武瑞雪

英語的閱讀能力是發(fā)展其他語言技能的基礎(chǔ)和前提，在英語國家中閱讀能力是最重要的學(xué)習(xí)能力，它直接影響學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)成績，英語閱讀能力實(shí)際上是思維能力、理解能力、概括閱讀能力與判斷能力的綜合。

那么如何才能提高閱讀能力和閱讀技巧呢？

1 擴(kuò)大詞匯量儲(chǔ)備

詞匯是閱讀理解的基石。我們?cè)陂喿x理解時(shí)所遇到的首要問題是詞語障礙，沒有一定的詞匯量作基礎(chǔ)，就談不上理解能力的提高。外語學(xué)習(xí)者如擁有5000詞匯量，閱讀正確率可達(dá)53%，詞匯量達(dá)到8000，閱讀正確率可達(dá)80%。因此，熟練掌握課本單詞，適量擴(kuò)充課外詞匯是提高閱讀能力的基礎(chǔ)。

2 提高閱讀速度

閱讀速度是閱讀能力的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)。要提高閱讀速度，可從幾個(gè)方面加以訓(xùn)練：

2.1 克服不良的閱讀習(xí)慣

有些同學(xué)在閱讀時(shí)存在著不少的陋習(xí)，如：視野狹窄，一次只看一個(gè)單詞;用手指著單詞，逐個(gè)閱讀;只理解單詞的個(gè)別意思，不注意慣用短語、詞組的意思;一遇到生詞就查字典;為了弄清楚某個(gè)意思，反復(fù)地閱讀前面內(nèi)容等等。這些不良習(xí)慣勢(shì)必會(huì)影響思維的連貫性，造成顧此失彼的結(jié)果，對(duì)閱讀材料缺乏整體性的理解。

2.2 限時(shí)閱讀訓(xùn)練

限時(shí)閱讀是根據(jù)所讀材料的內(nèi)容難度、長度，并參照大綱對(duì)各年級(jí)閱讀速度的要求，對(duì)該材料的閱讀時(shí)間予以限定。例如：約250字的材料限定5分鐘左右?？刂茣r(shí)間有利于挖掘?qū)W生的閱讀能力，專心致志于閱讀。

3 閱讀理解解題技巧

3.1 先看問題，再帶著問題閱讀

很多同學(xué)在考試中從文章開始閱讀，然后再看題目，不得不重新閱讀文章去找答案，這樣非常影響答題速度。建議平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中先閱讀問題，帶著問題去讀文章，這樣速度會(huì)加快很多，而且可以從問題中能大概推測(cè)文章的意思，更有助于快速理解文章。

3.2 重點(diǎn)閱讀每段第一句話。

每段的第一句話通常是整段的中心句，接下來的句子都是圍繞中心句展開，是對(duì)第一句的補(bǔ)充說明，或者是延伸等等。通常會(huì)遇到生詞，但是這些生詞不會(huì)影響對(duì)文章段落的理解，所以遇到不懂的生詞，即時(shí)跳過或者根據(jù)上下文，推斷某些單詞和短語的意義。

3.3 注意句子的關(guān)鍵詞

中心句的關(guān)鍵詞，經(jīng)常是考點(diǎn)，很多題目都是考察句子的關(guān)鍵詞。

尤其是一些有順承關(guān)系的，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的，解釋說明的，例如：but.however，the reason is ，because，等等，這些詞的后面往往是出題點(diǎn)。

3.4 主旨題，引申題

通常這種題是考察學(xué)生對(duì)文章的整體把握，一般來說，這種題應(yīng)該放到最后解答。第一，考生可以通過之前的問題了解文章的主旨和作者的意思;第二，考生可以根據(jù)詞性了解作者的態(tài)度，如果文中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)貶義詞，那么可以判斷作者的態(tài)度是否定的。

3.5 遇到生詞

通常情況下，只要不影響閱讀，生詞基本可以跳過，但是如果題目中特別要求解釋詞的意思但是我們又不熟悉的時(shí)候，可以用邏輯推理或者代入法來解答。

下面我們用剛才的幾點(diǎn)技巧來看下面文章：

During all this time I never stopped thinking about escape. When I traveled across to the other side of the island， I could see the other islands， and I said to myself， “Perhaps I can get there with a boat. Perhaps I can get back to England one day.”

So I decided to make myself a boat. I cut down a big tree， and then began to make a long hole in it. It was hard work， but about six months later， I had a very fine canoe. Next， I had to get it down to the sea. How silly I was！ Why didn’t I think before I began work？ Of course， the canoe was too heavy. I couldn’t move it！ I pulled and pushed and tried everything， but it didn’t move. I was very unhappy for a long time after that.

That happened in my fourth year on the island. In my sixth year I did make myself a smaller canoe， but I did not try to escape in it. The boat was too small for a long journey， and I did not want to die at sea. The island was my home now， not my prison， and I was just happy to be alive. A year or two later， I made myself a second canoe on the other side of the island. I also built myself a second house there， and so I had two homes.

My life was still busy from morning to night. There were always things to do or to make. I learnt to make new clothes for myself from the skins of dead animals. They looked very strange， it is true， but they kept me dry in the rain.

I kept food and tools at both my houses， and also wild goats. There were many goats on the island， and I made fields with high fences to keep them in. They learnt to take food from me， and soon I had goats’ milk to drink every day. I also worked hard in my corn （玉米） fields. And so many years went by.

（1）To survive， the writer did the following EXCEPT _____________.

A. keeping goats for milk

B. making clothes from animal skins

C. working in the cornfields

D. going fishing in the sea

這是細(xì)節(jié)題，只要能在文中找到選項(xiàng)就是正確的，但是特別注意題目大寫字體。

最后兩段中，ABC三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中都能找到

（2） Why didn’t the writer use his first canoe？

A. Because it was too small for a long journey.

B. Because it was too heavy to get down to the sea.

C. Because there was something wrong with it.

D. Because the writer was busy building a second house.

Canoe是生詞，我們先猜意思;第二段中心句子是作者準(zhǔn)備做一艘船，接下來講述他把一截樹干挖空就做成了Canoe，但是Canoe太重?zé)o法下水，我們可以猜到Canoe是船的一種。

所以他第二次又造了Canoe。

（3）From the story， we can learn that _____________.

A. the writer tried to make his stay comfortable on the island

B. the writer had nothing to do on the wild island

C. the writer tried to escape in the second canoe， but failed

D. the writer was in prison on the island， losing his freedom

細(xì)節(jié)題，A選項(xiàng)題中沒有明確說明 先略過，B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，每段話中心句：作者一直在努力求生，其次nothing 這種絕對(duì)性很強(qiáng)的詞一般都是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，除非在文章中特別出現(xiàn)。

C選項(xiàng)，第三段第二句中but是重點(diǎn)，作者沒有想逃離。

D選項(xiàng)，第三段第四句not是重點(diǎn)，不是prison.

通過全文看，作者努力讓自己在島上活得舒服，因此A是最佳答案

（4）What is the best word to describe the writer？

A. excited B. brave C. adventurous D. hard-working

主旨題：通過全文我們知道這是一個(gè)荒島歷險(xiǎn)故事。BD是干擾項(xiàng)，包含在C中。

總體說來，閱讀理解技巧適用于考試，但是在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中，建議大家還是應(yīng)該充分理解每句話的意思，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，提高自己的閱讀水平和理解能力。

（作者單位：河南省焦作市許衡中學(xué)）