動,授課教師執(zhí)教了譯林新版《英語》六下Unit 8 Our dreams的寫作教學課,本節(jié)課存在的問題也是寫作教學中普遍存在的問題,如教師講授多于學生思考,教師控制性太強,學生沒有自主學習和討論的機會,學生學習力不足;教師未能幫助學生逐步架構(gòu)文章結(jié)構(gòu),學生思維水平低下;表達內(nèi)容少,文章千篇一律,教學過程不夠開放,未能幫助學生進行真實的表達,學生語言能力受限;過度關(guān)注語言的工具性,忽視了語言的人文性,對于作文中涉及的情感態(tài)度價值觀缺乏必要的引導等。
針對以上寫作教學中存在的問題,筆者仍以該課為例,闡述提升寫作教學實效性的相關(guān)策略。
一、通過討論還學生以主體地位
學完本單元,學生對“夢想”這一主題已經(jīng)具備了一定的語言表達能力。上課伊始,教師呈現(xiàn)Cartoon time的插圖,即描述Billy,Willy,Bobby和Sam各自夢想的圖片(圖見教材),開始與學生進行對話。
T: You know who they are, right?But why do I choose the 4 pictures?Whats the topic of them, can you guess?
S1: I think its about dreams.
T: Yes, good job.Now I have two questions for you, please discuss in pairs.
Q1: What are their dreams?
Q2: What key sentences can you find?
學生討論兩分鐘。
T: Now who can tell us the answers?
S: Billy wants to be a ... Willy wants to be a ... Bobby wants to be a ... And Sam wants to be a ...
T: Good. Then, what are the key sentences?
S: He wants to be ... She will ... He likes ...
T: Brilliant,your ideas are cool.
以上教學,教師通過看圖猜主題這一任務,讓學生圍繞學習主題進行思考。教師有意識地讓學生找到表達“夢想”的核心句型,有效激活了學生的知識儲備,這為寫作練筆做好了鋪墊。學生通過同桌討論,激活了大腦中有關(guān)夢想表達的知識,同時也讓自身的主體地位得以凸顯。
二、通過思維導圖提升學生思維品質(zhì)
以上教學明確了寫作的主題,但對于寫什么、怎么寫等問題,學生仍有疑惑。為了解決這一問題,筆者給學生提供了一個空白的思維導圖(見圖1),讓學生通過自主建構(gòu),搜集與Dream有關(guān)的要素,教學過程如下。
T: Now, boys and girls, look at the mind map. First, please think and discuss in pairs, what can we write in the circles?
學生思考并和同桌討論后,師生交流。
T: Now lets talk about your ideas.
S1: We can write “What”.
T: What does it mean?
S1: It means “What is the dream?”.
T: Thats good. Anything else?
S2: We can write “Why”.
T: Can you tell us why?
S2: Why means “Why do you want to have this dream?”.
T: Right, thats the reason.
S3: We can write “How”.
T: What do you mean?
S3: I mean how to make dreams come true.
T: Excellent. Besides these three parts, you can also write something else. So I put a“?” in the last circle.
《義務教育英語課程標準(2011年版)》指出:要為學生提供廣闊的思維空間和自主發(fā)展空間。在教學中,只有將學生思維能力的培養(yǎng)放在首位,才能不斷激活學生的思維,有效地培養(yǎng)學生的學科核心素養(yǎng)。本段教學中,一個不完整的思維導圖讓學生圍繞Dream這一主題發(fā)散思維,引導學生在自主分析的基礎(chǔ)上逐步架構(gòu)出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。如此,學生思維的發(fā)散性便能得到培養(yǎng),思維品質(zhì)能得以提升。這樣的教學讓學生從整體上審視語篇內(nèi)容,通過聽同伴們的架構(gòu)方法,又進一步完善了作文的框架結(jié)構(gòu),這樣學生便解決了寫什么的問題,并為接下來的“怎么寫”打下了基礎(chǔ)。
三、通過拓展生成提升學生語言能力
完成作文的主體框架后,學生需要繼續(xù)完成思維導圖。
T: Now try to finish the mind map, write down your real dreams. If you have any problems, please let me know.
S1: I want to be a建筑設(shè)計師,how to say it?
T: Anybody knows?
S2: 好像是architect。
T: Thats cool. How did you know that? (板書architect)
S2: I learned it in a book.
T: Good job. S1, any other problems?
S1: Why后面的“有成就感”怎么說?
T: Well, this is a little difficult. You can say “I have a sense of achievement”(板書). I think you can also use this in your writing. So, how can you make your dream come true?
S1: Ill read many books. Ill have a healthy diet.
T: Thats right. But these are common ideas. Who can tell him some ideas about architect?
