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阿托伐他汀對(duì)早期慢性腎臟病頸動(dòng)脈斑塊患者周圍淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3的作用

2019-09-07 13:03孫寅軼張清德李松華曲忠森
關(guān)鍵詞:磷酸化阿托頸動(dòng)脈

孫寅軼 張清德 李松華 曲忠森

[摘要] 目的 探討阿托伐他汀對(duì)早期慢性腎臟?。–KD)頸動(dòng)脈斑塊患者周圍血淋巴細(xì)胞糖原合酶激酶-3(GSK-3)的作用。 方法 選擇2017年1~10月在上海健康醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第六人民醫(yī)院東院和山東省菏澤市立醫(yī)院就診的CKD 1~2期并頸動(dòng)脈斑塊患者143例,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為CKD組(76例)和治療組(67例)。同時(shí)選擇同期年齡在42歲以上的正常人50名為對(duì)照組。治療組口服阿托伐他汀20 mg/晚,治療6個(gè)月后觀察不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β活性及GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平變化。采用放射性配體結(jié)合試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)GSK-3β的活性,蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化及總GSK-3β水平。 結(jié)果 治療前,與對(duì)照組比較,CKD組頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)明顯增厚(P < 0.01),外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β的活性明顯降低(P < 0.01),且外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平明顯升高(P < 0.01)。與CKD組比較,治療組使用阿托伐他汀治療6個(gè)月可使IMT縮小(P < 0.05),促進(jìn)GSK-3β的活性明顯恢復(fù)(P < 0.01),且能降低外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 本研究提示CKD患者外周淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3活性降低可能與促進(jìn)頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及斑塊形成有關(guān),并進(jìn)一步提示阿托伐他汀可能通過降低GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平,升高GSK-3活性,從而進(jìn)一步抑制頸動(dòng)脈硬化及斑塊的形成。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 阿托伐他汀;早期慢性腎臟病;頸動(dòng)脈斑塊;淋巴細(xì)胞;糖原合酶激酶-3

[中圖分類號(hào)] R741? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)06(a)-0138-06

Effects of Atorvastatin on glycogen synthase kinase-3 in lymphocytes of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in patients with early chronic kidney disease

SUN Yinyi1? ?ZHANG Qingde2? ?LI Songhua3? ?QU Zhongsen4

1.Department of Neurology, East Branch of Shanghai Sixth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai? ?201306, China; 2.Department of Physician, Heze Medical College, Shandong Province, Heze? ?274000, China; 3.Department of Radiology, East Branch of Shanghai Sixth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai? ?201306, China; 4.Department of Rehabilitation, East Branch of Shanghai Sixth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai? ?201306, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of Atorvastatin on glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in lymphocytes of carotid plaques in patients with early chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods One hundred and forty-three patients with CKD 1-2 and carotid plaque from January to October 2017 in East Branch of Shanghai Sixth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences and Heze Municipal Hospital were enrolled and divided into CKD group (76 cases) and treatment group (67 cases) according to random number table method. At the same time, 50 normal people over the age of 42 years were selected as the control group. The treatment group received oral Atorvastatin 20 mg/night. After 6 months of treatment, the activity and expression changes of GSK-3β and GSK-3β at Ser9 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients at different time points were observed. The GSK-3 activity was measured by 32P liquid scintillography for incorporated radioactivity, and the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 and the total GSK-3β were determined by Western blot. Results Before treatment, compared with the control group, the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was significantly thicker (P < 0.01), and the activity of GSK-3β was significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 was significantly increased in lymphocytes in CKD group (P < 0.01). When the treatment group treated with Atorvastatin for 6 months, the thickened IMT was reversed (P < 0.05), and the activity of GSK-3 was resumed (P < 0.01), and the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 was decreased as compared with CKD group(P < 0.01). Conclusion Lower activities of GSK-3 in lymphocytes of patients with early CKD might be associated with the formation and promotion of carotid atherosclerosis plaque. Atorvastatin might inhibit carotid atherosclerotic plaques by increasing activity of GSK-3 in phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9.

[Key words] Atorvastatin; Early chronic kidney disease; Carotid plaque; Lymphocyte; Glycogen synthase kinase-3

頸動(dòng)脈斑塊與腦血管病發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[1-2]。慢性腎臟病(CKD)患者的頸動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)膜-中膜厚度增加[3],表明慢性腎功能不全患者有頸動(dòng)脈斑塊的形成[4-5]。多項(xiàng)研究表明糖原合酶激酶-3(glycogen synthase kinase-3,GSK-3)通過多種途徑在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展中起作用[6-7]。他汀類藥物能夠通過PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β和雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)途徑起到穩(wěn)定斑塊的作用,從而預(yù)防細(xì)胞缺血性損傷[8-10]。本研究檢測(cè)了早期CKD并頸動(dòng)脈斑塊患者的外周血淋巴細(xì)胞中GSK-3,并觀察阿托伐他汀治療前后血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3的變化,探討其在早期CKD并頸動(dòng)脈斑塊患者的潛在治療作用。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

