陳文浩 何立群
摘要 本文就5年來(lái)對(duì)腎缺血再灌注損傷(Renal Ischemic Reperfusion Injury,RIRI)的機(jī)制的研究及保護(hù)機(jī)制進(jìn)行了綜述。腎缺血再灌注損傷的主要分為缺血和再灌注2個(gè)階段,主要病理機(jī)制已知與自由基、細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載、炎性反應(yīng)以及細(xì)胞凋亡等有關(guān)。多是由于RIRI初期自由基的過(guò)度富集引起的血管內(nèi)皮損傷,同時(shí)自由基的富集進(jìn)一步引起炎性反應(yīng)因子的釋放并引起細(xì)胞凋亡,新興的一些研究藥物如奧曲肽,蛇床子素等可以通過(guò)減少活性氧的生成,抑制炎性反應(yīng)因子的表達(dá),抑制細(xì)胞凋亡來(lái)減少腎缺血再灌注損傷,從而保護(hù)腎臟?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥結(jié)合應(yīng)用對(duì)RIRI的防治方面的研究顯示了一定的優(yōu)越性,對(duì)臨床腎移植和急性腎損傷時(shí)對(duì)腎臟的保護(hù)具有一定的提示和借鑒意義。
關(guān)鍵詞 腎缺血再灌注損傷;自由基;鈣超載;炎性反應(yīng);細(xì)胞凋亡;中醫(yī)學(xué);機(jī)制;保護(hù)
Abstract This paper reviewed the mechanism and protective mechanism of renal ischemic reperfusion injury(RIRI)over the past 5 years.Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is mainly divided into 2 stages:ischemia and reperfusion.The main pathological mechanisms are known to be related to free radicals,intracellular calcium overload,inflammatory reaction and apoptosis.Most of them are due to the excessive enrichment of free radicals in the early stage of RIRI,and the accumulation of free radicals further causes the release of inflammatory factors and causes apoptosis.Some emerging research drugs such as octreotide and osthole can reduce the production of reactive oxygen species,inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibit apoptosis to reduce renal ischemia-reperfusion injury,thereby protecting the kidneys.The combination of modern medicine and traditional medicine has shown certain advantages in the prevention and treatment of RIRI.It has certain hints and reference significance for the protection of kidney in clinical kidney transplantation and acute kidney injury.
Key Words Renal ischemic reperfusion injury; Free radicals; Calcium overload; Inflammatory response; Apoptosis; Traditional medicine; Mechanism; Protection
中圖分類號(hào):R256.5文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2019.05.002
缺血再灌注損傷(Ischemic Reperfusion Injury,IRI)是指由于各種原因引起的缺血和血液灌注恢復(fù)引起的組織或器官的損傷。腎臟是臨床缺血再灌注損傷的常見(jiàn)器官之一。腎缺血再灌注損傷(Renal Ischemic Reperfusion Injury,RIRI)臨床上常見(jiàn)于急性腎損傷(Acute Kidney Injury,AKI)和腎移植術(shù)后,是影響AKI治療預(yù)后及腎移植術(shù)后移植物的早期功能恢復(fù)和長(zhǎng)期存活的主要因素之一。RIRI的機(jī)制和保護(hù)研究日漸被關(guān)注,本文就RIRI的機(jī)制和保護(hù)研究作一綜述。
1 RIRI的病理機(jī)制
RIRI的病理機(jī)制復(fù)雜,尚未完全闡明。已知主要的病理機(jī)制涉及自由基,細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載,炎性反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡。
