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鎘脅迫對(duì)10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)的影響

2019-09-10 07:22陳露王曉紅張芳邢丹張明生
關(guān)鍵詞:種子萌發(fā)桑樹(shù)

陳露 王曉紅 張芳 邢丹 張明生

摘要:【目的】了解不同桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)期的耐鎘性,為篩選耐鎘桑樹(shù)品種及其推廣應(yīng)用提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳?0個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子為試驗(yàn)材料,設(shè)鎘濃度(按Cd2+計(jì))為5.0、30.0、50.0和100.0 mg/L的脅迫處理進(jìn)行發(fā)芽試驗(yàn),以不添加鎘為對(duì)照(CK),測(cè)定各處理桑樹(shù)種子萌發(fā)期的萌發(fā)率、萌發(fā)指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)、幼根長(zhǎng)及胚軸長(zhǎng)等指標(biāo),采用隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)不同桑樹(shù)品種種子的耐鎘性進(jìn)行聚類(lèi)分析。【結(jié)果】隨鎘濃度的提高,10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子的萌發(fā)率、萌發(fā)指數(shù)及活力指數(shù)均呈下降趨勢(shì),鎘濃度越高下降越明顯,在高濃度(50.0和100.0 mg/L)處理下均顯著低于CK(P<0.05),其中活力指數(shù)降低最明顯;鎘對(duì)桑樹(shù)種子幼根和胚軸生長(zhǎng)具有明顯的抑制作用,且對(duì)幼根的抑制作用大于胚軸;供試10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子對(duì)鎘的耐受能力存在差異,根據(jù)隸屬函數(shù)綜合值進(jìn)行聚類(lèi)分析,可將10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子分為鎘敏感型、中間型和鎘耐受型三大類(lèi),其中桂桑6號(hào)和粵桑11號(hào)種子的耐鎘性最強(qiáng),屬于鎘耐受型品種;69851、桂桑優(yōu)12號(hào)、蛋白桑、桑特優(yōu)2號(hào)、桂桑優(yōu)62號(hào)、桂桑5號(hào)和粵桑51號(hào)種子的耐鎘性居中,屬于中間型品種;沙2×倫109種子的耐鎘性較弱,屬于鎘敏感型品種。【結(jié)論】桂桑6號(hào)和粵桑11號(hào)種子的耐鎘性較強(qiáng),可作為修復(fù)鎘污染土壤優(yōu)先選擇的桑樹(shù)品種推廣種植。

關(guān)鍵詞: 桑樹(shù);鎘脅迫;種子萌發(fā);耐鎘性

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): S888.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2019)02-0257-07

Abstract:【Objective】The cadmium(Cd) tolerance of different cultivars of mulberry seeds during the germination period was explored to provide reference for screening mulberry cultivars with strong cadmium tolerance and their application. 【Method】The seeds of ten mulberry cultivars were used as experimental materials. Germination rate,germination index,vigor index,radical length and hypocotyl length of mulberry seeds during germination stage were determined under cadmium stress with different cadmium concentrations(5.0,30.0,50.0 and 100.0 mg/L) which was calculated with Cd2+.? No cadmium treatment was as control(CK). Membership function method was used in cluster analysis of cadmium resistance of ten mulberry cultivars seeds. 【Result】The results showed that the germination rate,germination index,and vigor index of ten mulberry seeds decreased with increasing of cadmium concentration. The higher the concentration,the more obvious inhibition was observed. All the parameters in the treatment with high cadmium concentrations(50.0 and 100.0 mg/L) were significantly lower than those of control(P<0.05). The inhibition to the vigor index was the greatest. The growth of radicle and hypocotyl were also inhibited by cadmium,and the inhibition of radicle was greater than that of hypocotyl. Ten mulberry cultivars had different resistances to cadmium stress. The cluster analysis of the membership function integrated values showed that the ten varieties were divided into three categories with high,medium and low resistance to cadmium stress. Both Guisang 6 and Yuesang 11 had the highest resistance to cadmium stress(high resistance),69851,Guisangyou 12,Danbaisang,Sangteyou 2,Guisangyou 62,Guisang 5 and Yuesang 51 were middle resistant(medium resistance),Sha 2×Lun 109 had low resistant to cadmium stress(cadmium sensitive). 【Conclusion】The seeds of Guisang 6 and Yuesang11 have high cadmium resistance,and them can be used as priority to grow on cadmium-contaminated soil.

