梁倫 黃瑋 余永佳
【摘要】 纖維蛋白原(FIB)在凝血級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)、纖維蛋白溶解、應(yīng)激和炎癥中起重要作用。低纖維蛋白原血癥目前已知與急性創(chuàng)傷性凝血病、術(shù)后出血和不良預(yù)后等有關(guān)。本研究對(duì)1例女性腦膠質(zhì)瘤術(shù)后低纖維蛋白原血癥患者進(jìn)行臨床分析, 其磁共振成像顯示右側(cè)額顳葉、右側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)占位性病變, 術(shù)后病理為膠質(zhì)瘤。患者術(shù)后發(fā)生低纖維蛋白原血癥, 其他凝血功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)均正常。經(jīng)輸注血漿以及冷沉淀, 低纖維蛋白原血癥得到糾正, 但術(shù)后CT發(fā)現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)血腫, 患者最終遺留左側(cè)肢體乏力以及認(rèn)知障礙而出院, 表明在大量失血、血液稀釋、腫瘤本身和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷等綜合因素影響容易產(chǎn)生低纖維蛋白原血癥, 且與患者術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫有關(guān)。當(dāng)圍術(shù)期血漿FIB濃度低于正常水平時(shí), 應(yīng)及時(shí)糾正。一旦出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的血漿FIB缺乏, 應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況以及自身?xiàng)l件補(bǔ)充FIB。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 低纖維蛋白原血癥;腦膠質(zhì)瘤;纖維蛋白原;顱內(nèi)血腫;神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后
DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2019.02.070
【Abstract】 Fibrinogen (FIB) plays an important role in the coagulation cascade, fibrinolysis, stress and inflammation. Low fibrinogenemia is currently known to be associated with acute traumatic coagulopathy, postoperative bleeding, and poor prognosis. In this study, clinical analysis was made on a female patient with hypofibrinogenemia after glioma surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion in the right frontal temporal lobe and right basal ganglia, and the postoperative pathology was glioma. Hypofibrinogenemia occurred after operation, and other coagulation function related indicators were normal. After plasma infusion and cryoprecipitation, hypofibrinogenemia was corrected, but after operation, intracranial hematoma was found on CT, and the patient was discharged from hospital with left limb weakness and cognitive impairment. It is suggested that hypofibrinogenemia is prone to occur due to a combination of factors such as massive blood loss, hemodilution, tumor itself and surgical trauma, and it is related to postoperative intracranial hematoma. When the perioperative plasma FIB concentration is lower than the normal level, it should be corrected in time. In case of severe plasma FIB deficiency, FIB should be supplemented according to the actual situation and its own conditions.
【Key words】 Hypofibrinogenemia; Glioma; Fibrinogen; Intracranial hematoma; Postoperative neurosurgery
纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen, FIB)作為一種糖蛋白, 其在肝臟中合成, 并在凝血、血小板聚集、纖維蛋白溶解、炎癥和腫瘤生長(zhǎng)中發(fā)揮重要作用[1]。在凝血過(guò)程中, FIB中的血纖肽A和B被凝血酶切割形成纖維蛋白單體, 進(jìn)而形成纖維蛋白, 穩(wěn)定血小板的聚集[2]。當(dāng)血漿中的FIB<1.5 g/L即可診斷為低纖維蛋白原血癥[3]。雖然目前對(duì)神經(jīng)外科圍術(shù)期血漿纖維蛋白原濃度缺乏統(tǒng)一的指南和共識(shí), 但已有研究表明低纖維蛋白原血癥與術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫的發(fā)生相關(guān), 并影響患者的預(yù)后[4-6], 因此應(yīng)引起廣大神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生的重視, 圍術(shù)期應(yīng)及時(shí)糾正低纖維蛋白原血癥。本研究中對(duì)1例女性腦膠質(zhì)瘤術(shù)后低纖維蛋白原血癥患者進(jìn)行臨床分析, 現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 臨床資料