S3: You should learn Maths well.(教師板書)
S4: You should draw well.(教師板書)
S5:你要研究世界各地著名的建筑。
T: Thats a good idea. You need to study the famous buildings in the world.(教師板書)
以上教學讓思維導圖得到了完善,見圖2。筆者鼓勵學生寫出自己的想法,學生的夢想各不相同。面對學生在寫作中遇到的困難,筆者敏銳地以此為契機,一方面解決學生的困難,一方面拓展知識。以建筑設(shè)計師這一理想為例,筆者適時拓展了單詞architect,詞組have a sense of achivement,在討論如何能成為一名建筑設(shè)計師時,學生提出的建議也是很好的拓展資源。
總之,滿足學生的學習需求,適當拓展新詞匯和新表達,一方面豐富了學生的語言知識,另一方面也尊重了學生的個性。
四、通過范文學習提升學生學習能力
搭建好作文的框架后,學生開始自己寫作。初稿寫好后,教師并沒有進行查看和講解,而是呈現(xiàn)了一篇范文,讓學生將自己的作文與范文進行對比,并再次將目光轉(zhuǎn)向之前的思維導圖,同時和同桌討論,說說范文的思維導圖與學生的思維導圖存在哪些共同點和不同點。
T:Most of you have finished the composition, now heres one, can you find out its mind map? Please discuss in pairs.
范文如下:
My dream
Dreams are like lights. They make our lives bright.
My dream is to be a singer. I like listening to Jay Chous songs very much, and I want to be a singer like him. I know its not easy, so Ill study music hard and practise singing every day. Ill go to a music college.
When I become a famous singer, Ill have concerts(音樂會) around the world. Concerts make a lot of money, so Im going to? donate(捐獻) some to help the children in the poor areas.
T: Who can tell us your ideas?
S1: I think it also has “what” “why” and? “how”.
T: Youre right, anything else?
S2: It has 開頭和end.
T: Excellent. The beginning and the end. Did you find this?
Ss: Yes.
T: Look at our mind map, what can we do?
S3: We can add the beginning and the end.
T: Yes. Did you learn any useful sentences from it?
S4: I learn this: When ... Ill ...
T: Good job.
李陸林認為,設(shè)計豐富的、合理的、任務明確的合作交流、合作探究活動(任務),能讓學生積極、主動、全面、全程、充分地參與到學習活動之中,讓學生真正動起來。以上教學,教師對學生寫作的指導并沒有停留在單詞拼寫、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的指導上,而是讓學生通過對比自己作文與范文,知道了如何讓作文框架更合理、完整。
就英語寫作而言,信息積累是基礎(chǔ),大量閱讀是保證,掌握寫作基本要領(lǐng)是前提,用英語思維是關(guān)鍵。范文的學習有助于學生信息的積累,學生從范文中學到了新句型When... Ill...,這樣會讓作文更具層次性。
五、通過師生共評培養(yǎng)學生文化品格
在前面的教學中,學生通過思維導圖初步完成了作文初稿,通過范文學習完善了作文框架結(jié)構(gòu),到此,學生已經(jīng)基本完成了自己的作文。為了進一步提升學生的作文品質(zhì),教師還需要給予學生適當?shù)脑u價。為了避免讓學生變成“被評價者”,筆者讓學生就作文進行同桌互評,重點關(guān)注語言表達的正確性和表達中的亮點。
T: Now please exchange your compositions with your destmates. Focus on: (1)Are there any mistakes in the composition?(2) Is there any shining pionts in the composition?
同桌交換作文進行閱讀和評價,教師巡視并解答學生的提問。三分鐘后,教師隨機選擇一篇中等水平學生的作文并投影到大屏幕上,讓其同桌進行點評匯報。
S1: I think therere two mistakes. One is “I want to a cook”. We should say “I want to be a cook”. The other one is “Cook is fun”. We should say “Cooking is fun”.
T: Nice, you have sharp eyes. Did anyone find any shining points in the articles?
S2: Yes, in this compositon, he wrote “When I become a famous basketball player, Ill give a lot of money to the 殘疾 children.”
T: 殘疾 children means disabled children. Boys and girls, do you think this is a shining point?
Ss: Yes.
T: Why do you think so?
S3: Because its very good to help the disabled chilren.
T: Yes, love can make the world be better. I hope your dreams can come true soon.
教師并非獨自對學生的作文進行評價,而是采用學生互評為主、教師評價為輔的方式。這有效激活了學生的參與熱情,讓學生體會到了學有所用。此外,在尋找同學作文亮點的過程中,學生發(fā)現(xiàn)了語言使用中的人文關(guān)懷,有效促進了學生正確人生觀和價值觀的形成。
英語寫作教學是培養(yǎng)學生英語核心素養(yǎng)的重要載體。在教學中,教師應多一些靈動,多給學生提供建構(gòu)作文結(jié)構(gòu)、自主學習和養(yǎng)成積極的情感態(tài)度和價值觀的機會,如此,才能讓寫作教學更有深度、寬度、效度。
【參考文獻】
[1]李陸林.小學英語核心素養(yǎng)之學習能力的思考[J].江蘇教育,2017(49):45-48.