黃志祥 王敏 鄧偉明 郭欣 李天旺
【摘要】目的 探討倍他米松關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對(duì)膠原誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)炎(CIA)大鼠病情活動(dòng)性、骨及軟骨代謝的影響。方法 24只CIA大鼠隨機(jī)分為倍他米松單次注射組(Ⅰ組)、多次注射組(Ⅱ組)及空白對(duì)照組(Ⅲ組),給予為期4周、每周1次的右踝關(guān)節(jié)注射。將加強(qiáng)免疫后1周定義為基線期,每次注射后1周即下次操作前為隨訪1、2、3及4。采用關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù)(AI)評(píng)價(jià)大鼠右踝關(guān)節(jié)及全身病情,檢測(cè)血清CRP、核因子-κB受體活化因子配體(RANKL)、骨保護(hù)素、Ⅱ型膠原C端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)及軟骨寡聚基質(zhì)蛋白(COMP)水平,行右踝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨病理學(xué)檢查。結(jié)果 Ⅰ組大鼠在隨訪1到隨訪4的局部及全身AI均低于基線期(P均< 0.005),其中隨訪1最低。Ⅱ組大鼠局部及全身AI進(jìn)行性下降(P均< 0.005)。Ⅲ組大鼠局部及全身AI在各隨訪間比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05)。在隨訪1,Ⅰ組及Ⅱ組右踝AI比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.017),且均低于Ⅲ組(P均< 0.017)。從隨訪2到隨訪4,各組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.017),其中Ⅱ組<Ⅰ組<Ⅲ組。Ⅰ組大鼠血清CRP及RANKL高于Ⅱ組大鼠(P < 0.05),低于Ⅲ組大鼠(P < 0.05),血清骨保護(hù)素趨勢(shì)與之相反。Ⅰ組大鼠反映軟骨情況的CTX-Ⅱ、COMP和右踝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨病理學(xué)評(píng)分均低于Ⅱ組(P均< 0.05),而Ⅱ組上述指標(biāo)均低于Ⅲ組(P均< 0.05)。結(jié)論 關(guān)節(jié)腔注射倍他米松在緩解大鼠CIA病情的同時(shí)也改善了骨代謝,但對(duì)軟骨有不良影響。
【關(guān)鍵詞】膠原誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)炎;倍他米松;關(guān)節(jié)腔注射;骨;軟骨
【Abstract】Objective To evaluate the effect of articular injection of betamethasone on the disease activity, bone and cartilage metabolism in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).? Methods Twenty-four CIA rats were randomly divided into the single-injection of betamethasone (groupⅠ), multi-injection of betamethasone (groupⅡ) and control groups (groupⅢ). All rats received local injection on the right ankle once per week for 4 consecutive weeks. The baseline period was defined as 1 week after supplementary immunization. Four cycles of follow-ups (1-4) were delivered at 1 week after injection. The severity of the right ankle and systemic inflammation was assessed by arthritis index (AI). The serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), C-telopeptide of typeⅡ collagen (CTX-Ⅱ) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were quantitatively measured. Cartilage biopsy of the right ankle was performed.? Results The local and systemic AIs in groupⅠwere significantly lower than the baseline level in the four cycles of follow-up with the lowest AI in the first follow-up (all P < 0.005). In group Ⅱ, both the local and systemic AIs were progressively declined (both P < 0.005). The local and systemic AIs did not significantly differ among different follow-ups in group Ⅲ (all P > 0.05). During the first follow-up, the AIs of the right ankle did not significantly differ between groupsⅠandⅡ(P > 0.017), whereas?considerably lower compared with that in groupⅢ(both P < 0.017). From the second to the fourth follow-ups,?the AIs significantly differed among three groups in the sequence of groupⅡ<Ⅰ<Ⅲ(all P < 0.017). In groupⅠ, the serum levels of CRP and RANKL were significantly higher than those in groupⅡ(both P < 0.05), whereas considerably lower compared with those in group Ⅲ(both P < 0.05). The opposite results were obtained in terms of the serum OPG level. In groupⅠ, the CTX-Ⅱ, COMP and pathological score of the cartilage of the right ankle were significantly lower than those in groupⅡ(all P < 0.05), whereas the values in groupⅡwere remarkably lower than those in groupⅢ(all P< 0.05).? Conclusions Articular injection of betamethasone can relieve the severity of CIA and improve the bone metabolism, whereas exert negative effect upon the cartilage.