1.1 自由基 自由基分為2大類:活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)和活性氮(Active Nitrogen Species,RNS)。ROS是從氧氣(O2)衍生出來(lái)的分子,極易氧化其他分子,大多數(shù)細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧源自超氧化物(O2-·),包含氧的一電子還原產(chǎn)物超氧陰離子(O2-·)、二電子還原產(chǎn)物過(guò)氧化氫(H2O2)、三電子還原產(chǎn)物羥基自由基(·OH)以及一氧化氮(NO)等[1-2],是一類具有高度活性的氧代謝產(chǎn)物,與機(jī)體細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力相作用,過(guò)量則引起氧化應(yīng)激(Oxidative Stress,OS),是多種疾病的的發(fā)病機(jī)制中的促成因素[3]。OS主要來(lái)源于ROS和RNS的積累,并通過(guò)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和其他內(nèi)源性抗氧化蛋白消除ROS和RNS來(lái)穩(wěn)定OS反應(yīng)[4],維持氧化還原平衡。過(guò)量生成的ROS主要來(lái)自4個(gè)途徑:線粒體鏈呼吸鏈;NADPH氧化酶;由環(huán)氧合酶-2(Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)催化的花生四烯酸(Arachidonic Acid,ARA)反應(yīng);黃嘌呤/黃嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine Oxidoreductase,XOR)系統(tǒng)[5]。大量證據(jù)表明線粒體是ROS產(chǎn)生最主要來(lái)源[6-8],此前的研究報(bào)道了IRI中線粒體來(lái)源的ROS主要生成機(jī)制,在缺血期間線粒體中琥珀酸積累,在血液再灌注期間它被琥珀酸氫化酶迅速氧化,并且通過(guò)線粒體復(fù)合物I的反向電子轉(zhuǎn)移產(chǎn)生大量的ROS,引起OS[1]。
NADPH氧化酶(NOXs)是一類主要生成自由基的酶,被認(rèn)為是ROS的生成來(lái)源之一。其主要功能是生成自由基。目前認(rèn)為人體內(nèi)有7種NOX,NOX1-5和雙氧化酶1-2(DUOX1-2)。含有NOXs的細(xì)胞可以產(chǎn)生大量的ROS,引起并加重OS損傷[9-10]。其中NOX4在腎近端小管細(xì)胞中高度表達(dá),與其他產(chǎn)生超氧化物的NOX比較,NOX4的最終產(chǎn)物主要是過(guò)氧化氫。有研究通過(guò)對(duì)敲除小鼠NOX4基因并進(jìn)行RIRI造模后發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組(RIRI造模的普通小鼠)比較,NOX4敲除小鼠顯示出顯著的腎損傷和嚴(yán)重的腎小管細(xì)胞凋亡。同時(shí)對(duì)腎小管細(xì)胞的NOX4體外沉默的實(shí)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)出細(xì)胞凋亡增加的傾向[11]。而此前的證據(jù)表明NOX4對(duì)腎小管細(xì)胞是具有保護(hù)作用[10]。此外,對(duì)急性大鼠海馬的研究表明,NADPH氧化酶涉及p38 MAPK的激活,同時(shí)促進(jìn)ROS的產(chǎn)生。但不能排除一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和其他ROS對(duì)p38MAPK的潛在作用[12]。
MDA是一種過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)終產(chǎn)物,常用來(lái)評(píng)估機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激損傷水平。有研究對(duì)慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–OPD)并有肺動(dòng)脈高壓(PH)的患者的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)觀察研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于對(duì)照組單純性COPD患者,觀察組COPD合并PH患者的單核細(xì)胞中NADPH氧化酶活性明顯升高,MDA和SOD的結(jié)果表明在OS損傷中NADPH氧化酶-ROS-NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑介導(dǎo)的抗氧化基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄可能是細(xì)胞響應(yīng)OS的重要機(jī)制[13]。
COX是花生四烯酸代謝的限速酶,COX-2觸發(fā)巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生自由基[14]。同時(shí)由COX介導(dǎo)的ARA代謝產(chǎn)生的類花生酸類是目前被認(rèn)為促進(jìn)和維持炎性反應(yīng)信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的生物活性脂質(zhì)。而COX生成的和其他來(lái)源的ROS共同引起ARA過(guò)氧化,促進(jìn)異前列烷和異構(gòu)體的生成,較低的ARA水平也可能導(dǎo)致線粒體功能障礙[6],加重OS及腎臟損害。
