孫玉桃 董春華 聶軍 魯艷紅 李海露 廖育林
摘要:【目的】探究配施鉀肥對蔬菜黃芽白和苞菜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)及養(yǎng)分吸收的影響,為鉀肥在蔬菜種植上的應(yīng)用推廣提供科學(xué)依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳渣S芽白和苞菜為試驗(yàn)材料,采用大田試驗(yàn),隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列,設(shè)配施鉀肥(N、P2O5和K2O各135 kg/ha)、常規(guī)施肥(N和P2O5各135 kg/ha)和不施肥3個(gè)處理,測定蔬菜產(chǎn)量和硝酸鹽、維生素C、全糖含量及氮、磷、鉀、鈣養(yǎng)分吸收總量?!窘Y(jié)果】配施鉀肥處理的黃芽白和苞菜商品產(chǎn)量分別比不施肥處理(對照)增產(chǎn)20.9%和50.2%,比常規(guī)施肥分別增產(chǎn)6.4%和20.5%,處理間差異均達(dá)顯著水平(P<0.05,下同);與常規(guī)施肥處理相比較,配施鉀肥可有效降低黃芽白和苞菜不同生育時(shí)期及不同部位的硝酸鹽含量,其中,采收期黃芽白和苞菜心葉和外葉硝酸鹽含量顯著降低(黃芽白降幅分別為10.1%和21.2%,苞菜降幅分別為12.9%和22.6%);也能顯著提高商品菜的維生素C和總糖含量,黃芽白心葉維生素C和總糖含量分別提高26.2%和43.8%,苞菜分別提高15.5%和17.6%;同時(shí),能明顯提高氮、磷、鉀和鈣等養(yǎng)分的吸收量,黃芽白氮、磷、鉀和鈣養(yǎng)分總吸收量分別提高9.4%、14.4%、20.8%和10.8%,苞菜分別提高6.4%、4.9%、0.3%和41.9%?!窘Y(jié)論】配施鉀肥可提高黃芽白和苞菜的產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì),值得推廣。
關(guān)鍵詞: 配施鉀肥;黃芽白;苞菜;產(chǎn)量;品質(zhì);養(yǎng)分吸收
中圖分類號: S634.106.1;S635.106.1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2019)08-1779-06
Effects of combined application of potash fertilizer on yield, quality and nutrient absorption of Chinese cabbage(Beassica pekinensis L.) and cabbage(B. oleracea var. capitata L.)
SUN Yu-tao, DONG Chun-hua, NIE Jun, LU Yan-hong,
LI Hai-lu, LIAO Yu-lin*
(Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation(Hunan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha? 410125, China)
Abstract:【Objective】In this paper, effects of combined application of potash fertilizer on yield, quality and nutrient absorption of Chinese cabbage and cabbage were explored in order to provide references for its application and extension in vegetable cultivation. 【Method】Chinese cabbage and cabbage were used as materials and three treatments with randomi-zed block design were set in field experiment, including combined application of potash fertilizer(N, P2O2 and K2O each 135 kg/ha), conventional fertilizer(N and P2O2 each 135 kg/ha) and no fertilizer. Economic and quality indicators of vegetables including yield, content of nitrate, vitamin C and total sugar, and total nutrient absorption of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K) and calcium(C) were measured. 【Result】The commodity yield of Chinese cabbage and cabbage under combined application of potash fertilizer treatment increased by 20.9% and 50.2% respectively compared with that under no fertilization treatment(control), and increased by 6.4% and 20.5% respectively compared with that under conventional fertilization treatment, significant differences were observed between them(P<0.05, the same below). Compared with conventional fertilization, combined application of potash fertilizer treatment could effectively reduce the nitrate content of different parts of Chinese cabbage and cabbage at different growth stages, during harvest period, the nitrate content in heart leaves and outward lesf of Chinese cabbage and cabbage decreased significantly(Chinese cabbage was decreased by 10.1% and 21.2%, cabbage was decreased by 12.9% and 22.6%); significantly improve the content of vitamin C and total sugar in commercial vegetables, and obviously increase the absorption of N, P, K and Ca respectively,and the vitamin C and total sugar content of Chinese cabbage increased by 26.2% and 43.8%, respectively, and cabbage increased by 15.5% and 17.6%;the total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium of Chinese cabbage increased by 9.4%, 14.4%, 20.8% and 10.8%, respectively,and that of cabbage was 6.4%, 4.9%, 0.3% and 41.9%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Combined application of potash fertilizer treatment can increase the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage and cabbage, and should be promoted.
