0.05)。術(shù)"/>
賈健 成凱
【摘要】 目的:對比不同手術(shù)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)對髖臼發(fā)育不良的療效。方法:選擇2016年8月-2018年9月在本院行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的髖臼發(fā)育不良患者62例,采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為對照組與觀察組,每組31例。兩組均由同一組具有5年以上臨床經(jīng)驗的醫(yī)護(hù)人員在全麻下進(jìn)行手術(shù),對照組行常規(guī)后側(cè)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),觀察組行直接前側(cè)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。對比兩組臨床療效、炎性反應(yīng)指標(biāo)及髖臼假體位置。結(jié)果:觀察組治療總有效率(96.77%)與對照組(93.55%)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后兩組C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)及肌酸激酶(CK)水平均明顯高于術(shù)前(P<0.05),且對照組CRP、IL-1、TNF-α及CK均高于觀察組(P<0.05)。兩組髖臼前傾角與外展角比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:直接前側(cè)入路與常規(guī)后側(cè)入路行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)對髖臼發(fā)育不良患者的療效相當(dāng),且髖臼假體位置差別不大,但直接前側(cè)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)能夠減輕患者炎性反應(yīng)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 手術(shù)入路; 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù); 髖臼發(fā)育不良
Comparative Study of the Effects of Total Hip Arthroplasty in Different Surgical Approaches on Acetabular Dysplasia/JIA Jian,CHENG Kai.//Medical Innovation of China,2019,16(23):00-010
【Abstract】 Objective:To compare the effects of total hip arthroplasty through different surgical approaches on acetabular dysplasia.Method:A total of 62 patients with acetabular dysplasia underwent total hip arthroplasty in our hospital from August 2016 to September 2018 were selected.They were divided into control group and observation group by random number table method,31 cases in each group.The two groups were operated under general anesthesia by the same group of medical staff with more than 5 years of clinical experience.The control group was treated with routine posterior approach total hip arthroplasty.The observation group was treated with direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty.The clinical efficacy,inflammatory response index and acetabular prosthesis position were compared between the two groups.Result:The total effective rate of the observation group(96.77%)was compared with that of the control group(93.55%),the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The levels of C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-1(IL-1),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and creatine kinase(CK)in both groups after operation were significantly higher than those before operation(P<0.05),and the levels of CRP,IL-1,TNF-α and CK of the control group were higher than those of the observation group (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in acetabular anteversion angle and abduction angle between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:The effect of direct anterior approach is comparable to that of the conventional posterior approach for total hip arthroplasty in patients with acetabular dysplasia and there is little difference in the position of acetabular prosthesis,but the direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty can reduce the inflammatory response in patients.