黃嘌呤氧化還原酶(XOR)是嘌呤代謝,催化并氧化生成尿酸的關(guān)鍵酶。一些證據(jù)表明,XOR在產(chǎn)生尿酸和ROS中起關(guān)鍵作用[15-16]。一項(xiàng)用XOR抑制劑(XOis)對(duì)脂多糖(LPS)刺激的大鼠的實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),給予XOis的大鼠的ROS、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10水平較未給予XOis的大鼠均有顯著增高[17]。提示XOR能降低組織的炎性反應(yīng)和OS水平。另一項(xiàng)對(duì)小鼠心臟IRI的研究中指出,黃嘌呤氧化酶(XOR)通過(guò)介導(dǎo)線粒體轉(zhuǎn)換孔(mPTP)的開(kāi)放和細(xì)胞凋亡,引起細(xì)胞ROS的病理性升高。同時(shí)研究也指出IRI可顯著上調(diào)受體相互作用蛋白3(Ripk3)的表達(dá),同時(shí)上調(diào)的Ripk3可介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+和XOR水平的升高,誘發(fā)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激。其最終都是引起OS和細(xì)胞凋亡[18]。
OS也涉及到RNS的積累。一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)作為一種RNS,是由NOS產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞舒血管因子(EDRF),較多的證據(jù)表明其具有抗炎、抗氧化等作用[19-21],而腎臟和肺是EDRF代謝最為活躍的部位。此外一些對(duì)OS的研究為我們防治RIRI提供了新的思路。
在一項(xiàng)對(duì)肺的體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)能增加MDA水平和降低SOD活性,抑制高氧誘導(dǎo)的ROS產(chǎn)生[22]。此外,生長(zhǎng)抑素(SST)作為一種內(nèi)源性肽,SST可能影響白細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),黏附和趨化性的活性,它還抑制白細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生活性氧,并具有抗炎和抗氧化作用[23]。
奧曲肽(OCT)作為一種SST類似物,可以通過(guò)增強(qiáng)SOD的活性來(lái)降低ROS水平,保護(hù)腎免受氧化應(yīng)激??山档蚏RI腎臟中的TNF-α和IL-6水平,抑制凋亡進(jìn)程。并下調(diào)NF-kB p65的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)了抗氧化、抗炎的能力。同時(shí)表明OCT可能通過(guò)Nrf2,HO-1和NQO1信號(hào)通路來(lái)保護(hù)腎臟[24]。
1.2 鈣超載 在RIRI中細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載主要機(jī)制與OS和炎性反應(yīng)及細(xì)胞凋亡相聯(lián)系。正常生理狀態(tài)下,機(jī)體由于鈣泵的主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及Na+-Ca2+交換蛋白等的共同作用下維持著細(xì)胞內(nèi)外Ca2+濃度的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。在RIRI的過(guò)程中ATP合成減少,Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性降低,無(wú)法保持正常的Na+-K+交換,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)Na+濃度增高,進(jìn)一步開(kāi)放Na+-Ca2+通道,致使大量Ca2+進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi),引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載,破壞細(xì)胞內(nèi)線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,引起代謝途徑障礙,促進(jìn)ROS的生成。一項(xiàng)研究表明在發(fā)生IRI前施用尿苷-5′-三磷酸(UTP)可以低胞質(zhì)Ca超載,減輕細(xì)胞損傷,其可能的機(jī)制是UTP預(yù)處理可減少NF-kB抑制劑的降解[25]。
王紅雷等對(duì)心肌微循環(huán)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞缺氧復(fù)氧(Hypoxia/reperfusion,HR)處理后發(fā)現(xiàn),HR可能通過(guò)激活三磷酸肌醇受體(IP3R)-細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載([Ca2+]c)/VDAC蛋白-線粒體鈣([Ca2+]m)信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡[26]。提示ISIS可能存在鈣超載和腎臟損害。