Key words: combined application of potash fertilizer; Chinese cabbage; cabbage; yield; quality; nutrient absorption
0 引言
【研究意義】黃芽白(Beassica pekinensis L.)和苞菜(Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)是湘東地區(qū)秋冬季的主要栽培蔬菜,其種質(zhì)資源豐富,生態(tài)類型多樣,產(chǎn)量高,品質(zhì)好,營養(yǎng)豐富,且耐貯藏運(yùn)輸,也是我國尤其是長江流域及南方各省普遍栽培的蔬菜。但近年來由于片面追求高產(chǎn)及化肥的不合理施用,極大地限制了黃芽白和苞菜的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的進(jìn)一步提高,也導(dǎo)致了肥料利用率低和更多的養(yǎng)分流失。蔬菜產(chǎn)量高低和品質(zhì)優(yōu)劣主要由蔬菜品種(謝景等,2015)、栽培技術(shù)(王榮萍等,2016)、管理措施(廖文華等,2017)及環(huán)境條件(鄭陽霞等,2018)等因素決定,其中,合理施肥對蔬菜產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的形成尤為重要(張杰,2016;黃紹文等,2017),即研發(fā)科學(xué)合理的施肥方法、施肥結(jié)構(gòu)和施肥用量等施肥技術(shù)是蔬菜生產(chǎn)中急需解決的問題。湘東地區(qū)在栽培黃芽白和苞菜時(shí),大量施用氮肥和磷肥,鉀肥施用量很少,甚至不施,因此,通過改進(jìn)施肥技術(shù)來提高黃芽白和苞菜的產(chǎn)量及質(zhì)量,對提高肥料利用效率、推動蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和增加農(nóng)民收入均有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】在當(dāng)前的蔬菜生產(chǎn)中,尤其是葉類蔬菜,為獲得較高經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,通常大量施用氮肥,但少施或不施鉀肥(許肖松,2018),不僅降低了蔬菜的品質(zhì)和生產(chǎn)效益(郭智等,2018),還導(dǎo)致氮素養(yǎng)分在土壤中大量累積(朱同彬等,2017),加劇了生態(tài)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(羅付香等,2018)。為此,人們在培育和篩選蔬菜新品種的同時(shí),不斷對施肥方法進(jìn)行改進(jìn),并提出針對包括白菜類和甘藍(lán)類在內(nèi)九類蔬菜生長特點(diǎn)的施肥措施(陳茂春,2014)。合理施肥不僅可提高蔬菜的肥料利用效率和減少資源浪費(fèi)(司鵬飛等,2016),還能通過降低蔬菜中硝酸鹽含量,以提高蔬菜品質(zhì)和減少對人類健康的威脅(袁麗紅,2008;許肖松,2018)。在合理施肥中,不同蔬菜品種所需肥料配比的研究尤為重要(楊東等,2014;袁偉玲等,2014;許俊香等,2016;朱長安,2018)。因此,蔬菜科學(xué)的肥料用量、合理的配比及氮肥的分期施用比例研究,將對提高蔬菜產(chǎn)量和改善蔬菜品質(zhì)起到重要作用。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】目前,針對蔬菜施肥的研究較多,但有關(guān)施肥對黃芽白和苞菜生產(chǎn)影響的研究較少。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】以湘東地區(qū)秋冬季蔬菜黃芽白和苞菜為研究對象,采用田間小區(qū)試驗(yàn),探究配施鉀肥對兩種蔬菜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分吸收的影響,為黃芽白和苞菜的高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料
