傅松年 阿不都克熱木·阿不都熱合曼 羅福祥 祖力喀爾·買買提 馬麗 李治建
[摘要] 目的 探討貫葉金絲桃提取物(ESJWT)對小鼠行為學(xué)的影響。 方法 選取30只昆明小鼠,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為三組,每組10只,對照組給予等量純化水,ESJWT低、高劑量組給予等量的供試品,連續(xù)給藥14 d,測定小鼠自轉(zhuǎn)棒掉落情況。選取50只昆明小鼠,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對照組和ESJWT低、高劑量組,每組8只。對照組給予等量純化水,ESJWT低、高劑量組給予等量的供試品,連續(xù)給藥14 d,測試并記錄小鼠5 min的自主活動量。 結(jié)果 三組小鼠給藥后的轉(zhuǎn)棒實(shí)驗(yàn)潛伏期比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。ESJWT低、高劑量組小鼠活動總路程較對照組明顯縮短,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。ESJWT低、高劑量組小鼠四周活動路程較對照組短,ESJWT高劑量組小鼠四周活動進(jìn)入次數(shù)較對照組少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。ESJWT高劑量組小鼠中心活動持續(xù)時(shí)間較ESJWT低劑量組、對照組短,ESJWT高劑量組小鼠中心活動進(jìn)入次數(shù)較對照組少,ESJWT低、高劑量組小鼠中心活動潛伏期較對照組短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 ESJWT可使小鼠自發(fā)活動量減少,對昆明小鼠的轉(zhuǎn)棒實(shí)驗(yàn)無明顯影響。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 貫葉金絲桃提取物;小鼠;中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng);行為學(xué)
[中圖分類號] R-332? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)07(c)-0017-04
Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on mice behavior
FU Songnian1? ?Abudoukeremu·Abudoureheman2? ?LUO Fuxiang3? ?Zulikaer·Maimaiti3? ?MA Li3? ?LI Zhijian3
1.Psychological Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi? ?830011, China; 2.School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi? ?830011, China; 3.Department of Toxicology, Uygur Medical Research Institute, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi? ?830049, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of Hypericum perforatum extract (ESJWT) on of behavior in mice. Methods Thirty Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups according to the random number table method, with 10 mice in each group. The control group was given the same amount of purified water, and the ESJWT low and high dose groups were given the same amount of samples for 14 days. The drop of the rotating rod in mice was determined. 50 Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group and ESJWT low-dose and high-dose groups with 8 mice in each group. The control group was given the same amount of purified water, and the ESJWT low-dose and high-dose groups were given the same amount of samples for 14 days. The voluntary activity of mice for 5 minutes was measured and recorded. Results There was no significant difference in the latency of rod rotation test among the three groups (P > 0.05). Total activity distance of ESJWT mice in low and high dose groups was significantly shorter than that in control group, the difference was highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). All around activity distance of mice in low and high dose ESJWT group was shorter than that in control group, the number of all around activity entry in ESJWT high-dose group was less than that in control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The duration of central activity in ESJWT high dose group was shorter than that in ESJWT low-dose group and control group, the number of central activity entry in ESJWT high-dose group was less than that in control group, the latency of central activity in ESJWT low and high dose group was shorter than that in control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion ESJWT can reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, and has no significant effect on the rod test of Kunming mice.
