黎陳 陳指龍 范秀軍 楊青
摘要:胎盤是妊娠過程中形成的暫時性的特異器官,它在母體和胎兒間起著重要的橋梁作用。滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞具有類似于腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和浸潤的能力,作為胎盤組織的主要組成細(xì)胞之一,在胚胎植入、胎盤的形成和發(fā)育等許多生理過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,但同時也是多種毒素和病原微生物入侵時的靶細(xì)胞。滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞侵入過度將導(dǎo)致絨毛膜癌等疾病的發(fā)生,浸潤不足則可能造成流產(chǎn)、子癇前期等妊娠期疾病。目前,諸多研究表明在胎盤形成過程中,有許多分子和信號通路參與對其滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的調(diào)控,但滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞遷移與浸潤的具體機(jī)制尚不完全明確。本文對人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞侵襲力分子調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)論述,旨在為研究病理性妊娠的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞遷移;細(xì)胞浸潤;胎盤
中圖分類號:R714.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.13.008
文章編號:1006-1959(2019)13-0021-04
Abstract:The placenta is a temporary specific organ formed during pregnancy, which plays an important role as a bridge between the mother and the fetus. Trophoblast cells have the ability to migrate and infiltrate tumor cells. As one of the main components of placental tissue, trophoblast cells play an important role in many physiological processes such as embryo implantation, placental formation and development, but also a variety of Target cells when toxins and pathogenic microorganisms invade. Invasion of trophoblasts will lead to diseases such as choriocarcinoma. Insufficient infiltration may cause diseases such as abortion and pre-eclampsia. At present, many studies have shown that many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of trophoblast cells during placental formation, but the specific mechanism of trophoblast cell migration and infiltration is not completely clear. In this paper, the molecular regulation mechanism of human trophoblast cell invasiveness is systematically discussed, which is helpful to study the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy.
Key words:Human trophoblast cells;Cell migration;Cell infiltration;Placenta
胎盤(placenta)是妊娠期間母體與胎兒進(jìn)行氣體交換、營養(yǎng)供給和代謝產(chǎn)物排除的重要器官,人滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞是其功能的主要承擔(dān)者,其不僅是人類胎盤的主要細(xì)胞之一,也是與母體蛻膜及其免疫活性細(xì)胞唯一接觸的胚胎細(xì)胞,外界因素主要通過此途徑影響胎兒的正常生長發(fā)育。細(xì)胞遷移與浸潤是生命體重要的基本功能,在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和正常組織器官的生長發(fā)育中都起著關(guān)鍵作用。人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞對胎兒與母體之間的密切聯(lián)系至關(guān)重要,滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞具體的侵入機(jī)制目前仍不清楚,但眾多機(jī)體內(nèi)的分子、環(huán)境因素、藥物等均可對滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的遷移和浸潤產(chǎn)生影響,深入研究其作用及調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制可以更加深刻地了解多種妊娠疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程。本文對人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞侵襲力分子調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制作一綜述,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞
在人類正常的妊娠過程中,滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞具有固定胎盤和胎兒的作用,其可分化成具有類似腫瘤細(xì)胞的高侵襲能力的絨毛外滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞,可侵入子宮肌層,協(xié)助胎盤重鑄血管,為胎兒發(fā)育提供必需的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧氣[1]。但不同于腫瘤細(xì)胞,滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的侵襲是一種正常的、適度的生理行為,其受到母體的嚴(yán)格調(diào)控,具有時間性和空間性。浸潤行為在妊娠過程中僅持續(xù)至第5個月,并僅浸潤到子宮肌層的1/3處,以實現(xiàn)對母體子宮螺旋動脈進(jìn)行改建并將胎兒錨定于母體子宮上[2]。當(dāng)滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞暴露于一定的毒性威脅下,細(xì)胞侵襲能力可能發(fā)生改變[3,4]。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞增殖能力異常、細(xì)胞凋亡增加,致使細(xì)胞浸潤能力不足,從而導(dǎo)致的胎盤功能障礙是子癇前期發(fā)生的病理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[5-7]。滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞功能異??蓪?dǎo)致宮內(nèi)生長受限、妊娠期高血壓、自然流產(chǎn)、早產(chǎn)和絨毛膜癌等妊娠相關(guān)疾病[8]。具體滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞分類見圖1。
3.6 Rho GTPases? Rho GTPases是Rho家族中的具有GTP酶活性的蛋白,其中研究最為詳細(xì)的3個成員是RhoA,Rac1和Cdc42,它通過控制細(xì)胞骨架的重組、微絲的組裝從而在細(xì)胞遷移過程中起到了關(guān)鍵的作用[28]。在人類胚胎滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的體外實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),使用Rac1抑制劑或siRNA降低Rac1的表達(dá)可減弱HTR8/SVneo細(xì)胞的遷移能力。此外,Rac1和Cdc42在前列腺素介導(dǎo)的人類滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的遷移中也起關(guān)鍵作用[29]。
3.7金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶? 細(xì)胞對ECM和基膜的降解重塑是侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移過程的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),可通過激活蛋白酶導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)酶的降解發(fā)揮重要作用。突破基膜是細(xì)胞浸潤的關(guān)鍵步驟。MMP是一組Ca2+、Zn2+依賴性內(nèi)肽酶,它可通過蛋白水解作用降解ECM和基膜從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。目前,已發(fā)現(xiàn)20多種人MMP,而MMP2和MMP9及其抑制物金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑被認(rèn)為在人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移中起重要的作用[30]。實驗表明,藥物抑制或siRNA介導(dǎo)的MMP2/9基因敲除可減少滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞侵襲[31]。尾型同源盒基因1可以通過抑制MMP9的表達(dá)來限制HTR8/SVneo滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的侵襲[32]。Chang WL等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胎盤特異性蛋白1能促進(jìn)人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的遷移和浸潤,其部分機(jī)制可能是由MMP9分泌導(dǎo)致。另外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),子癇前期患者可通過激活PI3K/Akt信號通路,上調(diào)MMP2和MMP9的表達(dá),從而調(diào)節(jié)滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的浸潤[34]。在滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞中,許多因子和MMP都有著緊密的聯(lián)系,研究表明,IL-11、KLF8等均可通過影響MMP的表達(dá)影響HTR8/SVneo細(xì)胞的遷移和浸潤[35,36]。
4 總結(jié)
目前,在許多妊娠疾病中滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的遷移和浸潤影響著妊娠結(jié)局,隨著諸多生物標(biāo)志物被發(fā)現(xiàn),這些生物標(biāo)志物與正常人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞遷移與浸潤的機(jī)制密不可分,但其中的具體作用及問題亟待解決。人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞作為胎盤組織中最重要的細(xì)胞之一,Wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/Akt、MAPKs、自噬、FAK、Rho GTPases和金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶等眾多信號通路和分子都將參與并影響人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的侵襲。通過研究人滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞遷移和浸潤的機(jī)制有助于進(jìn)一步闡明其具體的生理現(xiàn)象,同時也為許多妊娠疾病的診斷和藥物開發(fā)提供更多新的思路。
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收稿日期:2019-3-19;修回日期:2019-3-29
編輯/杜帆