羅金現(xiàn) 溫建燔 高訓(xùn)鋒
【摘要】 目的:探討在甲狀腺手術(shù)中應(yīng)用Focus超聲刀對(duì)甲狀旁腺功能及切口炎性反應(yīng)的影響,并與傳統(tǒng)電刀進(jìn)行比較。方法:選取進(jìn)行甲狀腺手術(shù)的249例甲狀腺占位患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)方法不同將其分為Focus組(n=148)和對(duì)照組(n=101)。Focus組采用Focus超聲刀進(jìn)行手術(shù),對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)電刀進(jìn)行手術(shù),比較兩組患者手術(shù)情況(手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后24 h疼痛評(píng)分、術(shù)后引流量、拔管時(shí)間)、甲狀旁腺激素(PTH)變化、切口炎性反應(yīng)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和隨訪1年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)率。結(jié)果:Focus組手術(shù)情況優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.01);Focus組手術(shù)前后PTH水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),對(duì)照組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后1、4周PTH水平均低于手術(shù)前(P<0.01);兩組手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中PTH水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但Focus組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后1、4周PTH水平均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);Focus組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后第3、5、7天的切口炎性反應(yīng)程度均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.01);Focus組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),但兩組術(shù)后1年內(nèi)的復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:Focus超聲刀應(yīng)用于甲狀腺手術(shù)能明顯改善患者的手術(shù)情況,減輕手術(shù)后甲狀旁腺功能的影響、切口的炎性反應(yīng)和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 甲狀腺手術(shù); Focus超聲刀; 傳統(tǒng)電刀; 甲狀旁腺功能; 切口炎性反應(yīng)
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the effect of Focus ultrasound scalpel on parathyroid function and incision inflammatory response in thyroid surgery,and compare it with traditional electric scalpel.Method:A total of 249 patients with thyroid mass underwent thyroid surgery were selected.According to different methods,they were divided into Focus group(n=148)and control group(n=101).Focus group was operated with Focus ultrasound scalpel,while control group was operated with traditional electric scalpel.The surgical conditions(operation time,bleeding volume,pain score at 24 hours,drainage volume and extubation time),changes of parathyroid hormone(PTH),inflammatory reaction of incision,incidence of complications and recurrence rate within 1 year between two groups were compared.Result:The operation condition of Focus group was better than that of control group(P<0.01).The PTH levels before and after operation in Focus group was compared,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05),after operation 24 hours,1 and 4 weeks,PTH level in control group were lower than those of before operation(P<0.01),the PTH levels before and during operation between two groups was compared,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05),but the PTH levels in Focus group were higher than those of control group at 24 hours,1 and 4 weeks after operation(P<0.05).The inflammatory reaction of incision in Focus group were better than those of control group after operation 24 hours,3,5 and 7 days(P<0.01).The incidence of complications in Focus group was lower than that of control group(P<0.01).However,the recurrence rate within 1 year after operation was compared between two groups,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion:Focus ultrasound scalpel used in thyroid surgery can significantly improve the surgical condition of patients,reduce the function of parathyroid gland after surgery,inflammatory reaction of incision and incidence of complications.