Key words: mulberry; cadmium stress; seed germination; resistance to cadmium

0 引言

【研究意義】鎘(Cd)是環(huán)境污染面積較大的重金屬元素之一,其點(diǎn)位超標(biāo)率達(dá)7.0%(Zhou et al.,2015),具有范圍廣、易轉(zhuǎn)移、毒性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),還有致癌、致畸和致突變等作用(Munzuroglu and Geckil,2002;Hazrat et al.,2013)。植物修復(fù)是緩解土壤重金屬污染的有效方法,通過(guò)對(duì)土壤中水分及礦物質(zhì)的吸收可將部分重金屬吸附到植株體內(nèi),從而發(fā)揮修復(fù)土壤重金屬污染的作用(應(yīng)金耀等,2018;朱守晶等,2018)。桑樹(shù)(Morus alba L.)為??疲∕ora-ceae)桑屬(Morus)多年生落葉木本植物,是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)樹(shù)種和生態(tài)樹(shù)種(韓世玉,2007),生長(zhǎng)適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),生物量大(劉蕓,2011),對(duì)重金屬鎘具有一定的富集和耐受作用,可修復(fù)鎘污染土壤(Wang et al.,2004)。種子萌發(fā)是植物對(duì)外界環(huán)境適應(yīng)的起點(diǎn),是植株整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)周期中最敏感的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期(Chen et al.,2003),可直接影響幼苗的形態(tài)建成和后期植株的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育(田丹等,2018)。因此,了解不同桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)期的耐鎘性,對(duì)篩選耐鎘桑樹(shù)品種及其推廣應(yīng)用具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】鎘并非植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的必需元素(盧紅玲等,2014),當(dāng)土壤和水體中的鎘積累到一定程度時(shí),不僅破壞植物自身的生長(zhǎng)結(jié)構(gòu),還導(dǎo)致其理化性質(zhì)及生物量積累受到影響(丁繼軍等,2013;薛永等,2014;李仕友等,2017),甚至隨食物鏈的流動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)移到動(dòng)物及人體中,嚴(yán)重危害人體健康(劉發(fā)欣等,2006;楊翠風(fēng)等,2018)。李蘭平等(2012)研究認(rèn)為,紅麻種子萌發(fā)受鎘抑制顯著,且受抑制程度與鎘濃度呈正相關(guān),但不同品種的耐鎘性存在差異。曲凱麗等(2014)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低濃度鎘處理對(duì)小麥種子萌發(fā)具有輕微促進(jìn)作用,而高濃度鎘處理對(duì)小麥種子萌發(fā)具有抑制作用,小麥幼根和胚軸的生長(zhǎng)量均隨鎘濃度的增加而減少。孫亞莉等(2017)研究表明,鎘脅迫對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)均具有顯著的抑制作用,在不同鎘濃度下水稻胚根生長(zhǎng)量均顯著小于胚芽生長(zhǎng)量,且不同品種水稻的耐鎘性存在顯著差異。Fang等(2017)利用隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)21個(gè)黑麥草品種的耐鎘性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),將其分為耐鎘、中等耐鎘、低等耐鎘和敏感型四大類(lèi)。夏芳等(2018)的研究結(jié)果顯示,根據(jù)水稻對(duì)鎘的耐受性差異可將8個(gè)水稻品種分為高抗型、中間型和敏感型?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】目前,針對(duì)不同桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)期耐鎘性的研究鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】分析鎘脅迫對(duì)10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)的影響,探討不同品種對(duì)鎘的耐受性強(qiáng)弱,為篩選耐鎘桑樹(shù)品種及其推廣應(yīng)用提供參考依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料

10個(gè)供試桑樹(shù)品種桑特優(yōu)2號(hào)、桂桑優(yōu)62號(hào)、粵桑11號(hào)、粵桑51號(hào)、蛋白桑、沙2×倫109、69851、桂桑優(yōu)12、桂桑5號(hào)和桂桑6號(hào)的種子均購(gòu)自浙江桐鄉(xiāng)市晨超苗木專(zhuān)業(yè)合作社。