[Key words] Hypericum perforatum extract; Mice; Central nervous system; Behavior
貫葉金絲桃(Hypericum perforatum L.)為藤黃科金絲桃屬植物。全世界有400余種,我國有55種8個(gè)亞種,新疆盛產(chǎn)的貫葉金絲桃就是其中之一。受傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的影響,新疆民間習(xí)用已久。我國原衛(wèi)生部和藥典委員會編《藥品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)·維吾爾藥分冊》[1],對其性味功能進(jìn)行了描述:三級干熱,軟化寒濕,通經(jīng)利尿,用于寒濕腫痛,小便不通,外敷可治療燒傷及關(guān)節(jié)炎等,但未提及對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)作用。貫葉金絲桃化學(xué)成分貫葉金絲桃素和加貫葉金絲桃素,對輕中度抑郁動物模型,顯示明顯抗抑郁作用[2-3]。金剛烷胺間苯三酚類尚可抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞和抗病毒[4]。貫葉金絲桃提取物(ESJWT)主要有效成分為金絲桃素和貫葉金絲桃素(含量不低于總量的3%),具有多重抗抑郁作用,能有效抑制突觸前5-羥色胺(5-HT)、去甲腎上腺素(NE)和多巴胺(DA)的再吸收[5],臨床上常用于焦慮、抑郁患者的治療,療效確切[6];還具有抗炎和止痛作用[7-8]。作為純植物抗抑郁藥,ESJWT的療效與化學(xué)類抗抑郁藥相當(dāng)[6,9]。但其對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的潛在影響尚不明確,本文用ESJWT對小鼠進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),旨在觀察其在對小鼠運(yùn)動、協(xié)調(diào)能力及對小鼠自發(fā)活動量方面的作用,為臨床用藥提供依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 藥品
ESJWT[商品名:路優(yōu)泰,德國威瑪舒培博士藥廠,生產(chǎn)批號:0070417,每片重0.56 g(貫葉金絲桃素含量不少于0.9 mg,總金絲桃素含量不少于0.4 mg)],將ESJWT常規(guī)粉碎,使用相應(yīng)體積生理鹽水混勻放入均質(zhì)器進(jìn)行振蕩,按小鼠平均體質(zhì)量配置成6 g/L的混懸液,放入4℃冰箱備用。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物
昆明小鼠,無特殊病原菌級(SPF),4~5周齡,體重18~22 g/25 d,雌雄各半,購自新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn)動物研究中心,SCXK(新)2016-0001。實(shí)驗(yàn)動物喂養(yǎng)環(huán)境:新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)維吾爾醫(yī)藥研究所SPF級動物房。飼養(yǎng)在塑料籠內(nèi),每籠飼養(yǎng)性動物不多于5只,自由飲水。相對濕度:40%~70%,室溫:20~26℃,光照12 h,實(shí)驗(yàn)正式開始前經(jīng)檢疫和適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng),實(shí)驗(yàn)開始前經(jīng)3 d的一般檢疫觀察,選擇健康動物進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3 儀器
ZB-200疲勞轉(zhuǎn)棒儀,成都泰盟科技有限公司。XR-XY1032曠場視頻分析系統(tǒng),上海欣軟信息科技有限公司。
1.4 小鼠轉(zhuǎn)棒實(shí)驗(yàn)
ESJWT成人口服,0.56 g/次,2~3次/d,即1.68 g/d,成人按照60 kg計(jì)算,即0.028 g/kg。按照小鼠體表面積系數(shù)ESJWT等效劑量為0.35 g/kg,設(shè)為低劑量,為充分暴露ESJWT對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可能的潛在影響,高劑量設(shè)為3.90 g/kg。小鼠檢疫適應(yīng)期結(jié)束之日,稱未禁食體重,在給藥前對所有動物進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)棒實(shí)驗(yàn),淘汰數(shù)值偏差過大動物,30只小鼠根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分三組,每組10只,對照組給予等量純化水,ESJWT低、高劑量組給予等量的供試品,連續(xù)給藥14 d,均為灌胃給藥。末次給藥后60 min,將小鼠放置轉(zhuǎn)棒上,轉(zhuǎn)速16 r/min,測定小鼠自轉(zhuǎn)棒掉落情況。以小鼠從轉(zhuǎn)棒上掉下的時(shí)間為潛伏期時(shí)間,作為測定比較指標(biāo),超過5 min(300 s)者按5 min計(jì)[10]。
1.5 自主活動實(shí)驗(yàn)
取50只昆明小鼠,將每只小鼠放入自主活動測試儀反應(yīng)箱中,每箱1只,每次5 min,適應(yīng)3次。適應(yīng)完成后根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對照組和ESJWT低、高劑量組,劑量設(shè)計(jì)同催眠作用協(xié)同實(shí)驗(yàn),每組8只。對照組給予等量純化水,ESJWT低、高劑量組給予等量的供試品,連續(xù)給藥14 d,均為灌胃給藥。第14天各組小鼠給藥1 h后,放入反應(yīng)箱中,測試并記錄小鼠5 min的自主活動量[11],包括活動總路程(mm)、總時(shí)間(s)、平均速度(mm/s)、靜止時(shí)間(s),四周活動的路程(mm)、持續(xù)時(shí)間(s)、平均速度(mm/s)、進(jìn)入次數(shù)、潛伏期(s)、靜止時(shí)間(s)以及中心活動的路程(mm)、持續(xù)時(shí)間(s)、平均速度(mm/s)、進(jìn)入次數(shù)、潛伏期(s)、靜止時(shí)間(s)等指標(biāo)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較,根據(jù)方差齊性檢驗(yàn),方差齊使用LSD法,方差不齊使用Tamhane′s T2法,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 小鼠轉(zhuǎn)棒實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果