【Key words】 Thyroid surgery; Focus ultrasound scalpel; Traditional electric scalpel; Parathyroid function; Incisional inflammatory response
First-authors address:The Second Peoples Hospital of Guangdong,Guangzhou 510315,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.05.002
甲狀腺手術(shù)是一種常見(jiàn)的手術(shù)。由于甲狀腺高度血管化,徹底止血是甲狀腺手術(shù)中的關(guān)鍵步驟,可獲得干燥的手術(shù)野,避免對(duì)其附近的氣管、血管、食管、喉返神經(jīng)和甲狀旁腺等重要結(jié)構(gòu)造成損傷,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[1-2]。傳統(tǒng)的甲狀腺手術(shù)中的止血技術(shù)主要是鉗夾結(jié)扎和電凝術(shù),兩者均能達(dá)到一定的效果,但手術(shù)操作多,耗時(shí),此外在使用電凝過(guò)程中傳播的熱量對(duì)周圍結(jié)構(gòu)有潛在的損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其是對(duì)喉返神經(jīng)和甲狀旁腺損傷[3-4]。Focus超聲刀是一種新的能量技術(shù),因其具有良好的止血和切割功能及縮短手術(shù)的時(shí)間而在外科手術(shù)中廣泛應(yīng)用[5]。目前關(guān)于Focus超聲刀的報(bào)道大多集中在其安全性和有效性方面[6]。本研究主要是探討在甲狀腺手術(shù)中其對(duì)甲狀旁腺功能及切口炎性反應(yīng)的影響,并與傳統(tǒng)電刀進(jìn)行比較,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2014年1月-2017年1月在本院進(jìn)行甲狀腺手術(shù)的249例甲狀腺占位患者為研究對(duì)象。(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡20~70歲,經(jīng)彩超及病理診斷確診,且腫瘤直徑≤5 cm;②均接受單、雙側(cè)甲狀腺部分、次全切除、全切除;③無(wú)頸部手術(shù)史和放療史,且無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌證;④心、肺、肝和凝血功能正常;⑤術(shù)前血清甲狀旁腺激素系列和Ca2+水平均在正常范圍內(nèi);⑥患者資料齊全,術(shù)前均知悉本研究。(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①伴有甲亢甲狀腺功能減退等其他甲狀腺疾病者;②伴有嚴(yán)重的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、血液系統(tǒng)等疾病無(wú)法耐受手術(shù)或麻醉者;③病理性肥胖患者;④患者或家屬不愿接受手術(shù)治療。根據(jù)方法不同將其分為Focus組(n=148)和對(duì)照組(n=101)。本研究方案經(jīng)本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者入組前均簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 方法 兩組患者術(shù)前禁食,并留置導(dǎo)尿管,進(jìn)入手術(shù)后監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征,患者取仰臥位,行氣管內(nèi)插管靜脈復(fù)合麻醉,經(jīng)胸前壁入路,逐層剝離組織,采用剝離子暴露喉返神經(jīng),仔細(xì)探查腺體,確定切除邊界。Focus組采用Focus超聲刀切除患側(cè)腺體,工作頻率:55.5 Hz,刀頭5 mm;對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)電刀切除患側(cè)腺體,絲線結(jié)扎血管。取出癌組織后沖洗手術(shù)視野,置負(fù)壓引流管1根。兩組患者均保留甲狀旁腺。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組手術(shù)情況,包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后24 h疼痛評(píng)分、術(shù)后引流量、拔管時(shí)間,其中疼痛評(píng)分采用視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法[7];(2)比較兩組手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中(切除腺體后10 min)、術(shù)后24 h、術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后4周的甲狀旁腺激素(PTH)水平,檢測(cè)采用全自動(dòng)生化分析儀及配套試劑進(jìn)行測(cè)定;(3)比較兩組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后第3、5、7天的切口炎性反應(yīng):切口炎性反應(yīng)程度通過(guò)測(cè)量切口紅腫區(qū)域的橫徑大?。ㄅc切口方向垂直)[8];(4)比較兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和隨訪1年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 19.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),多時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較采用方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料比較 Focus組男78例,女70例;平均年齡(41.9±9.8)歲,平均BMI值(27.62±2.95)kg/m2,結(jié)節(jié)大小(2.01±0.54)cm;經(jīng)彩超及病理診斷為結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫77例,甲狀腺腫瘤40例,甲狀腺乳頭狀癌14例,原發(fā)性甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)17例。對(duì)照組男46例,女55例;平均年齡(46.2±12.1)歲,平均BMI值(28.79±3.52)kg/m2,結(jié)節(jié)大?。?.12±0.39)cm;經(jīng)彩超及病理診斷為結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫37例,甲狀腺腫瘤45例,甲狀腺乳頭狀癌7例,原發(fā)性甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)12例。兩組一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組手術(shù)情況比較 Focus組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分、引流量、拔管時(shí)間均低于對(duì)照組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組手術(shù)前后PTH水平比較 Focus組手術(shù)前后PTH水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),對(duì)照組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后1、4周PTH水平均低于手術(shù)前(P<0.01);兩組手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中PTH水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但Focus組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后1、4周PTH水平均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 兩組切口炎性反應(yīng)比較 Focus組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后第3、5、7天的切口炎性反應(yīng)程度均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見(jiàn)表3。
