張祥美
在英語中,句子的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語保持一致,這就是我們通常所說的“主謂一致”。
◎要點梳理
“主謂一致”一般遵循語法一致、意義一致和就近一致三個原則。
一、語法一致原則
語法一致原則是指謂語動詞要與主語在語法形式上保持一致,即謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式還是復數(shù)形式取決于主語的單、復數(shù)形式。
1.在以?s(或?es)結尾的人名前加定冠詞the用來表示一家人、夫妻兩個人或同名同姓的若干人作主語時,謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。例如:
The Whites were having dinner when I arrived. 我到達時,懷特一家正在吃晚飯。
2.主語為可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)時,謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式;主語為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Liu Tao often goes to work by car. 劉濤常常開車去上班。
We have never been to the Great Wall. 我們從未去過長城。
3.主語的名詞前有three?fifths(3/5)、20%等分數(shù)詞修飾時,謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式應依名詞的類別和數(shù)量而定。例如:
Three?fifths of the ground is covered with snow. 五分之三的地面都被雪覆蓋著。
4.動名詞(短語)、動詞不定式(短語)或從句作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。但若由and連接兩個動名詞(短語)或動詞不定式(短語)作主語時,謂語動詞則用復數(shù)形式。例如:
Reading aloud is helpful to learn English. 大聲讀對學英語是有幫助的。
To say something is one thing, to do it is another. 說是一回事,做是另一回事。
What he said has been recorded. 他說的話被錄音了。
5.國家、機構、事件、作品等名稱作主語時,謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。例如:
One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories. 《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多有趣的故事。
6.all、some、several、both、few、many和a number of等作主語或修飾主語時,謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。例如:
A number of books have lent out. 許多書已經被借出去了。
7.a kind of、 the number of等與名詞構成的短語作主語時,謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。例如:
The number of workers in the factory is less than 1200.這家工廠里工人的數(shù)量不到1200。
二、意義一致原則
意義一致原則是指從意義上著眼處理主謂一致的關系,而不僅僅取決于表面上的語法一致。
1.shoes、trousers、gloves、glasses和 scissors等成雙成對的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式;若這些名詞前用了pair之類的表示計量單位的單詞時,謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式則由這些計量單詞的單、復數(shù)形式決定。例如:
The pair of sunglasses is made of plastic. 這副太陽鏡是塑料做的。
Here are some new pairs of shoes. 這兒有幾雙新鞋。
2.由and或both... and...連接的并列主語,其后的謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。例如:
Both Millie and Sandy were there. 米麗和桑迪都在那兒。
3.表示金錢、時間、距離、重量、數(shù)量等復數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小時的睡眠就足夠了。
Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life. 在人的一生里,二十年意味著是一段很長的時期。
4.由some、any、no和every等構成的不定代詞以及either、neither、many a等作主語時,謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Neither of my classmates likes sports. 我的同班同學中沒有人喜歡運動。
Everything begins to grow in spring. 春天萬物開始生長。
5.news、physics、maths和politics等復數(shù)形式表示單數(shù)意義的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如:
The good news makes people happy. 好消息使人高興。
6.class、family、team、army、club、public、group和police等單數(shù)形式的集合名詞作主語,當它們強調總體概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;當強調個體概念時,謂語動詞則用復數(shù)形式。例如:
People say that the girl is very bright. 人們都說那個女孩很聰明。
Greens family are having lunch. 格林一家人正在吃午飯。
三、就近一致原則
就近一致原則是指謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式要與它緊鄰的主語的單、復數(shù)形式保持一致。
1.neither... nor...、either... or...、not only... but also...以及or等連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞應該與其最靠近的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如:
Not only I but also he wants to go swimming in the river. 不僅是我,他也想去河里游泳。
2.在There be...和Here be...句式中,若主語是幾個并列成分時,be動詞應與其最靠近的主語保持數(shù)的一致。例如:
Here is a letter and two newspapers for your father. 這兒有你爸爸的一封信和兩張報紙。
另外,若主語帶有表示伴隨的介詞或介詞短語,如with...、 along with...、 together with...和 except...等時,謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式由介詞或介詞短語前的主語的單、復數(shù)形式來決定。例如:
He with his teachers is going to visit Mount Tai next week. 下周他和他的老師們要到泰山觀光旅游。
還要注意,當but、except、besides、including、as well as和like等連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞需和前面的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如:
Nobody except his parents was there. 除了他的父母,沒有其他的人在那兒。
◎真題回放
1.Everyone in my class except Tom and Mary to Beijing.