三組小鼠給藥后的轉(zhuǎn)棒實(shí)驗(yàn)潛伏期比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 小鼠自主活動結(jié)果
ESJWT低、高劑量組小鼠活動總路程較對照組明顯縮短,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表2。ESJWT低、高劑量組小鼠四周活動路程較對照組短,ESJWT高劑量組小鼠四周活動進(jìn)入次數(shù)較對照組少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。ESJWT高劑量組小鼠中心活動持續(xù)時(shí)間較ESJWT低劑量組、對照組短,ESJWT高劑量組小鼠中心活動進(jìn)入次數(shù)較對照組少,ESJWT低、高劑量組小鼠中心活動潛伏期較對照組短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。見表3。
3 討論
目前,ESJWT已在國內(nèi)臨床中廣泛應(yīng)用于治療輕、中度抑郁癥,焦慮和煩躁不安等疾病[12]。作為純植物抗抑郁藥,ESJWT的療效與化學(xué)類抗抑郁藥相當(dāng)。ESJWT能夠均衡地抑制重吸收泵對5-HT、NE、DA的再攝取,以及γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、L-谷氨酸的再攝取;其次,ESJWT可下調(diào)突觸前膜β-腎上腺素能受體的密度,使三種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)在突觸前膜與β-腎上腺素能受體結(jié)合的機(jī)會減少,即三種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)在突觸前膜的重吸收減少,反饋性地增加三種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的合成與釋放,最終導(dǎo)致三種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)在突觸間隙的濃度增加,這種非特異性作用機(jī)制是ESJWT抗抑郁的獨(dú)特之處[13-15]。關(guān)于苯丙氨酸對上述五種遞質(zhì)再攝取抑制的機(jī)制,其一是金絲桃素提高了突觸體細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈉離子濃度[16],其二是細(xì)胞內(nèi)H+-ATP+酶引起突觸小泡跨膜pH梯度是單胺吸收和存儲的主要動力,貫葉金絲桃素可以與質(zhì)子偶聯(lián)劑(FCCP)一樣,使小泡釋放出質(zhì)子,從而降低pH梯度,減小遞質(zhì)的再攝取[17]。亦是非選擇性抑制遞質(zhì)再攝取的原因。
ESJWT批準(zhǔn)的適應(yīng)證為抑郁癥、焦慮和煩躁不安[18-19]。常用量為成人和12歲以上兒童,每日300 mg,每日口服2次或3次。日劑量不超過800 mg,維持劑量為每日300~600 mg,療程為3~6個(gè)月。主要不良反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為頭暈、疲勞、鎮(zhèn)靜,當(dāng)與5-HT抑制劑聯(lián)用時(shí)不良反應(yīng)會加重,可能因其活性成分誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞色素P-450酶代謝,引起CYP3A4和CYP1A2作用[20]。因此,其中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的副作用值得關(guān)注。本研究采用安全藥理學(xué)的方法,研究ESJWT在治療范圍內(nèi)或治療范圍以上的劑量時(shí),潛在的不期望出現(xiàn)的對生理功能的不良影響,即觀察藥物對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響。本研究采用ESJWT對小鼠轉(zhuǎn)棒和小鼠自發(fā)活動實(shí)驗(yàn)的影響,進(jìn)行功能組合實(shí)驗(yàn),定性和定量評價(jià)給藥后動物的運(yùn)動功能、行為改變、協(xié)調(diào)功能的變化等,以確定藥物對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響。研究結(jié)果顯示,ESJWT藥效劑量下小鼠自轉(zhuǎn)棒掉落的潛伏期與對照組在給藥前后無顯著性差異,但對小鼠自主活動有明顯抑制作用、可延長自主活動潛伏期。ESJWT可使小鼠自發(fā)活動量明顯減少。本研究為其臨床主要不良反應(yīng)頭暈、疲勞、鎮(zhèn)靜等表現(xiàn)提供了安全藥理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),在超劑量或者長期服用本品時(shí),應(yīng)注意對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可能出現(xiàn)對人體不良影響,應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照說明書指導(dǎo)臨床用藥。另外,徐立等[21]通過皮下注射利血平誘導(dǎo)小鼠抑郁癥模型,證明貫葉金絲桃總黃酮對抑郁癥有明確的治療作用,可明顯對抗小鼠行為絕望及獲得性無助,延長小鼠睡眠時(shí)間,明顯抑制小鼠眼瞼下垂及自主活動減少。因此,ESJWT對正常小鼠和抑郁癥小鼠均有明顯減少自主活動的作用,其影響自主活動的作用機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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