而另一項(xiàng)對(duì)從大鼠皮質(zhì)中分離的純腦線粒體的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),高濃度的谷氨酸通過(guò)谷氨酸受體/通道誘導(dǎo)過(guò)量的Ca2+從細(xì)胞外流入細(xì)胞質(zhì),過(guò)量的Ca2+進(jìn)入線粒體,輕度線粒體去極化可降低Ca2+進(jìn)入線粒體,從而減弱線粒體鈣超載。而若能引起線粒體的輕度去極化即可有效阻斷該途徑的線粒體鈣超載及引起的ROS過(guò)量生成和氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),為我們?cè)赗IRI的進(jìn)一步研究中作出提示[27]。
1.3 炎性反應(yīng) 炎性反應(yīng)是致炎因子作用于機(jī)體后,引發(fā)組織細(xì)胞的損壞和誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體清除致炎因子的反應(yīng),主要涉及中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和炎性因子釋放。IRI時(shí)嗜中性粒細(xì)胞可進(jìn)入缺血區(qū)并在再灌注期間被激活,多種炎性因子如白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6,IL-1b和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α等有助于這一進(jìn)程。
MPO是一種在中性粒細(xì)胞活化期間浸潤(rùn)的特異性酶,被用作檢測(cè)炎性反應(yīng)的替代標(biāo)記物,在腎缺血狀態(tài)期間,中性粒細(xì)胞開(kāi)始滲入受損的腎組織并刺激促炎標(biāo)志物,從而加重中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[28]。
過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體(PPAR)作為調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)的因素之一,存在著3種亞型:PPARα(NR1C1),PPARβ/δ(NR1C2)和PPARγ(NR1C3)。其中PPARγ被多種內(nèi)源性脂質(zhì)代謝物以及外源配體如噻唑烷二酮類激活。影響細(xì)胞代謝,增殖,分化和炎性反應(yīng)發(fā)生,通過(guò)促炎細(xì)胞因子的反式阻遏來(lái)影響炎性反應(yīng)[29]。
PPARγ參與各種疾病的發(fā)展。用PPARγ/磷酸肌醇3-激酶(PI3 K)/Akt抑制劑治療的大鼠表現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)重的OS和炎性反應(yīng),而使用他克莫司可有效激活PPARγ/PI3K/Akt途徑來(lái)保護(hù)大鼠[30]。PPARγ激動(dòng)劑可以保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮并減少血管炎性反應(yīng)。PPARγ激動(dòng)劑可顯著減少IRI誘導(dǎo)的iNOS和MMP-9免疫反應(yīng)性,TNFα和IL-6水平以及細(xì)胞的凋亡[31]。
核因子κB(NF-kB)是已知介導(dǎo)炎性反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,由5個(gè)亞基組成:RelA(P65),RelB,c-Rel,NF-kB1(P50)和NF-kB2(P52)。而最常見(jiàn)的二聚體形式是P50-P65異二聚體,P65是與NF-κB抑制劑(IκB)相結(jié)合的關(guān)鍵并調(diào)節(jié)其在體內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)錄。NF-κB主要在激活前存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中并與IκB家族結(jié)合。在激活后,刺激磷酸化包含2個(gè)催化亞基(包括IKKα和IKKβ,連接物IKKγ/NEMO)的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)復(fù)合物IkB激酶(IKK),在泛素依賴性降解后,Iκ B被該復(fù)合物磷酸化,然后NF-κ B被釋放到細(xì)胞核中,從而激活如IL-6和、TNF-α等促炎基因的表達(dá),介導(dǎo)炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[32-34]。
而一項(xiàng)對(duì)RIRI大鼠的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),RIRI大鼠的腎組織中NF-κB,IL-1b,IL-6和TNF-α的炎性反應(yīng)標(biāo)志物核因子NF-p65亞基的濃度較正常對(duì)照組的水平有顯著增加。通過(guò)減少NF-p65的活化,可以下調(diào)各種促炎蛋白如TNF-α,IL-1b和IL-6的水平。同時(shí)通過(guò)上調(diào)PI3K/Akt途徑來(lái)減輕OS和炎性反應(yīng)[28]。
