建筑設(shè)計(jì)：B.L.U.E.建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所

Architect: B.L.U.E. Architecture Studio

本項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)位于北京二環(huán)里胡同中的傳統(tǒng)合院建筑改造項(xiàng)目，院落占地246m2，我們將曾經(jīng)的破舊雜院改造為四合院民宿。結(jié)合業(yè)態(tài)要求，試圖在北京傳統(tǒng)的四合院空間中融入新時(shí)代的居住生活方式。院落位于一個(gè)Y字形路口，相對難得的可以看到完整的兩個(gè)沿街立面，院墻可以較為完整的展現(xiàn)在人眼前，視覺上對院落整體有非常直觀的感受。院內(nèi)原本容納了8戶人家共同生活。為滿足生活面積的需要，院內(nèi)加建現(xiàn)象較為嚴(yán)重，形成了典型的大雜院格局，空間雜亂局促。因此，我們將院落中心位置的加建建筑拆除，還原出合院的原始格局。

解決老宅的痛點(diǎn)

建筑改造類項(xiàng)目首要解決的問題是原始條件不足。大雜院改造同樣如此。根據(jù)以下幾個(gè)現(xiàn)狀特點(diǎn)，我們采取了相應(yīng)的解決措施。（1）室內(nèi)面積不足。根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求，需要在有限條件下塑造出舒適的居住環(huán)境。我們采取豎向使用空間的方法，提高空間使用效率。局部下挖地面，并拆除原有天花吊頂，利用傳統(tǒng)建筑的屋頂空間做成Loft格局。（2）采光通風(fēng)不足。我們幾乎為每間客房都設(shè)計(jì)了屋頂天窗，大幅度增加采光效果。根據(jù)冬季采暖保溫需要，天窗選用雙層玻璃（平面玻璃頂使用3層中空玻璃）來降低導(dǎo)熱效應(yīng)。并在房間立面，每個(gè)客房門側(cè)都做了開啟窗的設(shè)計(jì)，輔助通風(fēng)。（3）采暖保溫不足。除了在玻璃的使用中選取保溫性能較好的材料之外，我們將全部室內(nèi)地面鋪設(shè)了地暖，作為冬季的主要采暖措施。（4）隔音不足。根據(jù)房屋現(xiàn)狀情況，為每個(gè)房間的隔墻增加隔音材料，一定程度的解決了原本的磚墻隔音差的問題。（5）衛(wèi)生間搭建不規(guī)范。現(xiàn)狀院中已有院廁，但未經(jīng)任何處理，直接將生活污水排至市政管網(wǎng)。現(xiàn)狀宮門口二條胡同中的下水管道為雨污合流設(shè)計(jì)，如此夏季難免會有氣味散發(fā)。我們在院內(nèi)建造了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的化糞池，將所有的衛(wèi)生間內(nèi)污水排至化糞池，經(jīng)過處理后合格達(dá)標(biāo)的生活污水，沿用原有管路排至胡同內(nèi)市政管道中。

空間記憶的傳承

該項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)邏輯是在現(xiàn)有條件下因地制宜，著重對現(xiàn)狀材料的發(fā)掘與再利用。在改造過程中，不斷出現(xiàn)的意外發(fā)現(xiàn)給設(shè)計(jì)帶來了新的思路。跟隨施工階段的新的進(jìn)展，設(shè)計(jì)也不斷的變化發(fā)展，由此也可稱為“沒有邏輯的邏輯”。比如，將建筑的木結(jié)構(gòu)脫漆處理之后，露出的原本的木色干凈樸素，展現(xiàn)出古樸的氣息，于是我們就保留了木結(jié)構(gòu)的本色。在做地面基礎(chǔ)和院內(nèi)排水時(shí)，在現(xiàn)狀地坪下約1m處挖出7塊大約是清代的條石。我們選取其中4塊作為客房與院門門口的踏步石階，重新賦予了新的功能與使命。原有建筑的舊的窗框我們予以保留，在不同的房間中重新組織利用，處處可見這座院落舊時(shí)的生活氣息。予以保留的還有大量的舊的青磚，具有幾十年至上百年不等的歷史。我們使用這些老青磚搭建成庭院內(nèi)中心位置的樓梯塔，其間點(diǎn)綴嵌入現(xiàn)代材料玻璃磚，這座“塔”就連接了院落的過去與未來，是空間記憶的傳承。拆除的雖然是違章加建的建筑，但也是整個(gè)院落歷史中不可或缺的一章，更是城市記憶的一部分。