供試土壤為第四紀(jì)紅色黏土發(fā)育的紅泥土,土壤pH 5.5,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量21.57 g/kg,堿解氮、速效磷、速效鉀和緩效鉀含量分別為115.0、51.6、179.0和151.0 mg/kg。供試蔬菜品種為黃芽白(豐抗98)和苞菜(中甘1號)。供試肥料中,有機(jī)肥為發(fā)酵菜籽餅,含氮5.15%、磷2.96%、鉀1.22%;化肥氮為尿素(氮46.0%),化肥磷為過磷酸鈣(P2O5 12.0%),化肥鉀為氯化鉀(K2O 60%,加拿大產(chǎn))。
1. 2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)設(shè)在瀏陽市達(dá)滸鎮(zhèn)椒花新村(東經(jīng)113o55′36″,北緯28o24′37″),屬亞熱帶季風(fēng)濕潤氣候,熱量充足,降水豐沛,光照較足,春季溫和,暮春初夏雨多,盛夏高溫,秋季涼爽,冬季寒冷,但嚴(yán)寒期短,多年平均氣溫17.5 ℃,無霜期年平均273 d,最長達(dá)329 d,最短為233 d,年平均日照時(shí)數(shù)1612.2 h,年平均降水量1549.2 mm。每種蔬菜均設(shè)3個(gè)處理:(1)對照(不施肥);(2)常規(guī)施肥(N 135 kg/ha+P2O5 135 kg/ha+K2O 0 kg/ha);(3)配施鉀肥(N 135 kg/ha+P2O5 135 kg/ha+K2O 135 kg/ha)。各處理施已發(fā)酵菜籽餅1125 kg/ha。有機(jī)肥、磷肥、鉀肥作基肥一次性撒施;尿素60%作基肥,20%在蓮座期追施,20%在結(jié)球期追施。試驗(yàn)地一直分別連作黃芽白和苞菜,施肥前全層撒施石灰1500 kg/ha調(diào)節(jié)土壤pH,3次重復(fù),隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列,小區(qū)面積長20 m2(長×寬=5 m×4 m)。于2017年9月移栽,種植株距46 cm,行距60 cm,種植密度34155株/ha。2018年1月一次性采收,用五點(diǎn)法采集土樣和植株樣,植株樣采集后立即洗凈晾干,105 ℃烘箱殺青30 min后在60~80 ℃烘箱中持續(xù)烘干至恒重,再置于粉碎機(jī)中粉碎后待測。
1. 3 測定指標(biāo)及方法
黃芽白和苞菜產(chǎn)量均采用磅秤稱量。評價(jià)黃芽白和苞菜品質(zhì)時(shí),分別在蓮座期和結(jié)球期測定葉片和葉柄的硝酸鹽含量,采收期測定心葉和外葉硝酸鹽含量;在采收期測定心葉和外葉維生素C和總糖含量。土壤和植株指標(biāo)采用常規(guī)方法測定(魯如坤,2000)。硝酸鹽用鋅粉還原-N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺光度法測定,維生素C用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法測定,總糖用斐林試劑滴定法測定,全氮用硫酸—過氧化氫消煮—凱氏蒸餾法測定,全磷用硫酸—過氧化氫消煮—鉬銻抗比色法測定,全鉀用硫酸—過氧化氫消煮—火焰光度法測定,全鈣用原子吸收光譜法測定。
1. 4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用Excel 2010和SPSS 13.0對試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。不同施肥處理間采用Duncan’s新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行差異顯著性檢驗(yàn)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 配施鉀肥對黃芽白和苞菜產(chǎn)量的影響