患者, 女, 41歲, 因反復(fù)頭痛伴抽搐、視覺(jué)模糊1年, 于2017年3月2日入院。入院前的頭顱磁共振成像提示右側(cè)額顳葉以及基底節(jié)區(qū)占位性病變。入院后患者出現(xiàn)急性頭痛和嘔吐, 不久便昏迷。雙側(cè)瞳孔大小不等, 右側(cè)散大;右側(cè)瞳孔直接、間接對(duì)光反射消失, 左側(cè)則遲鈍。頭顱CT顯示右側(cè)額顳葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)占位性病變, 中線結(jié)構(gòu)向左側(cè)移位約1.4 cm?;颊咝g(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查無(wú)異常, 也無(wú)肝病病史以及異常出血史。遂急診行開(kāi)顱腫瘤切除術(shù)以及去骨瓣減壓術(shù), 手術(shù)中腫瘤位于右側(cè)額顳頂、島葉, 腫瘤組織呈白色凍膠狀, 腫瘤邊界不清呈侵潤(rùn)性生長(zhǎng), 部分腦組織受壓移位, 瘤周水腫明顯。在切除過(guò)程中可見(jiàn)腫瘤血供豐富, 創(chuàng)面呈彌漫性滲血, 止血較為困難。手術(shù)持續(xù)約13 h, 最終對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)行大部分切除。術(shù)中出血量約3000 ml, 尿量3250 ml, 輸注去白紅細(xì)胞12 U, 新鮮冷凍血漿1400 ml, 晶體液4500 ml, 膠體液2000 ml。手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí), 復(fù)查凝血四項(xiàng)提示FIB濃度為1.25 g/L(參考范圍2.00~5.00 g/L), 其余凝血指標(biāo)[凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)、國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)、凝血酶原活動(dòng)度(PTA)、凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)、血小板(PLT)]均較術(shù)前無(wú)異常。患者返回病房后遂輸注新鮮冰凍血漿400 ml以及2 U冷沉淀, 其血漿FIB濃度改善并于手術(shù)后第3天逐漸恢復(fù)正常。而術(shù)區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的血腫于術(shù)后第1天的頭顱CT中發(fā)現(xiàn), 經(jīng)過(guò)2周的時(shí)間大部分已自行吸收。出院時(shí)患者遺留左側(cè)肢體乏力以及認(rèn)知功能障礙, 其腫瘤標(biāo)本最終的病理支持星形細(xì)胞瘤(Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí))的診斷。
2 討論
Adelmann等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后血漿FIB的平均濃度為1.7 g/L的患者, 其發(fā)生術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫的幾率較平均濃度為2.4 g/L的患者更大。而圍術(shù)期的FIB<1.5 g/L已被證實(shí)是術(shù)后發(fā)生顱內(nèi)血腫的危險(xiǎn)因素[5]。Wei等[6]研究表明在顱內(nèi)原發(fā)性腫瘤患者接受手術(shù)治療后, 血漿FIB濃度的下降與術(shù)后顱內(nèi)出血、預(yù)后不良相關(guān)。早期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)纖維蛋白可促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移形成, 抑制凝血或促進(jìn)纖溶[7]。與非腫瘤組織相比, 在原發(fā)性惡性腦腫瘤和侵襲性腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤中尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物受體(u-PAR)和尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物(u-PA)的表達(dá)增加了30倍, 這意味著在這些腫瘤組織中可能發(fā)生纖溶亢進(jìn)[8]。而腦腫瘤患者發(fā)生纖溶亢進(jìn)也已出現(xiàn)在早期的報(bào)道中[9]。近期劉克君等[10]報(bào)道了腦腫瘤患者術(shù)前即發(fā)生低纖維蛋白原血癥的病例, 認(rèn)為腦腫瘤引起的纖溶亢進(jìn)是可能的原因。開(kāi)顱手術(shù)本身又可進(jìn)一步加重纖溶亢進(jìn)[11]。因而纖溶亢進(jìn)與術(shù)后低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生有一定關(guān)系。研究表明過(guò)度的補(bǔ)液以及輸血可造成血液稀釋[12-14], 引起凝血功能的紊亂。本例患者術(shù)中液體入量明顯大于出量, 而短期內(nèi)大量的失血使得血漿中的FIB丟失嚴(yán)重, 難以在短期內(nèi)恢復(fù)。新鮮冰凍血漿中FIB的濃度在1~3 g/L[15]之間。在一項(xiàng)研究中, 按12.2 ml/kg的量對(duì)患者輸注新鮮冰凍血漿, 血漿FIB僅增加0.4 g/L[16]。這意味著當(dāng)患者大量失血后, 即使補(bǔ)充了血漿、液體, 患者仍有可能因血液稀釋、FIB的嚴(yán)重消耗而發(fā)生低纖維蛋白血癥。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)神經(jīng)外科圍術(shù)期血漿FIB濃度應(yīng)維持在怎樣的水平以及處理低纖維蛋白原血癥仍缺乏統(tǒng)一的共識(shí)和指南。2016年發(fā)布的修訂后的歐洲創(chuàng)傷指南建議, 當(dāng)血漿FIB<1.5~2.0 g/L[13], 應(yīng)補(bǔ)充FIB。也是在2016年, 歐洲麻醉學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)布了圍手術(shù)期發(fā)生嚴(yán)重出血的管理指南, 建議對(duì)嚴(yán)重出血和血漿FIB<1.5 g/L(或產(chǎn)科出血2.0 g/L)的患者補(bǔ)充FIB[14]。在補(bǔ)充FIB的選擇上, 除了血漿之外, 還有FIB濃縮物和冷沉淀。冷沉淀是從血漿中提取的, 富含著高分子的蛋白如FⅧ、von Willebrand因子和FIB, 其中FIB的濃度比血漿中的高很多, 通常為15 g/L[17]。2015年美國(guó)麻醉協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)布的圍術(shù)期血液管理指南建議, 對(duì)于圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)重出血的病人, 當(dāng)FIB<0.8~1.0g /L時(shí), 應(yīng)輸注冷沉淀[18]。但當(dāng)患者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重出血時(shí), 不推薦單一使用冷沉淀進(jìn)行止血, 應(yīng)聯(lián)合輸注血漿以及血小板[19]。FIB濃縮物也是從人血漿中提取的, 是一種經(jīng)熱處理后凍干的粉末[20]。目前, FIB濃縮物在大出血情況下的使用有所增加并取得良好的效果[21, 22]。2018年法國(guó)圍術(shù)期止血工作小組(GIHP)建議使用FIB濃縮物的初始劑量為25~50 mg/kg[23]。總之, 選擇FIB濃縮物還是冷凍沉淀作為FIB的補(bǔ)充在各國(guó)都存在差異, 也存在著爭(zhēng)議[20]。在我國(guó), 對(duì)有條件的醫(yī)院, 仍以冷沉淀作為補(bǔ)充FIB的主要手段。綜上所述, 大量失血、血液稀釋、腫瘤本身和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷等綜合因素影響容易產(chǎn)生低纖維蛋白原血癥, 且與患者術(shù)后顱內(nèi)血腫有關(guān)。當(dāng)圍術(shù)期血漿FIB濃度低于正常水平時(shí), 應(yīng)及時(shí)糾正。一旦出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的血漿FIB缺乏, 應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況以及自身?xiàng)l件補(bǔ)充FIB。
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[收稿日期:2018-11-12]