私密性與開放性

（1）院落與城市的關(guān)系。傳統(tǒng)合院的建筑形式是一種較為私密的居住空間。雜院的居住特點(diǎn)是相對開放的，這種開放性加強(qiáng)了人與人之間的交流。我們希望在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在城市公共空間與居住私密空間之中，建立一個(gè)可進(jìn)行交流的、半私密半公共的空間。我們將入口處的房間設(shè)計(jì)為咖啡館，同時(shí)為內(nèi)院的民宿部分提供接待功能。院落主入口采取向胡同開敞的設(shè)計(jì)，使廊道連同咖啡館變成了城市空間的一部分。咖啡館內(nèi)僅有一張大桌子，民宿內(nèi)的住客使用早餐時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)氐目腿艘部梢詠砗瓤Х?，大家一起坐在同一張桌前進(jìn)行交流。展覽空間位于內(nèi)院，可分時(shí)段對公眾開放，也增加了院落與城市的交流。（2）客房與客房的關(guān)系。在傳統(tǒng)的星級酒店中，客房部分通常統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)為彼此封閉的環(huán)境。我們想要打破這種封閉的氛圍，所以在房間立面設(shè)計(jì)了大面積的落地玻璃，并將客房內(nèi)看書、座談等相對公共的功能區(qū)布置在窗邊。這樣除了增加采光，不同客房的客人可以互相看到彼此，進(jìn)行某種程度的交流。而在房間內(nèi)側(cè)或墻體后面，安排了就寢空間、衛(wèi)生間和浴室，保證了生活的私密性。（3）與自然的和諧共生。胡同的居住環(huán)境特點(diǎn)，是人居環(huán)境和自然環(huán)境的有機(jī)結(jié)合。整座合院分為6間客房，各自分室而居。我們盡力為每個(gè)獨(dú)立的房間都營造出自然環(huán)境或是賦予自然環(huán)境的體驗(yàn)。1、2號房將一角的屋頂改造為玻璃屋頂，并種植綠色植物。在室內(nèi)可時(shí)刻感受自然光線變化，營造室外庭院的氛圍。5、6號房分別擁有真正的室外庭院，是屬于客房獨(dú)享的室外空間。在胡同里，“樹”和人們的生活環(huán)境有密切的互動。夏日炎炎，陽光被大樹繁茂的枝葉遮擋在外，留下一隅陰涼。冬天樹葉凋零，陽光穿過枝椏灑落院里，溫暖明亮。人和樹的關(guān)系是有機(jī)的。因此，院落內(nèi)保留了一棵數(shù)十年的老槐樹，延續(xù)了人和自然的有機(jī)關(guān)系，也維護(hù)了人與自然之間的微妙的互動。

1 改造后外景/Exterior view after renovation

2 改造前外景/Exterior views before renovation

3 改造前外景/Exterior views before renovation

4 改造前外景/Exterior views before renovation

5 改造前外景/Exterior views before renovation

6 改造前外景/Exterior views before renovation

7 改造前外景/Exterior views before renovation

8 改造前內(nèi)景/Interior views before renovation

9 改造前內(nèi)景/Interior views before renovation

This is a traditional project for renovation of the courtyard located in the hutong inside the Second Ring Road in Beijing. The courtyard covers an area of 246m2. We will transform a shabby warren there into a quadrangle residence. In consideration of the requirements of the industrial condition, a new living style for the new era is attempted to incorporate into the traditional courtyard space in Beijing. The courtyard is located at a Y-shaped intersection. It is relatively rare to see two complete cascades along the street, which enables the courtyard wall fully displayed in front of people and produces a direct view for the pro file of the whole courtyard. Originally, the courtyard accommodated eight families living together.In order to meet the needs of living area, additionally built illegal housings filled the courtyard, and thus forming a typical large miscellaneous courtyard with disorderly and constrained space. In this regard, we have dismantled the additional buildings in the centre of the courtyard and restored its original lay-out.