【Key words】 Surgical approaches; Total hip arthroplasty; Acetabular dysplasia
First-authors address:Linfen Peoples Hospital,Linfen 041000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.23.002
發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良(過去也稱為先天性髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位)是以髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育過程中空間及時間上不穩(wěn)定為特征的一組病變的總稱,主要包括髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位、半脫位及髖臼發(fā)育不良,其中以髖臼發(fā)育不良較為常見[1-2]。該病可引起患兒步態(tài)異常,相鄰關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育異常而導(dǎo)致脊柱發(fā)育畸形,成年后出現(xiàn)腰痛及髖關(guān)節(jié)退行性病變而引起的疼痛等,目前對于該病的病因尚未完全明確,大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為與力學(xué)因素、遺傳移速、性別及環(huán)境差異有關(guān),治療以手術(shù)治療為主[3]。多項研究顯示,全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)對髖臼發(fā)育不良患者療效確切,但傳統(tǒng)的全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)以后側(cè)入路為主,此入路對患者的外側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)可造成破壞而增加假體脫位的發(fā)生率,不僅給患者帶來巨大的痛苦,還對患者家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)造成不小的負(fù)擔(dān)[4-5]。直接前側(cè)入路可通過闊筋膜張肌及股直肌間隙入路對患者外側(cè)穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)無破壞作用,且穩(wěn)定性較高。目前對于不同手術(shù)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)對髖臼發(fā)育不良療效對比主要集中于臨床觀察方面,對于兩種術(shù)式對患者實驗室指標(biāo)與髖臼位置方面的影響方面鮮有相關(guān)報道,因此本研究旨在通過對比兩種手術(shù)入路對髖臼發(fā)育不良患者炎性反應(yīng)指標(biāo)及髖臼假體位置方面的影響進(jìn)行分析,以期為臨床上全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療髖臼發(fā)育不良提供新的思路?,F(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇2016年8月-2018年9月在本院行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的髖臼發(fā)育不良患者62例進(jìn)行研究。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)臨床診斷,影像學(xué)檢查確診為CroweⅠ、Ⅱ型的髖臼發(fā)育不良者;(2)初次行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);(3)髖關(guān)節(jié)活動度良好;(4)BMI指數(shù)在30 kg/m2以下;(5)神志清醒,智力正常,可與醫(yī)護(hù)人員進(jìn)行正常交流者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)既往髖部手術(shù)者;(2)股骨嚴(yán)重畸形者;(3)近期出現(xiàn)血栓性疾病者;(4)惡性腫瘤者;(5)嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松癥者。采用隨機數(shù)字表法將患者分為對照組與觀察組,每組31例。所有患者及家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書,本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 兩組均由同一組具有5年以上臨床經(jīng)驗的醫(yī)護(hù)人員在全麻下進(jìn)行手術(shù)。(1)對照組行常規(guī)后側(cè)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),麻醉后患者側(cè)臥,對術(shù)區(qū)常規(guī)消毒、備皮、鋪巾,在髖關(guān)節(jié)后外側(cè)作一長約10 cm的切口,逐層切開皮膚、皮下筋膜后暴露闊筋膜張肌及臀大肌。