由表1可知,黃芽白和苞菜各處理間的商品產(chǎn)量和生物產(chǎn)量差異均達(dá)顯著水平(P<0.05,下同)。配施鉀肥處理的黃芽白和苞菜商品產(chǎn)量最高,較常規(guī)處理分別增產(chǎn)6.4%和20.5%,較不施肥處理分別增產(chǎn)20.9%和50.2%;不同處理的生物產(chǎn)量變化趨勢同商品產(chǎn)量一致,即黃芽白和苞菜配施鉀肥處理的生物產(chǎn)量較常規(guī)處理增產(chǎn)13.8%和14.3%,較不施肥處理分別增產(chǎn)23.2%和41.4%,黃芽白增產(chǎn)幅度增大,苞菜增產(chǎn)幅度變小。配施鉀肥對不同品種蔬菜的增產(chǎn)效果不同,因此,不同蔬菜施肥時(shí)不同養(yǎng)分的施用比例尤為重要。
2. 2 配施鉀肥對黃芽白和苞菜品質(zhì)的影響
2. 2. 1 對黃芽白和苞菜硝酸鹽含量變化的影響 人體攝入的硝酸鹽有70%~80%來自于蔬菜(吳永寧,2003),蔬菜硝酸鹽含量較高,即對人類健康造成威脅(許肖松,2018)。由表2可知,在黃芽白和苞菜的整個(gè)生育期中,不施肥處理的黃芽白和苞菜其葉片、葉柄、心葉和外葉的硝酸鹽含量又低于施肥處理,配施鉀肥處理的硝酸鹽含量均低于常規(guī)施肥處理,且采收期3個(gè)處理間差異顯著。從黃芽白的硝酸鹽含量來看,在蓮座期配施鉀肥處理的葉片和葉柄硝酸鹽含量較常規(guī)施肥處理低20.8%和13.6%,結(jié)球期低8.6%和7.6%,采收期配施鉀肥處理的心葉和外葉硝酸鹽含量較常規(guī)施肥處理低10.1%和21.2%;從苞菜的硝酸鹽含量來看,在蓮座期配施鉀肥處理的葉片和葉柄硝酸鹽含量較常規(guī)施肥處理低10.6%和1.7%,結(jié)球期低4.1%和2.2%,采收期配施鉀肥處理的心葉和外葉硝酸鹽含量較常規(guī)施肥處理低12.9%和22.6%。
綜上所述,隨著黃芽白和苞菜生長發(fā)育的進(jìn)行,其硝酸鹽含量呈逐漸降低趨勢,不同生育期各部位的硝酸鹽含量表現(xiàn)為葉柄>葉片、外葉>心葉,表明兩種蔬菜的硝酸鹽主要積累在葉柄和外葉,即更多地存在于非可食用部分。配施鉀肥對促進(jìn)黃芽白和苞菜的生長發(fā)育具有積極作用,較常規(guī)施肥更有利于促進(jìn)黃芽白和苞菜的氮素代謝,同進(jìn)能有效降低黃芽白和苞菜不同部位硝酸鹽含量。在黃芽白和苞菜的生長發(fā)育過程中,葉柄和外葉的硝酸鹽含量高于葉片和心葉,可能是因?yàn)槿~片和心葉是蔬菜的生長發(fā)育中心,因而具有更強(qiáng)的氮素代謝。
2. 2. 2 對黃芽白和苞菜維生素C及總糖含量的影響 由表3可知,配施鉀肥處理的黃芽白心葉維生素C含量比不施肥處理和常規(guī)施肥處理分別高46.2%和26.2%,總糖含量分別高74.7%和43.8%;外葉維生素C含量分別高40.8%和7.5%,總糖含量分別高71.1%和62.5%,差異均達(dá)顯著水平。配施鉀肥處理的苞菜心葉維生素C含量比不施肥處理和常規(guī)施肥處理分別高29.3%和15.5%,總糖含量分別高28.9%和17.6%;外葉維生素C含量分別高15.9%和10.8%,總糖含量分別高27.3%和8.1%,差異均達(dá)顯著水平??梢?,配施鉀肥處理下黃芽白和苞菜的維生素C及總糖含量均得到有效提高,可能是由于養(yǎng)分均衡施肥更有利于加強(qiáng)蔬菜營養(yǎng)代謝,從而促進(jìn)蔬菜植株中養(yǎng)分的運(yùn)輸與合成。
2. 3 配施鉀肥對黃芽白和苞菜養(yǎng)分吸收的影響
2. 3. 1 對氮、磷、鉀、鈣全量養(yǎng)分含量吸收的影響 由表4可知,黃芽白心葉和外葉的氮、鉀、鈣全量含量表現(xiàn)為配施鉀肥處理>常規(guī)施肥處理>不施肥處理,苞菜的心葉和外葉養(yǎng)分含量與黃芽白表現(xiàn)一致。由表4還可看出,黃芽白各養(yǎng)分含量均高于相應(yīng)處理的苞菜,表明黃芽白的礦質(zhì)營養(yǎng)優(yōu)于苞菜;黃芽白的外葉養(yǎng)分含量普遍高于心葉,苞菜則相反,說明黃芽白和苞菜的外葉(非商品菜)均是良好的青飼料。配施鉀肥處理下黃芽白心葉和外葉的氮、磷、鉀、鈣含量分別較常規(guī)施肥處理高6.9%、30.8%、20.0%、0.8%和39.8%、30.6%、9.3%、16.1%;與常規(guī)施肥處理相比較,配施鉀肥處理的苞菜心葉氮、磷、鉀、鈣含量分別提高10.0%、2.6%、11.8%和5.6%,外葉氮、鉀、鈣含量分別提高12.3%、1.6%和11.5%,而磷含量降低2.9%。