此外ROS是NF-κB的重要影響因子,而NF-κB通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)促炎因子包括iNOS,COX,TNF-α,以及其他如PARP-1等[35],同時(shí)激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞,引起炎性反應(yīng)[9]。
絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是細(xì)胞內(nèi)外的信使,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、分化等多種過(guò)程。MAPKs家族由3個(gè)主要類別組成:細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1和2(ERK1/2),c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)和p38。磷酸化后觸發(fā)NF-κB的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活,NF-κB和MAPK通路共同作用可加重炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[33,36]。大量證據(jù)表明,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB和MAPK信號(hào)通路可以抑制促炎因子TNF-α,IL-6和IL-1β等的表達(dá)水平[37-40],因此在OS過(guò)程中,通過(guò)下調(diào)ROS/p38MAPK/TGF-β1和ROS/p38MAPK/NF-κB等途徑的表達(dá)水平可改善OS和炎性反應(yīng)造成的腎損傷[41-42]。
1.4 細(xì)胞凋亡 細(xì)胞凋亡近些年正逐漸被人所重視。RIRI中通過(guò)多種途徑形成的ROS被認(rèn)為是參與細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、分化和凋亡的新型信號(hào)遞質(zhì)[43],在OS中,ROS可以調(diào)節(jié)一些主要的細(xì)胞壞死、凋亡的途徑。p53被認(rèn)為是ROS誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞死亡過(guò)程中的關(guān)鍵分子。ROS可以通過(guò)與親環(huán)蛋白D(CypD)反應(yīng)來(lái)活化p53,從而引起線粒體膜通道的開(kāi)放和壞死[44]。通過(guò)p53和Bcl-2家族蛋白如Bax和Bid反應(yīng)期間形成的抑制性復(fù)合物,ROS可以來(lái)增加線粒體膜的通透性并引起細(xì)胞色素c釋放。細(xì)胞色素c通過(guò)與凋亡酶激活因子(Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor-1,APF-1)、前caspase-9和ATP形成復(fù)合物來(lái)激活caspase,引起細(xì)胞壞死。同時(shí)ROS可以影響MAPK的表達(dá),從而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡。作為MAPK途徑之一,p38 MAPK途徑被凋亡信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1(ASK1)激活,在IRI期間引起細(xì)胞壞死[9]。
此外ROS還可引起Klotho的表達(dá)下降。Klotho蛋白主要在遠(yuǎn)曲小管(DCT)中產(chǎn)生,是一種抗衰老蛋白,可對(duì)抗IRI中引起的細(xì)胞凋亡[45]。有研究通過(guò)對(duì)小鼠雙側(cè)腎蒂鉗夾35 min后再通進(jìn)行RIRI造模和對(duì)小鼠腎小管上皮細(xì)胞缺氧復(fù)氧實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)RIR導(dǎo)致血液及腎臟中的Klotho蛋白減少,尿量增多。Klotho蛋白可以降低RIRI后的壞死標(biāo)志物RIP1,RIP3,IL-1β和TUNEL陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的水平,改善腎臟損傷。有研究指出Klotho蛋白減少IRI時(shí)細(xì)胞凋亡其可能的機(jī)制與抑制OS有關(guān)[46]。
臨床的一些研究表明AKI患者及CKD患者的Klotho蛋白均低于正常水平,且Klotho缺乏是加劇AKI并導(dǎo)致長(zhǎng)期后果的致病因素[46-48]。而之前的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究也表明Klotho單倍體不足的小鼠腎臟在IRI造模后比野生型小鼠存在更嚴(yán)重的腎功能障礙和更廣泛的組織學(xué)異常[49],同時(shí)Klotho蛋白的減少可誘發(fā)腎細(xì)胞凋亡和鈣化[50],同樣支持了前面的觀點(diǎn)。
2 中醫(yī)學(xué)對(duì)RIR損傷的研究進(jìn)展
RIR損傷于中醫(yī)學(xué)中未見(jiàn)明確病證命名,歸屬中醫(yī)學(xué)中“風(fēng)水”“癃閉”等范疇,總體病機(jī)本虛標(biāo)實(shí),而以“氣滯”“瘀血”“濕濁”等實(shí)證為主。近年來(lái)應(yīng)用中醫(yī)學(xué)防治RIRI逐漸成為熱點(diǎn),主要是以中藥單體提取物和中藥復(fù)方對(duì)RIRI的預(yù)防研究為主。有研究表明,通過(guò)對(duì)小鼠提前應(yīng)用丹參酮I,可抑制RIRI引起的MDA升高,并增加了SOD活性[51]。