本研究收集了2017年1~10月在上海健康醫(yī)院附屬第六人民醫(yī)院東院和山東省菏澤市立醫(yī)院腎臟科就診的CKD 1~2期并頸動(dòng)脈斑塊患者143例,所有患者均需符合“慢性腎臟病的評(píng)估和管理”(2012版KDIGO指南)制訂的CKD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11],經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),以及患者本人或家屬同意,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為CKD組(76例)和治療組(67例)。

排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并除缺血性腦卒中以外的其他顱內(nèi)疾患;合并腫瘤、血液系統(tǒng)疾病、風(fēng)濕性心臟病及房顫;1個(gè)月內(nèi)手術(shù)及外傷史;自身免疫性疾病;服用抗自由基藥物史。

選擇同期年齡在42歲以上的正常人50名為對(duì)照組,對(duì)照組未做任何處理,只檢測(cè)相應(yīng)數(shù)值作為對(duì)照。三組性別、年齡比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 治療方法? 所有患者進(jìn)行控制血糖、控制血壓、腎保護(hù)治療,治療組在常規(guī)治療的基礎(chǔ)上每晚20 mg阿托伐他?。⑵胀?,輝瑞制藥有限公司,H20051408, 20 mg)口服,兩組均以6個(gè)月為1個(gè)療程。

1.2.2 頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)的測(cè)定? 應(yīng)用彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀PHILIPS-IU22,線陣探頭,頻率7.0 MHz,測(cè)量IMT值[12]。

1.2.3 樣本采集? 對(duì)照組、CKD組和治療組均于采血前空腹12 h,用肝素抗凝管采集靜脈血10 mL,用磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)等量稀釋,將6 mL稀釋的血細(xì)胞液加入離心管,室溫下800 g離心20 min,取淋巴細(xì)胞用PBS稀釋,800 g離心20 min,沖洗3次,再稀釋成(4~10)×106個(gè)/mL的懸液。加入100 μL細(xì)胞裂解液,經(jīng)超聲破碎(10 s,3次)后,12 000 g離心20 min,采用二喹啉甲酸蛋白測(cè)定法測(cè)定蛋白質(zhì)濃度,-80℃冰箱保存。

1.2.4 GSK-3的活性測(cè)定? 按照Pei等[13]的方法進(jìn)行。將7.5 μg蛋白加入總量為25 μL,含有pH 7.4的30 mmol Tris、10 mmol MgCl2、10 mmol NaF、1 mmol Na3VO4、2 mmol EGTA、10 mmol β-ME、200 μmol [γ-32P] ATP(1500 cpm/pmol ATP),以及20 μmol phospho-GS底物的緩沖液中,30℃孵育30 min,用25 μL 300 mmol H3PO4反應(yīng)液終止反應(yīng)。各反應(yīng)體系分別取25 μL滴在磷酸纖維膜上,以75 mmol H3PO4定時(shí)沖洗抽濾,濾膜曬干并置入液閃瓶中,加二甲苯閃爍液,隔夜以液體閃爍儀計(jì)數(shù)。酶活性用各樣本與對(duì)照比較所得相對(duì)活性表示。

1.2.5 蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平? 按照Liu等[14]的方法進(jìn)行。取上清液,加入1/3體積4×上樣緩沖液(終濃度為0.1 mol/L Tris,pH 6.8,4% SDS,20%甘油),沸水中變性10 min,冷卻后備用。用10%聚丙烯酰胺分離膠,將蛋白質(zhì)提取物分離,轉(zhuǎn)印到硝酸纖維膜上。用5%脫脂牛奶室溫下封閉1 h。5%脫脂牛奶稀釋的特異性識(shí)別GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的抗體(1∶1000稀釋,Cell Signaling Technology,#9336)37℃孵育2 h,0.05 mol/L TBS緩沖液(pH 7.5)漂洗,再用5%脫脂牛奶稀釋的辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的二抗(1∶30 000稀釋)37℃孵育1 h,0.05 mol/L TBS緩沖液漂洗,ECL顯色10 min。采用Kodak圖象分析系統(tǒng)及Image-Proplus軟件分析結(jié)果。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 13.0軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,經(jīng)正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)符合正態(tài)分布,對(duì)重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)之間是否存在相關(guān)性進(jìn)行球形檢驗(yàn),若檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果為P > 0.05,采用單因素方差分析;若檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果為P < 0.05,采用重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,兩兩比較采用最小顯著差異法(LSD-t)分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 三組患者臨床基本情況比較