Solution to weak points of historic houses

The primary problem to be solved in the renovation projects is the insufficiency of original conditions. The same is true of the transformation of the warren. Concerning the following features of the current situation, we have taken corresponding measures: (1) Insufficient indoor area. According to the requirements of design tasks, it is necessary to create a comfortable living environment under limited conditions. We make use of vertical space to improve the usage efficiency. By digging the ground partially and removing the original ceiling, we utilise the roof space of traditional buildings to form a Loft pattern. (2)Insufficient lighting and ventilation. We design roof windows in each guest room, which greatly increases the lighting effect. Regarding the need of heating and heat preservation in winter, double-layer glass is equipped into the roof windows and three-layer hollow glass into flat surface glass roof to reduce the thermal conductivity effect. Besides, the door sides of each guest room in the room cascades are designed with opening windows for better ventilation. (3) Insufficient heating and thermal insulation. In addition to selecting the glass with better thermal insulation performance, we equip all the indoor ground with underfloor heating and take it as the main heating measure in winter. (4) Insufficient sound insulation.We added sound insulation materials to the partition wall made of bricks of each room on the basis of the current situation of the houses to solve the sound problem of bad insulation. (5) Toilets below stardards.Currently, there are public toilets in the yard, with domestic sewage directly discharged into the municipal pipeline network without any treatment. As the sewer pipes in the hutong at Gongmenkou Ertiao are designed as combined ones for both rain and sewage, it is unavoidable to be stinky around in summer. We set up a standard septic tank in the yard, which discharge the toilet sewage into the septic tank, and the quali fied living sewage after treatment into the municipal pipeline in the hutong along the original pipeline.

10 改造后內(nèi)景/Interior view after renovation

Inheritance of spatial memory

The design logic of the project is to adapt to local situations under existing conditions, focusing on the excavation and reuse of existing materials. In the process of renovation, unexpected discoveries have brought new ideas to the design. With the occurrence of new progress in construction stage,the design is constantly developing, which can also be called "a logic without logic". For example, after the paint removal of the wood structure of the building, the wood is shown with its original colour of primitive simplicity. In this regard, we retain the genuine colour of the wood structure. During ground foundation and interior drainage in the courtyard, seven pieces of strip stone are excavated about one meter below the current terrace. Four of them, re-endowed with new functions and missions,are chosen as the stepping stones for the doorway of guest rooms and the courtyard.

We keep the old window frames of the original building and rearrange them in different rooms,and thus maintaining the old life atmosphere of the courtyard everywhere. A large number of used green bricks are also preserved, with a history from decades to centuries. We use these used green bricks to build the staircase tower with modern glass bricks embedded in the centre of the courtyard.The "tower" connects the past and future of the courtyard and inherits the spatial memory. Although the demolished buildings are the ones built illegally,they are also an indispensable part in the history of the whole courtyard and a part of the city's memory.

Privacy and openness

(1) Relationship between courtyard and city. A traditional courtyard is a relatively private living space. The residential characteristics of a miscellaneous courtyard is relatively open, which strengthens the interaction between people. We expect that in this project, a semi-private and semi-public space for communication between urban public space and residential private space can be realised.We decorate the room at the entrance as a café, providing reception for homestay in the inner courtyard. The main entrance of the courtyard is designed wide open toward the hutong, making the corridor and the cafe part of the urban space. There is only one big table in the cafe. When residents in the homestay are having breakfast, local guests can also come for coffee. They can sit together at the same table for exchanging ideas. The exhibition space is located in the inner courtyard open to the public in different time periods of the day, which increases the communication between the courtyard and the city. (2) Relationship between guest rooms. In traditional star-rated hotels,guest rooms are usually designed as separate closed spaces.We break such a closed atmosphere by installing large area of floor glass on the facades of the room and arranging the relatively public functional areas like reading and discussing areas beside the window in the room. By this means, in addition to improvement of lighting quality, guests in different rooms can see each other and communicate with each other to some extent. In the interior side of the room or behind the wall, bedroom, toilet and bathroom are arranged to ensure the privacy of life. (3) Harmonious coexistence with nature. The living environment of the hutong is an organic combination of the one for human beings and the nature. The whole courtyard is divided into six guest rooms, with each separately accommodating the guests. We try our best to create the natural environment for each room or provide similar experience for it. In Room No. 1 and No. 2, the roof for one corner is transformed into the glass roof with green plants. You can always create an atmosphere of the outdoor courtyard only by feeling the changes of natural lights indoor. Room No. 5 and No.6 are designed with real outdoor courtyards that belong to the exclusive outdoor space of guest rooms. In the hutong,trees interact closely with people's living environment. In summer, the sun is blocked out by the lush branches and leaves of big trees, leaving at corner the shade. In winter,the leaves become withered and the sunshine spread through the branches in the courtyard, giving warmth and brightness. The relationship between people and trees is organic. In this connection, a decades-old locust tree is preserved in the yard, which continues the organic relationship between human and nature and maintain the subtle interaction in between.