【2018·齊齊哈爾中考題】
A.have been
B.have gone
C.has been
【答案與解析】C 根據句意“除了湯姆和瑪麗之外,我們都去過北京”可知要用have been to。主語為everyone,助動詞應用has。
2.Playing computer games too often
bad for us.
【2018·永州中考題】
A.am B.is C.are
【答案與解析】B 動名詞短語作主語時,謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。
3.—How many doctors are there in your hospital, David?
— them over one hundred.
【2018·眉山中考題】
A.woman; The number of; is
B.women; A number of; are
C.woman; A number of; is
D.women; The number of; is
【答案與解析】D woman doctor的復數(shù)形式為women doctors;主語the number of...后的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。
4.Neither Tom nor I interested in playing WeChat.
【2018·蘭州中考題】
A.am? ? ? ? B.is? ? ? ? C.are? ? ? ?D.be
【答案與解析】A neither... nor...連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應與其相鄰的主語保持一致。
5.Not only children but also my husband crazy about the movie Operation Red Sea (《紅海行動》).
【2018·泰州中考題】
A.is? ? ? ? ? B.are? ? ? ?C.am? ? ?D.be
【答案與解析】A not only... but also...連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式應與后一個主語的單、復數(shù)形式保持一致,故用is。
6.Lets save pandas. There
only about 2,000 pandas living in the forests now.
【2018·吉林中考題】
A.am? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.is? ? ? ? ? ? ?C.are
【答案與解析】C there be句型中be動詞的單、復數(shù)形式應與主語about 2,000 pandas保持一致,故用are。
7.Andy, with his parents, Hong Kong, and some shopping by them.
【2018·安順中考題】
A.have gone to; will do
B.has gone to; will be done
C.have been to; will do
D.has been to; do
【答案與解析】B Andy是主語,with his parents短語作狀語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。根據后半句可知,他們去了香港還未回來,用has gone to。再根據by them可知,第二空用被動語態(tài)。
8.—David has been away for more than 25 days.
—I miss him very much, 25 days
short.
【2010·黃岡中考題】
A.is? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.isnt
C.are? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.arent
【答案與解析】A “25天”是指時間量,一般看作是一個整體,謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。由前半句“我很想念他”可判斷,25天不是短暫的。
9.Both Mike and I ready for the new high school life.
【2018·新疆中考題】
A.be? ? ? ? B.am? ? ? ?C.is? ? ? ?D.are
【答案與解析】B both... and...連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。
10.Helen has got two brothers.
of them likes chocolate, but she loves it.
【2016·安徽中考題】
A.Neither ? ? ? ? ? ? B.None
C.Each? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.Any
【答案與解析】A 句意:海倫有兩個哥哥,他們倆沒有一個喜歡巧克力的,但她喜歡。根據句意及謂語動詞likes可知,要用neither。
◎貼身小練
根據句意,從A、B、C、D四個選項中選出能夠填入空白處的最佳選項。
1.Both Kate and I ready for the new high school life.
A.am? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.is
C.are? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D.be
2.Now smart phones in many ways in our daily life.
A.are used? ? ? ? ? ? ? B.is used
C.are using? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.is using
3.Maths my favorite subject.
A.am? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.be
C.is? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.are
4.Three days too long for us to wait.
A.are? ? ? ? B.is? ? ? ? C.am? ? ? D.be
5.Look! A number of students
football on the playground.
A.are playing? ? ? ? ? ?B.is playing
C.plays? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D.will play
6.Not only I but also he good at drawing now.
A.am
B.are
C.is
D.be
7.Nobody but you the secret.
A.know? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.knows
C.have known? ? ? ?D.is
8.You as well as he to blame for the accident.
A.are? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.is
C.have? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.has
9.That place is not interesting at all. of us to go there.
A.Both; want
B.Neither; wants
C.Some; wants
D.All; want
10.The boy with the two dogs
when the earthquake rocked the city.
A.were sleeping
B.are sleeping
C.is sleeping
D.was sleeping
11.The news he told you very wonderful.
A.is? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B.sound
C.are ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.am
12.The rest of milk hot.
A.are? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.look like
C.is? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.am
13.More than 70% of the students
the countryside.
A.is? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B.are
C.is from? ? ? ? ? ? ? D.are from
14.To play basketball and to go swimming useful for character?training.
A.was? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B.is
C.are? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D.were
15.Look!The police for a thief over there.
A.is searching
B.was searching
C.are searching
D.were searching
(答案見第63頁)