【Key words】Collagen-induced arthritis;Betamethasone;Articular injection;Bone;Cartilage
糖皮質(zhì)激素(激素)關(guān)節(jié)腔注射能迅速而有效地緩解以類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎和脊柱關(guān)節(jié)炎為代表的炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)病以及骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的癥狀,且治療費(fèi)用低廉,已經(jīng)在臨床中廣泛應(yīng)用[1-2]。激素不僅可緩解病情,還可通過抑制局部炎癥改善關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及骨代謝[3]。有研究提示,激素對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下骨有直接損害,故近年對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)腔注射激素一直存在爭(zhēng)議[4]。為此,本研究探討倍他米松踝關(guān)節(jié)局部注射對(duì)膠原誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)炎(CIA)大鼠病情、骨及軟骨代謝的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
材料與方法
一、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
健康成年雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠,體質(zhì)量(200±20)g,購自中山大學(xué)北校區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,飼養(yǎng)于該中心無特定病原體級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,實(shí)驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所為中山大學(xué)北校區(qū)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心,本研究方案經(jīng)中山大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
二、主要實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑
二丙酸倍他米松及倍他米松磷酸鈉注射液(得寶松)購自上海先靈葆雅制藥有限公司;牛Ⅱ型膠原及不完全弗氏佐劑購自美國Chondrex公司;大鼠CRP、核因子-κB受體活化因子配體(RANKL)、骨保護(hù)素、Ⅱ型膠原C端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)及軟骨寡聚基質(zhì)蛋白(COMP)的ELISA試劑盒購自美國R&D公司。
三、方 法
1. CIA模型的建立
牛Ⅱ型膠原與不完全弗氏佐劑等體積混合成均勻乳劑。初次免疫時(shí)每只大鼠予0.2 ml乳劑右后肢足墊皮內(nèi)注射,7 d后加強(qiáng)免疫時(shí)予0.1 ml乳劑尾根部皮內(nèi)注射。
2. 藥物干預(yù)
加強(qiáng)免疫1周后選取造模成功的CIA大鼠共24只,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為倍他米松單次治療組(Ⅰ組)、倍他米松多次治療組(Ⅱ組)及空白對(duì)照組(Ⅲ組),每組各8只,對(duì)病變較重的右踝關(guān)節(jié)行局部注射。Ⅰ組大鼠首次注射倍他米松(0.5 mg/kg),以后每周注射等體積生理鹽水共4周;Ⅱ組及Ⅲ組大鼠則分別每周注射1次倍他米松(0.5 mg/kg)或等體積生理鹽水,共4周。
3. 病情評(píng)估
將加強(qiáng)免疫后1周定義為基線期,每次注射后1周即下次操作前為隨訪1、2、3及4。通過關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù)(AI)評(píng)估大鼠右后肢炎癥程度,而四肢AI評(píng)分相加即為全身AI[5]。AI越高提示病情越嚴(yán)重。
4. 血清指標(biāo)的檢測(cè)
所有CIA大鼠完成隨訪,經(jīng)心臟采血2 ml后處死,參照CRP、RANKL、骨保護(hù)素、CTX-Ⅱ及COMP的ELISA試劑盒說明書檢測(cè)上述指標(biāo)在血清中的濃度。
5. 組織學(xué)檢查
分離右踝關(guān)節(jié)后迅速置于甲醛固定24 h,之后65%濃硝酸脫鈣2周。脫鈣完成后將標(biāo)本放于流水中沖洗過夜,隨后脫水、石蠟包埋并切片。關(guān)節(jié)切片貼于載玻片上,37 ℃拷片后按常規(guī)程序行蘇木素-伊紅(HE)染色,通過Mankin評(píng)分對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨病變進(jìn)行評(píng)估,評(píng)分越高提示軟骨病變?cè)絿?yán)重[6]。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 18.0處理數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料以表示,全身及局部AI多個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)組間比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量資料方差分析(RMANOVA),根據(jù)交互效應(yīng)檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)一步行主效應(yīng)或簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析聯(lián)合Bonferroni法;其他數(shù)據(jù)多組間比較采用方差分析,組間進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。α=0.05。