1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法

參照地表水環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB 3838—2002)和王新新等(2013)的方法,將重金屬鎘(CdCl2?2.5H2O)配制成濃度為5.0、30.0、50.0和100.0 mg/L的鎘溶液(按Cd2+計(jì))。選取各桑樹(shù)品種子粒飽滿(mǎn)、大小均勻的種子,分別置于直徑9 cm、內(nèi)鋪2層濾紙的培養(yǎng)皿中,每皿均勻擺放50粒種子,加入5.0 mL不同濃度鎘溶液進(jìn)行發(fā)芽試驗(yàn),以加入5.0 mL蒸餾水(不添加鎘)為對(duì)照(CK),重復(fù)4次。各處理均采用光照培養(yǎng)箱變溫模式培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)條件為光照強(qiáng)度2000 lx、26 ℃下光照12 h、20 ℃下黑暗12 h。逐日觀察記錄各處理發(fā)芽種子數(shù),以幼根與種子等長(zhǎng)作為萌發(fā)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),當(dāng)CK連續(xù)3 d不再有新種子萌發(fā)時(shí)結(jié)束發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)期間根據(jù)需要補(bǔ)充相應(yīng)濃度的鎘溶液或蒸餾水。培養(yǎng)結(jié)束后用鑷子輕緩將萌發(fā)種子取出,用濾紙吸干種子表面水分后,用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量其胚軸長(zhǎng)和幼根長(zhǎng),計(jì)算萌發(fā)率、萌發(fā)指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)。

1. 3 綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法

采用模糊數(shù)學(xué)中的隸屬函數(shù)法分析評(píng)價(jià)10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子的耐鎘性。參照郭媛等(2015)、張桂玲(2015)的方法計(jì)算10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子各指標(biāo)的隸屬函數(shù)值μ(xi)。

μ(xi)=(xi-xmin)/(xmax-xmin)? ? ? ? ?(i=1,2,3[…]n)

式中,xi表示第i個(gè)綜合指標(biāo),xmin表示第i個(gè)綜合指標(biāo)的最小值,xmax表示第i個(gè)綜合指標(biāo)的最大值。

1. 4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2007和SPSS 20.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析和制圖,以測(cè)定的指標(biāo)相對(duì)值(測(cè)定值/CK值)進(jìn)行隸屬函數(shù)計(jì)算和聚類(lèi)分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 鎘脅迫對(duì)不同桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)特征的影響

由表1可知,所有桑樹(shù)品種種子中僅沙2×倫109的CK萌發(fā)率低于50.00%;在5.0 mg/L鎘處理下,粵桑11號(hào)和蛋白桑種子的萌發(fā)率及粵桑11號(hào)、桂桑優(yōu)12號(hào)和桂桑6號(hào)的萌發(fā)指數(shù)較CK均呈小幅上升,但差異不顯著(P>0.05,下同),其他品種種子的萌發(fā)率和萌發(fā)指數(shù)均低于CK,而活力指數(shù)除沙2×倫109外,其他品種均顯著低于CK(P<0.05,下同),其中桂桑6號(hào)種子的活力指數(shù)降幅最小,僅12.27%。

在30.0 mg/L鎘處理下,各桑樹(shù)品種種子的萌發(fā)指數(shù)均低于CK,除桑特優(yōu)2號(hào)和沙2×倫109外均較CK顯著下降;50.0和100.0 mg/L鎘處理下,各品種種子的萌發(fā)指數(shù)均顯著低于CK。在萌發(fā)率方面,當(dāng)鎘濃度增加到50.0和100.0 mg/L時(shí),各品種種子的萌發(fā)率均顯著低于CK,其中桂桑6號(hào)的萌發(fā)率較CK降幅最小,說(shuō)明其具有較強(qiáng)的耐鎘性。當(dāng)鎘濃度為100.0 mg/L時(shí),各品種種子的活力指數(shù)均為0,說(shuō)明種子已停止生長(zhǎng)甚至死亡。由此可見(jiàn),鎘脅迫下10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子的萌發(fā)率、萌發(fā)指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)均受到不同程度抑制,隨鎘濃度的增加,最先受到顯著抑制的是活力指數(shù),其次是萌發(fā)指數(shù),最后是萌發(fā)率,說(shuō)明鎘脅迫對(duì)桑樹(shù)種子活力指數(shù)的抑制作用最明顯。