在觀察開始時(shí)CKD組及治療組空腹血糖、總膽固醇、三酰甘油水平和收縮壓均高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05),IMT、舒張壓和血清肌酐也明顯高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01)。但CKD組與治療組以上各指標(biāo)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。

2.2 三組治療后血脂及IMT的比較

治療6個(gè)月后,CKD組的總膽固醇、三酰甘油、IMT仍高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);與CKD組比較,治療組總膽固醇、三酰甘油水平明顯降低(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),并且IMT明顯縮?。≒ < 0.05)。治療組與對(duì)照組各指標(biāo)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表3。

2.3 阿托伐他汀對(duì)早期CKD患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β活性的影響

治療前,CKD組及治療組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β的活性均低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。治療3個(gè)月時(shí),CKD組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β的活性較治療前降低(P < 0.05),并逐漸明顯降低至治療6個(gè)月(P < 0.01),且均低于同時(shí)點(diǎn)對(duì)照組(P < 0.01)。治療組在治療1個(gè)月時(shí)GSK-3β的活性較對(duì)照組仍低(P < 0.05),在2個(gè)月至6個(gè)月,GSK-3β活性較治療前有升高(P < 0.05),并與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),較CKD組明顯升高持續(xù)到6個(gè)月(P < 0.01)。見表4。

2.4 阿托伐他汀對(duì)早期CKD患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平及總GSK-3β的表達(dá)的影響

治療前,CKD組及治療組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平均高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01)。CKD組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平在3~6個(gè)月較治療前均有升高(P < 0.05),在1~6個(gè)月較對(duì)照組明顯升高(P < 0.01)。治療組GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平在2個(gè)月時(shí)較治療前有降低(P < 0.05),隨后3~6個(gè)月明顯降低(P < 0.01),在2~6個(gè)月較CKD組明顯降低(P < 0.01),但是在治療前3個(gè)月較對(duì)照組仍有明顯增高(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);在6個(gè)月與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。各時(shí)點(diǎn)各組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞總GSK-3β的表達(dá)水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表5~6及圖1。

3 討論

CKD患者并發(fā)腦梗死的比例明顯增加[15],原因在于其不僅增加動(dòng)脈硬化常見的如高血壓、糖尿病、高血脂等危險(xiǎn)因素,而且引起高同型半胱氨酸血癥、貧血、低蛋白血癥、氧化應(yīng)激及炎性反應(yīng)等,進(jìn)而影響血管重塑[3,16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,CKD組和治療組空腹血糖、總膽固醇、三酰甘油、收縮壓水平高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05),并且IMT和舒張壓也明顯高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),提示脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、高血糖以及高血壓仍是早期CKD患者并發(fā)頸動(dòng)脈斑塊的危險(xiǎn)因素??诜⑼蟹ニ?個(gè)月,能夠降低治療組血脂水平(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),并且明顯縮小IMT(P < 0.05),提示阿托伐他汀能夠縮小早期CKD患者IMT,降低血脂水平。

在大鼠頸動(dòng)脈平滑肌細(xì)胞泡沫損傷試驗(yàn)中,GSK-3β的磷酸化水平升高且活性被抑制[17-18]。研究表明,血管內(nèi)皮功能損傷會(huì)激活PI3K-Akt途徑,降低GSK-3活性,減少凋亡及促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)血管重構(gòu)[10,17],GSK-3β信號(hào)通路與動(dòng)脈硬化的病理生理相關(guān),且與腦缺血導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)元變性相關(guān)[19-20]。CKD組治療3個(gè)月至6個(gè)月時(shí)外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β的活性較對(duì)照組明顯降低(P < 0.01),GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平較對(duì)照組明顯升高(P < 0.01),提示CKD患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β活性降低并隨病情進(jìn)展持續(xù)降低,GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平持續(xù)升高是導(dǎo)致其活性降低的可能原因。本研究結(jié)果顯示,各組總GSK-3β的表達(dá)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),提示總GSK-3β無(wú)明顯改變。GSK-3活性降低可能會(huì)促進(jìn)頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及頸動(dòng)脈斑塊形成。

治療組在2個(gè)月后GSK-3β活性較治療前有升高(P < 0.05),與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),較CKD組明顯升高(P < 0.01)。此結(jié)果提示阿托伐他汀能夠在早期升高CKD患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β的活性,通過恢復(fù)GSK-3β的活性,降低斑塊形成。并且,治療組2個(gè)月后GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平較治療前降低(P < 0.05),且較CKD組明顯降低(P < 0.01),在6個(gè)月與對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。此結(jié)果提示阿托伐他汀能夠降低早期CKD患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞GSK-3β Ser9位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平,可能進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞凋亡,減少平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,減輕及逆轉(zhuǎn)頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及頸動(dòng)脈斑塊形成。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2018-12-27? 本文編輯:張瑜杰)

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