一項(xiàng)使用甘木通提取物總黃酮(TFCD)的研究表明,TFCD可以減少大鼠心肌缺血再灌注損傷(MIRI)中血清MDA含量,并增加NO、eNOS、SOD和GSH-Px的水平,提示TFCD具有清除ROS,抗OS的功能。其作用機(jī)制可能與抗氧化、清除氧自由基、調(diào)控NO生成和激活PI3K/Akt-eNOS信號(hào)通路有關(guān)[52]。
蛇床子素是中草藥蛇床的提取物,是一類香豆素類物質(zhì),能有效抗炎、抗凋亡、抗氧化應(yīng)激。一些提前給予大鼠蛇床子素(Osthole)的研究,經(jīng)Osthole處理的RIRI大鼠可明顯減少Cr、BUN、Cleaved-Caspase9、CleavedCaspase3、Bax、ROS、TUNEL和線粒體胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C(CytC)的表達(dá)水平以及腎組織病理?yè)p傷,增加Caspase3、Caspase9和BCL-2的表達(dá)水平以及線粒體膜電位和ATP酶的活性。這表明Osthole可能通過(guò)下調(diào)ROS介導(dǎo)的線粒體凋亡途徑來(lái)保護(hù)腎臟。同時(shí)一些研究提示蛇床子素能夠有效減少腎臟的炎性反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激的發(fā)生,對(duì)大鼠腎臟IRI有保護(hù)作用[53-54]。
此外有證據(jù)表明Osthole可以保護(hù)急性損傷時(shí)的腎功能和腎臟的病理改變,以及下調(diào)由IRI導(dǎo)致的TNF-α、IL-8、IL-6的表達(dá)[55]。同時(shí)蛇床子素可增加CAT、GPx和SOD表達(dá),減少Cr、BUN、MDA、TNF-α、MCP-1和IL-6的表達(dá)以及腎臟病理形態(tài)的改變[56]。
葛根素是葛根的主要成分,研究表明對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行IRI模型制備后腹腔注射葛根素可降低大鼠血漿中CRP,TNF-α,IL-6水平,同時(shí)上調(diào)AKT基因表達(dá)、抑制Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá),抑制了IRI后的炎性反應(yīng)[57]。
有研究應(yīng)用黃芪當(dāng)歸合劑防治大鼠RIRI,研究結(jié)果表明與模型組比較,提前應(yīng)用黃芪當(dāng)歸合劑可降低血清中的MDA水平,同時(shí)降低了ICAM-1、MCP-1的表達(dá),提示黃芪當(dāng)歸合劑可能通過(guò)抑制機(jī)體的氧化應(yīng)激水平和炎性反應(yīng)途徑來(lái)保護(hù)腎臟[58]。
提前應(yīng)用當(dāng)歸補(bǔ)血湯灌胃可減少RIRI大鼠腎臟中TLR4 mRNA和NF-κB p65 mRNA的表達(dá)量,提示大鼠RIRI可能與TLR4/NF-κB通路相關(guān),提前應(yīng)用當(dāng)歸補(bǔ)血湯可以抑制該信號(hào)通路從而緩解RIRI[59]。
3 總結(jié)
RIRI是臨床常見(jiàn)的病癥和病理因素,其主要的病理機(jī)制主要包括自由基損傷、細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載、炎性反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡這幾個(gè)方面。多是由于RIR初期自由基的過(guò)度富集引起的血管內(nèi)皮損傷,同時(shí)自由基的富集進(jìn)一步引起炎性反應(yīng)因子的釋放并引起細(xì)胞凋亡。雖然近年來(lái)日漸被重視,對(duì)RIRI時(shí)OS損傷和炎性反應(yīng)的研究也日漸深入,但臨床上對(duì)應(yīng)的治療措施仍顯匱乏。多是在RIRI前或發(fā)生時(shí)給予抗氧化劑或抗炎藥,可減少OS和炎性反應(yīng)以及細(xì)胞凋亡等對(duì)腎臟的損傷,保護(hù)腎臟功能。故近年來(lái)傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥對(duì)RIRI的防治作用研究日漸興起,從中醫(yī)學(xué)角度來(lái)看,RIRI的總體病機(jī)本虛標(biāo)實(shí),而以“氣滯”“瘀血”“濕濁”等實(shí)證為主,多以行氣活血,健脾益腎等中藥單體或湯劑的藥物研究為主要方向,在對(duì)RIRI的防治方面的研究取得了一定的成果。此外現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥結(jié)合應(yīng)用對(duì)RIRI的防治方面的研究顯示了一定的優(yōu)越性,對(duì)臨床腎移植和急性腎損傷時(shí)對(duì)腎臟的保護(hù)具有一定的提示和借鑒意義。然而,這些研究仍未能很好地解釋RIRI的機(jī)制變化和病機(jī)改變。因此,對(duì)RIRI進(jìn)一步的機(jī)制變化和病機(jī)改變?nèi)孕柘到y(tǒng)地研究和總結(jié),對(duì)臨床的應(yīng)用具有重大的意義。
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(2019-04-10收稿 責(zé)任編輯:王明)