2. 2 鎘脅迫對(duì)不同桑樹(shù)品種幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響

由表2可知,在5.0 mg/L鎘處理下,除粵桑11號(hào)和69851幼苗的幼根長(zhǎng)稍短于CK但差異不顯著外,其他8個(gè)品種幼苗的幼根長(zhǎng)均顯著短于CK;除桂桑5號(hào)幼苗的胚軸長(zhǎng)顯著長(zhǎng)于CK和桂桑6號(hào)的胚軸長(zhǎng)稍短于CK外,其他8個(gè)品種幼苗的胚軸長(zhǎng)均顯著短于CK,說(shuō)明粵桑11號(hào)、69851和桂桑6號(hào)在種子萌發(fā)期具有一定的耐鎘性,而桂桑5號(hào)種子具有較強(qiáng)的耐鎘性。在30.0、50.0和100.0 mg/L鎘處理下,各品種幼苗的幼根長(zhǎng)和胚軸長(zhǎng)均顯著下降。由此可見(jiàn),鎘脅迫對(duì)桑樹(shù)幼苗的幼根及胚軸生長(zhǎng)均具有明顯抑制作用,且隨鎘濃度的提高,抑制作用不斷加強(qiáng),其中對(duì)幼根生長(zhǎng)的抑制作用大于胚軸。

2. 3 不同桑樹(shù)品種種子的耐鎘性比較

利用種子萌發(fā)過(guò)程中相對(duì)萌發(fā)率、相對(duì)萌發(fā)指數(shù)和相對(duì)活力指數(shù)(表3)的隸屬函數(shù)值(圖1)可綜合分析10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子在萌發(fā)期的耐鎘性。從圖1可看出,桂桑6號(hào)和粵桑11號(hào)種子的隸屬函數(shù)綜合值較高,分別為8.19和8.01,其耐鎘性較強(qiáng),其次是粵桑51號(hào),綜合值為6.36,綜合值最低的為沙2×倫109,僅為1.94,說(shuō)明其耐鎘性最弱。可見(jiàn),桂桑6號(hào)和粵桑11號(hào)可作為修復(fù)重金屬鎘污染土壤的候選桑樹(shù)品種。

2. 4 10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子耐鎘性的聚類(lèi)分析結(jié)果

對(duì)10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子的隸屬函數(shù)綜合值進(jìn)行聚類(lèi)分析,將耐鎘性相近的品種劃分為同一類(lèi)別。從圖2可看出,當(dāng)歐氏距離平方為10時(shí),10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子可分為三大類(lèi):第一類(lèi)為桂桑6號(hào)和粵桑11號(hào),耐鎘性較強(qiáng),屬鎘耐受型品種,可作為修復(fù)土壤鎘污染的候選桑樹(shù)品種;第二類(lèi)為69851、桂桑優(yōu)12號(hào)、蛋白桑、桑特優(yōu)2號(hào)、桂桑優(yōu)62號(hào)、桂桑5號(hào)和粵桑51號(hào),耐鎘性中等,屬中間型品種;第三類(lèi)為沙2×倫109,耐鎘性較弱,屬鎘敏感型品種。