結(jié)果
一、CIA大鼠病情的比較
1.? CIA大鼠AI的比較
初次免疫后大鼠右后肢足墊輕微腫脹,但全身狀態(tài)良好。再次免疫后2 ~ 3 d大鼠右后肢關(guān)節(jié)腫脹逐漸加重,局部皮溫升高,隨后左后肢及雙前肢關(guān)節(jié)明顯腫脹。再次免疫后1周,大鼠右后肢關(guān)節(jié)出現(xiàn)較嚴(yán)重的充血腫脹,視為造模成功。大鼠總造模成功率83.33%,本研究選取造模成功的CIA大鼠進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔注射及觀察。
Ⅰ組及Ⅱ組大鼠右踝關(guān)節(jié)腔注射后局部腫脹減輕,其他關(guān)節(jié)的腫脹也略改善。RMANOVA提示右踝AI在不同處理與隨訪間存在交互效應(yīng)(F=30.99,P<0.001),故通過簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析聯(lián)合Bonferroni法(3組間兩兩比較P< 0.05/3=0.017,各時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較P< 0.05/10=0.005為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義),比較該指標(biāo)在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)及組內(nèi)的差異?;€期各組右踝AI比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。在隨訪1,Ⅰ組及Ⅱ組右踝AI比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.017),但均低于Ⅲ組(P均<0.017)。從隨訪2到隨訪4,各組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.017)。就不同的隨訪而言,Ⅰ組大鼠隨訪1到隨訪4的右踝AI均低于基線期(P均< 0.005),其中隨訪1最低。Ⅱ組大鼠各隨訪間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.005)。Ⅲ組大鼠各隨訪間比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。全身AI的RMANOVA也提示不同處理與隨訪間存在交互效應(yīng)(F=79.58, P< 0.05),簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析聯(lián)合Bonferroni法提示全身AI變化趨勢(shì)與右踝AI一致,見表1。
2.? CIA大鼠CRP的比較
所有大鼠完成隨訪后采血并完成CRP測(cè)定,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ組分別為(5.33±2.39)、(2.04±1.04)、(12.15±3.47)μg/ml,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 62.42,P < 0.05)。CRP在各組CIA大鼠血清中的濃度兩兩比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P 均< 0.05)。
二、CIA大鼠血清骨代謝標(biāo)記物的比較
Ⅰ組、Ⅱ組及Ⅲ組CIA大鼠血清RANKL濃度分別為(58.56±7.25)、(21.14±6.54)、(117.84±20.01)pg/ml,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 115.13,P< 0.05),組間兩兩比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.05)。血清骨保護(hù)素濃度在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ組分別為(53.98±5.75)、(121.29±6.26)、(44.05±5.74)ng/ml,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 402.94, P< 0.05),兩兩比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。
三、CIA大鼠血清軟骨代謝標(biāo)記物的比較
Ⅰ組CIA大鼠血清CTX-Ⅱ及COMP濃度分別為(42.22±9.19)、(85.21±8.37)ng/ml,Ⅱ組為(55.23±8.64)、(135.56±11.53)ng/ml,Ⅲ組為(125.12±7.12)、(213.51±9.11)ng/ml。3組血清CTX-Ⅱ(F = 6.33, P < 0.05)及COMP(F = 103.69,P < 0.05)濃度比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
四、CIA大鼠軟骨病理學(xué)改變
Ⅰ組及Ⅱ組大鼠右踝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面尚光滑,但Ⅱ組大鼠軟骨細(xì)胞空泡變性多見。Ⅲ組大鼠軟骨著色淺、表面破潰且軟骨細(xì)胞變形、大小不一,周圍可見滑膜明顯增生。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ組大鼠右踝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨Mankin評(píng)分分別為(1.88±0.35)、(3.50±0.76)及(5.88±0.64)分,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 87.73, P < 0.05),兩兩比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.05)。