2. 3. 2 對氮、磷、鉀、鈣養(yǎng)分總量吸收的影響 由表5可知,黃芽白在配施鉀肥處理下的鉀吸收總量分別較常規(guī)施肥和不施肥處理高20.8%和21.2%,苞菜分別高0.3%和2.6%。氮、磷和鈣的吸收總量與鉀吸收總量趨勢一致,黃芽白在配施鉀肥處理下的氮、磷、鈣吸收總量分別較常規(guī)施肥和不施肥處理高9.4%、14.4%、10.8%和55.8%、14.4%、62.9%,苞菜分別高6.4%、4.9%、41.9%和48.7%、24.0%、56.1%。配施鉀肥和常規(guī)施肥處理中的氮、磷用量一致,但由于鉀肥的施用,有效提高了黃芽白和苞菜對鉀素的吸收,鉀素吸收利用的同時(shí)促進(jìn)了兩種蔬菜對養(yǎng)分氮、磷和鈣的吸收,增加了氮、磷和鈣的吸收總量,鉀肥對蔬菜生長的直接促進(jìn)作用可能較小,最主要的作用是促進(jìn)蔬菜對氮、磷和鈣等養(yǎng)分的吸收,從而間接促進(jìn)蔬菜生長和加強(qiáng)植株代謝,有效提高蔬菜的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。
3 討論
氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分在蔬菜種植中具有一定的協(xié)同吸收作用(鄭文才等,2018),養(yǎng)分均衡施用是蔬菜產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的有力保障(胡小鳳等,2010),因此配施鉀肥對蔬菜種植尤為重要。本研究中,配施鉀肥黃芽白和苞菜的氮、磷、鉀、鈣吸收總量均得到有效提高,說明配施鉀肥能促進(jìn)氮、磷和鈣的吸收;配施鉀肥對養(yǎng)分吸收總量的增加率表現(xiàn)為苞菜低于黃芽白,與其養(yǎng)分含量的提高率較少有關(guān)。苞菜對氮、鉀、鈣的吸收量高于黃芽白,磷吸收量則低于黃芽白,可能與苞菜的根系分布、養(yǎng)分吸收能力存在差異及磷肥易被固定的特性有關(guān)(連彩云和馬忠明,2018)。
配施鉀肥還提高了黃芽白和苞菜的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),配施鉀肥處理的黃芽白和苞菜商品產(chǎn)量較不施肥處理分別增產(chǎn)20.9%和50.2%,較常規(guī)施肥分別增產(chǎn)6.4%和20.5%,處理間差異均達(dá)顯著水平,究其原因可能是由于較多的養(yǎng)分吸收進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)蔬菜生長;蔬菜品質(zhì)中的維生素C和總糖含量增加及硝酸鹽含量下降,可能是由于較多的養(yǎng)分吸收加強(qiáng)了蔬菜的養(yǎng)分代謝利用,從而促進(jìn)維生素C和總糖生成(朱長安,2018),同時(shí),配施鉀肥可能提高了硝酸還原酶活性,從而促進(jìn)氮的同化與利用(鄧曉等,2018)。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),黃芽白和苞菜心葉的維生素C和硝酸鹽含量均低于相應(yīng)處理的外葉,總糖含量均高于相應(yīng)處理的外葉,可能與蔬菜植株中維生素C、硝酸鹽和總糖本身特性和移動性及植株不同部位的物質(zhì)代謝強(qiáng)度不同有關(guān),但具體原因有待進(jìn)一步探究。
4 結(jié)論
配施鉀肥可提高黃芽白和苞菜的產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì),值得推廣。
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(責(zé)任編輯 鄧慧靈)