切開闊筋膜對大粗隆上滑膜組織進(jìn)行鈍性分離,以Hoffman拉鉤牽開臀中肌,將外旋肌群充分暴露,在大轉(zhuǎn)子止點將梨狀肌、上、下孖肌等短外旋肌群切斷后保留腱性組織。以骨膜剝離器對關(guān)節(jié)囊進(jìn)行鈍性分離,將關(guān)節(jié)囊進(jìn)行T形切開,并將后方關(guān)節(jié)囊部分切除,行股骨頸截骨,保留1 cm股骨距,將股骨頭完整取出。采用髖臼銼對髖臼至髖臼壁進(jìn)行逐層打磨至均勻滲血,打磨過程中注意對前后方骨質(zhì)的保留,選擇合適的骨臼杯進(jìn)行安裝,前傾角控制在10°~15°,外展角控制在40°~45°,髖臼前后壁骨質(zhì)損傷嚴(yán)重者可植入1~3枚松質(zhì)骨螺釘固定,安裝內(nèi)襯。屈曲、內(nèi)旋下降骨髓腔顯露,保持小腿在手術(shù)創(chuàng)面垂直,擴(kuò)髓后對術(shù)區(qū)進(jìn)行脈沖沖洗,插入股骨柄假體,選擇合適的股骨頭假體進(jìn)行安裝,髖關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)位后再次進(jìn)行脈沖沖洗,留置負(fù)壓引流管,關(guān)閉切口后通過引流管注射10%氨甲環(huán)酸注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:貴州圣濟(jì)堂制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H20063068,規(guī)格:5 mL︰0.5 g)20 mL及0.75%羅哌卡因(生產(chǎn)廠家:宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H20103636,規(guī)格:10 mL︰100 mg)10 mL。(2)觀察組行直接前側(cè)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),麻醉后取健側(cè)臥位,常規(guī)消毒、鋪巾。在髂前上棘下、外側(cè)2 cm處向Gerdy方向作一10~11 cm的切口,逐層切開并分離組織,鈍性分離闊筋膜及下層肌肉將Smith-Peterson間隙充分暴露,將旋股外側(cè)動脈升支切段并結(jié)扎,鈍性分離骨直肌與闊筋膜張肌,并將關(guān)節(jié)囊上方脂肪組織去除以充分暴露關(guān)節(jié)囊。切開關(guān)節(jié)囊將股骨頸完全暴露后行雙道截骨,取出股骨頭及斷頸,將股骨頭圓韌帶及髖臼周圍增生骨贅清除以充分暴露髖臼,采用髖臼銼逐漸對其進(jìn)行打磨直至骨質(zhì)斷面有新鮮血液滲出,沖洗后以前傾角5°~10°,外展角35°~45°標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行臼杯安裝,視髖臼杯穩(wěn)定性決定是否使用螺釘,安裝內(nèi)襯。將患肢外旋、后伸,在股骨近端插入直骨撬與側(cè)角骨撬,以電刀對股骨近段軟組織進(jìn)行電刀松解以暴露髓腔,擴(kuò)髓后對術(shù)區(qū)進(jìn)行脈沖沖洗,插入股骨柄假體,安裝股骨頭假體后復(fù)位髖關(guān)節(jié),再次對術(shù)區(qū)進(jìn)行沖洗,留置負(fù)壓引流管,關(guān)閉切口,術(shù)后處理同對照組。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 對比兩組臨床療效、血清學(xué)指標(biāo)及髖臼假體位置。(1)療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在術(shù)前、術(shù)后24周采用髖關(guān)節(jié)Harris評分對患者髖關(guān)節(jié)功能進(jìn)行評估,計算髖關(guān)節(jié)評分改善率,髖關(guān)節(jié)評分改善率=(術(shù)后評分-術(shù)前評分)/術(shù)后評分×100%,根據(jù)計算結(jié)果進(jìn)行療效評估,顯效:髖關(guān)節(jié)評分改善超75%;有效:髖關(guān)節(jié)評分改善50%~75%;好轉(zhuǎn):髖關(guān)節(jié)評分改善30%~50%;無效:髖關(guān)節(jié)評分改善不足30%[6]??傆行?顯效+有效+好轉(zhuǎn)。(2)炎性反應(yīng)指標(biāo):在術(shù)前及術(shù)后1周抽取患者空腹外周靜脈血4 mL,以3 000 r/min轉(zhuǎn)速離心15 min,分離血清后對腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)及肌酸激酶(CK)進(jìn)行檢測,均采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗進(jìn)行檢測,試劑盒購于美國R&D公司,操作由專業(yè)人員嚴(yán)格按說明書進(jìn)行。(3)髖臼假體位置:在術(shù)后第1天對患者進(jìn)行骨盆正位X線片檢查,對髖臼前傾角與外展角進(jìn)行檢測,以拍攝X線片后參照文獻(xiàn)[7]進(jìn)行計算前傾角與外展角。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 22.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,組內(nèi)比較采用配對t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 對照組,男14例,女17例;年齡34~65歲,平均(50.18±6.94)歲;BMI 20.16~29.15 kg/m2,平均(26.17±3.02)kg/m2;CroweⅠ型18例,Ⅱ型13例。觀察組男12例,女19例;年齡33~66歲,平均(50.29±7.02)歲;BMI 20.09~29.26 kg/m2,平均(26.05±3.11)kg/m2;CroweⅠ型16例,Ⅱ型15例。兩組性別、年齡、BMI等一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組治療效果比較 觀察組治療總有效率為96.77%與對照組的93.55%比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(字2=0.350,P=0.554),見表1。