討論
激素是常用的抗炎藥物,但長期全身用藥可引起高血壓病、糖尿病、向心性肥胖及骨質(zhì)疏松等不良反應(yīng)[7]。關(guān)節(jié)腔注射激素可提高局部藥物濃度,并減少該類藥物的全身吸收,從而提高療效并降低不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及嚴(yán)重程度。既往多項(xiàng)研究顯示,激素關(guān)節(jié)腔注射可迅速而有效地緩解炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)病及骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的單關(guān)節(jié)癥狀[8]。本研究顯示,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射倍他米松在降低右踝關(guān)節(jié)及全身AI的同時(shí),血清CRP也隨之下降。此外,隨著倍他米松給藥次數(shù)的增加,AI及CRP下降的趨勢(shì)越明顯。然而,踝關(guān)節(jié)穿刺及局部注射生理鹽水可能引起骨及軟骨代謝血清標(biāo)記物等客觀指標(biāo)的改變,故本研究以右踝關(guān)節(jié)注射生理鹽水的CIA大鼠作為空白對(duì)照組,進(jìn)一步探討倍他米松關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對(duì)CIA大鼠骨及軟骨代謝的影響,并發(fā)現(xiàn)該治療對(duì)骨代謝有保護(hù)作用,但對(duì)軟骨有損害。
激素關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對(duì)骨代謝的影響,至今存在較多的爭(zhēng)論。Bajpayee等[3]建立創(chuàng)傷后骨關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠模型并給予關(guān)節(jié)腔注射地塞米松,通過顯微電子計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)接受治療的關(guān)節(jié)骨破壞較輕。Holwegner等[9]通過建立佐劑誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)接受曲安奈德局部注射的關(guān)節(jié)骨密度較高。相反,有研究提示關(guān)節(jié)腔注射曲安奈德或地塞米松,可引起骨破壞加重及局部骨密度下降[4, 10]。嚴(yán)重者甚至在單次局部注射激素后即可出現(xiàn)骨壞死[11]。本研究通過RANKL及OPG觀察關(guān)節(jié)腔注射倍他米松對(duì)CIA大鼠骨代謝的影響。前者為TNF超家族,通過與核因子-κB受體活化因子結(jié)合,介導(dǎo)破骨細(xì)胞分化成熟,而后者通過與RANKL結(jié)合從而抑制破骨細(xì)胞的活化并促進(jìn)其凋亡,導(dǎo)致骨吸收被抑制[12]。本研究顯示,倍他米松關(guān)節(jié)腔注射后的大鼠RANKL下降而OPG上升,且隨著注射次數(shù)增多改變?cè)矫黠@,與上述結(jié)果一致的是CRP隨倍他米松用藥次數(shù)增加而下降。因此,倍他米松關(guān)節(jié)腔注射可能通過降低局部及全身炎癥水平從而改善骨代謝。
既往多項(xiàng)研究顯示,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射激素可引起軟骨退化,如McAlindon等[13]連續(xù)2年給予骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者每3個(gè)月膝關(guān)節(jié)注射曲安奈德,MRI發(fā)現(xiàn)治療后患者軟骨體積下降。此外,激素可導(dǎo)致軟骨細(xì)胞分化障礙、凋亡及發(fā)生形態(tài)改變,并降低蛋白多糖的合成[14-16]。近年有研究顯示,單次小劑量局部注射地塞米松可通過降低關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)IL-1及TNF濃度,從而減輕軟骨降解[17]。此外,Rudnik-Jansen等[18]報(bào)道曲安奈德結(jié)合于聚酯酰胺微球,局部注射進(jìn)入關(guān)節(jié)腔后穩(wěn)定使之緩慢釋放有效成分,在緩解關(guān)節(jié)癥狀的同時(shí)對(duì)軟骨有保護(hù)作用。本研究給予大鼠關(guān)節(jié)腔注射二丙酸倍他米松及倍他米松磷酸鈉注射液,雖然CIA的局部癥狀及整體病情均有改善,但作為軟骨降解產(chǎn)物的CTX-Ⅱ及COMP僅僅比對(duì)照組下降,且隨著倍他米松給藥次數(shù)增多而上升。另一方面,雖然局部注射倍他米松可避免軟骨結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,但注射次數(shù)增多可引起軟骨細(xì)胞形態(tài)改變,提示激素多次局部注射雖然能緩解局部炎癥,但對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨有損害。
綜上所述,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射倍他米松緩解大鼠CIA疾病活動(dòng)性的同時(shí)也改善了骨代謝,但對(duì)軟骨有損害作用。然而,關(guān)于關(guān)節(jié)腔注射激素對(duì)于骨及軟骨代謝的影響仍有爭(zhēng)議,而本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)倍他米松對(duì)CIA大鼠骨與軟骨代謝影響不一致,可能與藥物劑型、給藥次數(shù)及觀察時(shí)間有關(guān),故未來的研究應(yīng)關(guān)注上述因素對(duì)骨及軟骨代謝的影響。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-27)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)