3 討論

不同濃度鎘脅迫對(duì)不同植物種子萌發(fā)規(guī)律的影響存在差異(付世景等,2007),同一物種不同品種對(duì)重金屬的吸收和積累能力也存在明顯差異(Grant et al.,2008)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種中,僅沙2×倫109的CK種子萌發(fā)率低于50.0%,可能與該品種種子在萌發(fā)過(guò)程中存在某些限制因子有關(guān),具體原因有待進(jìn)一步探究;在低濃度(5.0 mg/L)鎘脅迫下,粵桑11號(hào)和蛋白桑種子的萌發(fā)率及粵桑11號(hào)、桂桑優(yōu)12號(hào)和桂桑6號(hào)種子的萌發(fā)指數(shù)均高于CK,說(shuō)明在鎘脅迫下部分桑樹(shù)種子萌發(fā)過(guò)程中存在低促高抑現(xiàn)象,與李林芝等(2015)對(duì)同為落葉木本植物擰條的研究結(jié)果一致,即在低濃度鎘處理下植物種子啟動(dòng)了某些保護(hù)性機(jī)制以緩解外界環(huán)境變化帶來(lái)的傷害;在5.0 mg/L鎘處理下,各桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)的活力指數(shù)除沙2×倫109外均顯著下降,但萌發(fā)率和萌發(fā)指數(shù)在該濃度下未發(fā)生顯著變化,而在30.0和50.0 mg/L鎘處理下部分品種種子的萌發(fā)指數(shù)才開(kāi)始顯著下降,說(shuō)明鎘脅迫對(duì)桑樹(shù)幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響較種子萌發(fā)更敏感,與Jun等(2009)、Tao等(2015)的研究結(jié)果一致。

本研究結(jié)果表明,在低濃度(5.0 mg/L)鎘處理下桑樹(shù)幼苗幼根和胚軸的生長(zhǎng)均受到不同程度抑制,隨鎘濃度的增加,幼根長(zhǎng)的降幅大于胚軸,表明鎘對(duì)桑樹(shù)幼苗幼根的抑制作用大于胚軸,與孫亞莉等(2017)的研究結(jié)果相同,由于桑樹(shù)種子萌發(fā)后,幼根最先突破種皮接觸和吸收鎘溶液,受鎘脅迫時(shí)間較胚軸長(zhǎng),幼根中鎘的積累量大于胚軸,且根是絡(luò)合重金屬的最重要部位,也是最易受重金屬毒性影響的部位,因此其受毒害比芽更深(閆華曉等,2007)。但該研究結(jié)果與Dukic等(2014)對(duì)榆樹(shù)種子萌發(fā)的研究結(jié)果相反,其認(rèn)為鎘在進(jìn)入榆樹(shù)種子后可能抑制某些水解酶發(fā)生作用,導(dǎo)致胚乳中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)不能水解和運(yùn)輸?shù)阶尤~中供其生長(zhǎng)需要(Muhammad and Muhammad,2005),還可能是因?yàn)殒k在榆樹(shù)中的轉(zhuǎn)移能力更強(qiáng),根部吸收鎘后迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到胚軸中,從而首先抑制胚軸伸長(zhǎng)和子葉生長(zhǎng)。

利用植物多指標(biāo)的綜合隸屬函數(shù)值進(jìn)行植物抗重金屬性評(píng)價(jià)是常用的方法(Fang et al.,2017)。本研究通過(guò)計(jì)算10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子萌發(fā)過(guò)程中萌發(fā)率、萌發(fā)指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)相對(duì)值的隸屬函數(shù)值,將不同濃度鎘處理下3個(gè)相對(duì)值的隸屬函數(shù)值相加得到綜合值,最后利用聚類(lèi)分析方法將10個(gè)桑樹(shù)品種種子劃分為三大類(lèi),其中桂桑6號(hào)和粵桑11號(hào)種子的耐鎘性較強(qiáng),沙2×倫109種子的耐鎘性較弱,說(shuō)明不同桑樹(shù)品種的耐鎘性存在一定差異,但其耐鎘性機(jī)理有待進(jìn)一步探究。

本研究?jī)H從種子萌發(fā)方面探究不同桑樹(shù)品種的耐鎘性,由于桑樹(shù)具有生物量大及富集鎘的優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)重金屬污染的土壤修復(fù)具有巨大潛力,因此今后有必要進(jìn)一步從生理生化方面探究桑樹(shù)幼苗的生長(zhǎng)狀況及耐鎘性機(jī)理。

4 結(jié)論

桂桑6號(hào)和粵桑11號(hào)種子的耐鎘性較強(qiáng),可作為修復(fù)鎘污染土壤優(yōu)先選擇的桑樹(shù)品種進(jìn)行推廣種植。

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(責(zé)任編輯 思利華)

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