11 改造前平面/Floor plan before renovation

12 改造后平面/Floor plan after renovation

13 客房/Guest rooms

評論

程曉青：近年來，四合院改造的案例有很多相似的手法，例如建夾層、開天窗、植入衛(wèi)生間，駕輕就熟地挖掘空間潛力，提高居住品質(zhì)。然而，這個(gè)方案令人印象更為深刻的則是另外兩個(gè)方面：其一是為食、宿、游三種功能所設(shè)計(jì)的可分可合的交通流線；其二則是對遺留下來的石板、窗框、磚瓦和樹木的運(yùn)用，于方寸之間營造了獨(dú)具老北京韻味的現(xiàn)代民宿體驗(yàn)。莊子玉：北京的院落在歷史發(fā)展中，特別是“文革”以后大雜院形式的產(chǎn)生后，其公共性被無限放大，街道向院落內(nèi)延伸，院落外的街道則承載了更多公共屬性。有術(shù)的民宿命題中，公共性遠(yuǎn)大于私密性，其結(jié)果可視為新時(shí)代下基于運(yùn)營體系的大雜院；在這個(gè)框架內(nèi)，城市被進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)入個(gè)體院落空間，成為其一部分；如周圍的白塔和城市肌理，在院中“塔”的部分，盡收眼底。同時(shí)有術(shù)作為城市的延伸而非孤立的建筑個(gè)體，空間被主動閱讀的重要性大大增加，人的位移與景框的關(guān)系成為場地的一系列主體事件：這其中既串聯(lián)了微觀視角的光影和與植栽的互動，也串聯(lián)了作為原有建筑文脈閱讀的舊窗框和舊青磚，同時(shí)串聯(lián)了一系列為功能性而創(chuàng)造的天窗開啟、新增墻體、洞口及與之相關(guān)的視線轉(zhuǎn)換。在僅200m2的空間內(nèi)，場地被以內(nèi)容最大化的方式重構(gòu)，使其相較傳統(tǒng)四合院具備了更多重文本閱讀的可能；在這個(gè)意義上，它既是微縮的北京城，也是被放大流動的居所。

Comments

CHENG Xiaoqing: In recent years, the cases of courtyard renovation have many similar design methods, such as building mezzanine, opening skylight, embedding toilet, so as to explore the potential of the space and improve the quality of life. However, this project is more impressive in two other aspects. One is the divisible yet interchangeable circulations designed for three functions: food,accommodation and travel. The other is the reuse of stone slabs, window frames, bricks and tiles and trees remained, which creates a unique modern homestay experience with old Beijing characteristics. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)

ZHUANG Ziyu: In the historic evolvement, especially after the emergence of mega-family following the"Cultural Revolution", the publicity of the courtyards of Beijing has been infinitely enlarged. The streets extend into the courtyards, while the streets outside the courtyards bear more public attributes. Among the discussion topics for the homestays of sth.here, the publicity overtakes the privacy, with the result that it can be regarded as a large miscellaneous courtyard based on the current operation system in the new era.Within the framework, the city further incorporates the individual courtyard space, which becomes a part of the former, such as the relationship between the surrounding white pagoda and the city that people can have a comprehensive sight of the city in the "Baita"part of the courtyard. Meanwhile, the importance to actively read the space of sth.here, an extension of the downtown rather than an isolated architectural entity,is increasingly on a rise. In this regard, the relationship between human displacement and landscape frame becomes a series of main events of the site. It promotes the interaction between the light and shadow from the micro perspective and plants, connects the old window frames in the context of original architectural literature and the old blue bricks, and meanwhile complete a series of functional parts, like the opened skylights,newly built walls, holes and related visual shifts. In a space of only 200m2, the site is reconstructed with the maximized content, which makes it more possible for text reading than the traditional courtyard. In this sense, it is not only a miniature of Beijing city, but also a magni fied flowing residence.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 宮門口二條14號/No.14 Gongmenkou Ertiao設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Architects: 青山周平，藤井洋子，楊雨嘉，王丹梨（B.L.U.E.建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所）/Shuhei AOYAMA, Yoko FUJII, YANG Yujia, WANG Danli (B.L.U.E.)

業(yè)主/Owner: 有術(shù)/sth.here

規(guī)模/Size: 一層（局部Loft，局部屋頂平臺）/One story(part in Loft pattern, part as roof landing)

總建筑面積/Total Building Area: 215m2（底層建筑面積：189m2，客房Loft建筑面積：26m2），院內(nèi)客房共6間，其中最小的房間20m2，最大的房間30m2。其中3間是loft格局的小客房，另外3間為大客房/215m2(floor area of basement: 189m2, floor area of Loft section for guest rooms:26m2); among the six rooms in the courtyard, the smallest one covers 20m2and the largest one 30m2, with three in small size with loft pattern and the other three in king size.設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2016.08- 2017.12

施工時(shí)間/Construction Time: 2016.11-2018.01

攝影/Photos: 夏至/XIA Zhi