2.3 兩組炎性反應(yīng)指標(biāo)對比 術(shù)后,兩組CRP、IL-1、TNF-α及CK水平均明顯高于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);且對照組CRP、IL-1、TNF-α及CK水平均高于觀察組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.4 兩組髖臼前傾角與外展角比較 兩組髖臼前傾角與外展角比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表3。
3 討論
髖臼發(fā)育為一種嚴(yán)重的髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病,目前對于該病的治療方法主要有骨盆截骨、股骨截骨、髖關(guān)節(jié)融合及全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)等,目前人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)被公認(rèn)為是治療髖臼發(fā)育不良的有效方法。臨床上根據(jù)X線片檢查結(jié)果將股骨頭移位距離與股骨頭高度比例分為四個亞型,其中CroweⅠ、Ⅱ型位置變異較小,本研究選取此類患者進(jìn)行研究,因CroweⅢ、Ⅳ型患者股骨變異較大,同時合并有股骨畸形、骨贅增生、髖關(guān)節(jié)活動度小等問題在行直接前入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)時手術(shù)風(fēng)險明顯升高,故暫時不對此類患者進(jìn)行研究[8-10]。
髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)功能受多方面因素的影響,包括收縮操作、假體設(shè)計、假體植入的正確性、手術(shù)入路的選擇等[11-13]。隨著髖關(guān)節(jié)的置換術(shù)在臨床的開展后,大量學(xué)者對其手術(shù)入路進(jìn)行了研究,主要有直接前側(cè)入路、外側(cè)入路、后側(cè)入路、后外側(cè)入路等,其中以后側(cè)入路與直接前側(cè)入路較為常用[14-16]。過去主要以后側(cè)入路為主,隨著全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)研究的不斷深入直接前側(cè)入路逐漸被人們所認(rèn)識,該入路最早在18世紀(jì)末由美國學(xué)者Carl Hueter所提出,后在1917年經(jīng)S Perterson報道后才被逐漸認(rèn)識,因此該入路又被稱為Smith-Peterson入路[17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示:觀察組治療總有效率為96.77%,與對照組的93.55%比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組髖臼前傾角與外展角比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示兩種手術(shù)入路對患者療效相當(dāng)。髖臼假體位置時臨床上判斷人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)成功與否的重要指標(biāo),髖臼假體位置不佳可對假體的穩(wěn)定性造成影響而影響關(guān)節(jié)功能的恢復(fù)[18]。研究顯示前傾角在0°~15°時隨著前傾角的增加假體穩(wěn)定性增加,但前傾角過大可增加拖尾的風(fēng)險,同時前傾角增大還可增加髖臼屈曲范圍但卻縮小了后伸的活動范圍,另外前傾角的增加使關(guān)節(jié)接觸面積下降而使局部應(yīng)力增大,加速關(guān)節(jié)的磨損。大量研究證實外展角(40±10)°、前傾角(20±5)°為髖臼假體安全區(qū)域[19],本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種手術(shù)入路前傾角及外展角均在此范圍內(nèi),具有較高的安全性。IL-1、CRP、TNF-α為臨床上常用于檢測炎性反應(yīng)的炎癥因子,研究顯示IL-1在髖關(guān)節(jié)置換及膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷中有重要的作用,且可協(xié)同TNF-α協(xié)同促進(jìn)炎癥的發(fā)展,CRP為急性時相反應(yīng)蛋白,在感染、炎癥、外科手術(shù)后均可明顯升高,為一種非特異性的炎癥標(biāo)志物。本研究結(jié)果顯示:術(shù)后兩組CRP、IL-1、TNF-α及CK水平均比術(shù)前明顯升高,且對照組均高于觀察組(P<0.05),可能與直接前側(cè)入路對患者軟組織創(chuàng)傷更小,可有效保護(hù)肌肉組織,后側(cè)入路雖然手術(shù)操作方便,容易學(xué)習(xí)掌握,但該入路需要劈開臀大肌,且還需將梨狀肌與部分外旋肌切斷,對髖關(guān)節(jié)后方關(guān)節(jié)囊及周圍的肌肉組織均造成較大的損傷,因而炎性反應(yīng)更劇烈[20]。
綜上所述,直接前側(cè)入路與常規(guī)后側(cè)入路行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)對髖臼發(fā)育不良患者療效相當(dāng)且髖臼假體位置差別不大,但直接前側(cè)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)能夠減輕患者炎性反應(yīng)。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-28) (本文編輯:田婧)