2.5 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和復(fù)發(fā)率比較 Focus組術(shù)后切口淤血2例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為1.35%(2/148);對(duì)照組術(shù)后切口淤血9例,短暫性失聲4例,皮下氣腫3例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為15.84%(16/101),兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=18.759,P=0.000)。Focus組術(shù)后1年內(nèi)的復(fù)發(fā)率為2.70%(4/148),低于對(duì)照組的4.95%(5/101),但比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=0.345,P=0.557)。
3 討論
甲狀腺的血管豐富,毗鄰其他重要結(jié)構(gòu)。術(shù)后喉返神經(jīng)麻痹、永久性或暫時(shí)性低鈣血癥、出血、血腫,是甲狀腺手術(shù)潛在的并發(fā)癥。喉返神經(jīng)麻痹發(fā)生率為0~23%,而術(shù)后甲狀旁腺功能減退可能達(dá)到63%[9]。在甲狀腺手術(shù)中需要進(jìn)行有效細(xì)致的止血,以減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。與任何外科手術(shù)一樣,手術(shù)時(shí)間的縮短通常會(huì)減少手術(shù)部位感染的機(jī)會(huì),并可能導(dǎo)致患者更快的恢復(fù)。對(duì)于甲狀腺切除術(shù),近年來(lái),人們意識(shí)到使用諧波手術(shù)刀比傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn),與傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)相比,超聲波裝置大大縮短了操作時(shí)間,且操作更快,更精準(zhǔn),同時(shí)不增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[10]。
有研究指出,使用Focus超聲刀進(jìn)行手術(shù)術(shù)后疼痛明顯輕于傳統(tǒng)電刀[11],與本研究結(jié)果相符,這種優(yōu)勢(shì)可能與Focus超聲刀的使用減少了熱量的傳播有關(guān)。國(guó)外兩項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究均明顯觀察到Focus超聲刀在降低手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)中出血量方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[12-13],這與本研究結(jié)果一致。本研究結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)ocus組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分、引流量、拔管時(shí)間均低于對(duì)照組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量及術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分的降低及拔管時(shí)間的縮短有利于患者術(shù)后的恢復(fù),手術(shù)時(shí)間的縮短相應(yīng)地縮短了麻醉的時(shí)間,同時(shí)手術(shù)時(shí)間的縮短也使普外科的手術(shù)室能得到更充分的利用,減少手術(shù)患者的等待時(shí)間。
PTH是甲狀旁腺主細(xì)胞分泌的堿性單鏈多肽類激素,其主要功能是調(diào)節(jié)脊椎動(dòng)物體內(nèi)鈣和磷的代謝,促使血鈣水平升高,血磷水平下降,PTH水平的降低直接反映甲狀旁腺功能的減退[14]。本研究中Focus組手術(shù)前后PTH水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),對(duì)照組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后1、4周PTH水平均低于手術(shù)前(P<0.01);兩組手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中PTH水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但Focus組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后1、4周PTH水平均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。提示使用傳統(tǒng)電刀會(huì)引起甲狀旁腺功能受損,而Focus超聲刀對(duì)甲狀旁腺功能的影響甚小。原因可能與Focus超聲刀產(chǎn)生的熱效應(yīng)小,對(duì)周圍組織的損傷不超過(guò)0.5 cm,可減少對(duì)甲狀腺周圍神經(jīng)及甲狀旁腺的直接損傷和熱損傷[15]。
有研究指出,傳統(tǒng)電刀對(duì)周圍組織損傷的嚴(yán)重程度是Focus超聲刀的2.5倍[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)ocus組術(shù)后24 h及術(shù)后第3、5、7天的切口炎性反應(yīng)程度均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),提示在甲狀腺手術(shù)中使用Focus超聲刀有助于降低術(shù)后切口的炎性反應(yīng)程度。進(jìn)一步的研究結(jié)果顯示,傳統(tǒng)電刀引起甲狀腺手術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥明顯高于Focus超聲刀(P<0.01),與文獻(xiàn)[17]研究報(bào)道相符,但兩組患者術(shù)后1年內(nèi)的復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
綜上所述,甲狀腺手術(shù)中應(yīng)用Focus超聲刀能明顯縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間和拔管時(shí)間,減少術(shù)中出血量和引流量,降低術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分,減輕手術(shù)后甲狀旁腺功能的影響、切口的炎性反應(yīng)和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,在甲狀腺手術(shù)中有明顯的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(收稿日期:2018-06-26) (本文編輯:董悅)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2019年5期