呂靈艷 王秀紅 萬(wàn)冬桂
[摘要] 乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,早期乳腺癌多不具備典型的癥狀和體征,通常是由體檢或篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)后通過細(xì)胞或組織病理學(xué)明確診斷,并采用手術(shù)、放化療、靶向及內(nèi)分泌治療等方法進(jìn)行綜合治療,其預(yù)后受病理類型、疾病分期、分子標(biāo)志物等多種因素影響。盡管早期乳腺癌經(jīng)綜合治療后已成為治療效果最佳的實(shí)體腫瘤之一,一旦出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移其生存時(shí)間仍將迅速縮短。乳腺癌常見轉(zhuǎn)移部位為骨骼、淋巴結(jié)、軟組織及肺、腦、肝等,以胃為首發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移部位相對(duì)罕見且其臨床、影像學(xué)及胃鏡表現(xiàn)均缺乏特異性,與原發(fā)性胃癌鑒別困難。本文將報(bào)道1例乳腺浸潤(rùn)性小葉癌轉(zhuǎn)移至胃的患者,并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)分析該疾病的臨床特征、診斷、治療方法及預(yù)后,以提高臨床對(duì)乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移的認(rèn)識(shí)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 乳腺癌;胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌;診斷;病例報(bào)告
[中圖分類號(hào)] R735.2 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)12(c)-0157-04
One case of gastric metastasis from breast cancer
LYU Lingyan1 ? WANG Xiuhong2 ? WAN Donggui3
1.China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Beijing ? 100029, China; 2.Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing ? 100029, China; 3.Department of Integrative Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing ? 100029, China
[Abstract] Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. Most early breast cancer do not have typical symptoms and signs. Cell or histopathology is used diagnose the disease after physical examination or screening and treated by comprehensive treatment methods such as surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeting and endocrine therapy. The prognosis of breast cancer is affected by many factors, for example pathological type, stage of disease, molecular markers, and so on. Although early breast cancer has become one of the most effective solid tumors after comprehensive treatment, the survival time will be shortened rapidly once recurrence and metastasis occur. The common metastatic sites are bone, lymph node, soft tissue, lung, brain, liver, and so on. The gastric as the first site of metastasis is relatively rare and the clinical, imaging and endoscopic manifestations are lack of specificity, making it difficult to differentiate from primary gastric cancer. This paper reports a case of invasive lobular breast carcinoma with gastric metastasis and analyzes the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease combined with the literature, in order to improve the clinical understanding of gastric metastasis from breast cancer.
[Key words] Breast cancer; Gastric metastasis; Diagnosis; Case report
乳腺癌是我國(guó)女性發(fā)病率最高的惡性腫瘤[1],其常見轉(zhuǎn)移部位是局部及遠(yuǎn)處淋巴結(jié)、骨、肺、肝和腦。胃腸道作為乳腺癌首發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移部位是相對(duì)罕見的,其發(fā)生率尸檢病例占2%~18%,臨床發(fā)生率接近0.3%[2]?,F(xiàn)將中日友好醫(yī)院收治的1例乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移患者診治過程報(bào)道如下,并結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)對(duì)該病進(jìn)行回顧性分析,以提高臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)乳腺癌胃腸道轉(zhuǎn)移的認(rèn)識(shí)及警覺性。
1 病例資料
患者女,28歲,既往體健,未婚未育,否認(rèn)腫瘤相關(guān)家族史。主因“右乳癌術(shù)后1年余,上腹痛2月余”,于2017年12月22日收入中日友好醫(yī)院中西醫(yī)結(jié)合腫瘤內(nèi)科住院治療?;颊咴?016年11月行右乳癌保留乳頭及乳暈區(qū)乳腺切除術(shù)、腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)、擴(kuò)張器置入術(shù)。術(shù)后病理:(右乳腺)浸潤(rùn)性小葉癌(Ⅲ級(jí),3 cm×3 cm×2 cm),周邊可見高級(jí)別導(dǎo)管原位癌(約占1%),腋窩淋巴結(jié)42/42。免疫組化結(jié)果:雌激素受體(ER)約10%弱陽(yáng),孕激素受體(PR)為陰性,HER-2(人表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體-2)為陰性,細(xì)胞增生核抗原指數(shù)(Ki67)約70%陽(yáng)性。術(shù)后輔助化療方案為表柔比星聯(lián)合環(huán)磷酰胺序貫多西他賽,共行8個(gè)周期。2017年4月20日結(jié)束輔助化療后患者拒絕放療。2017年4~10月行卵巢藥物去勢(shì)加托瑞米芬輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,因出現(xiàn)重度脂肪肝,多發(fā)子宮肌瘤,潮熱、盜汗等不良反應(yīng)而停藥。
2017年10月患者出現(xiàn)上腹部脹痛伴食欲減退,查腫瘤標(biāo)志物CA199明顯升高,腹部CT示:右上腹壁內(nèi)見致密影,胃壁多發(fā)增厚;PET-CT示:①胃壁多發(fā)局部增厚,葡萄糖高代謝,考慮惡性病變;②全身多發(fā)淋巴結(jié)腫大,葡萄糖高代謝,考慮轉(zhuǎn)移性病變。入院后行胃鏡檢查并取活檢,胃鏡下見:胃底、體可見散在隆起性病變,表面黏膜粗糙,胃體前壁結(jié)節(jié)較大,直徑約1.5 cm,中央伴糜爛,質(zhì)脆,伴接觸性出血。胃鏡下活檢病理(HE染色)示:癌細(xì)胞在胃黏膜固有層內(nèi)浸潤(rùn)生長(zhǎng),細(xì)胞黏附性差,胃黏膜腺體上皮未見非典型性,固有層內(nèi)可見低分化癌細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)(圖1A);免疫組化(IHC)示:ER(40%弱+),HER-2(-),PR(80%弱+),Ki67(60%),細(xì)胞角蛋白7(CK7)(+),細(xì)胞角蛋白20(CK20)(-),大囊腫病液體蛋白(GCDFP-15)(少數(shù)+),GATA結(jié)合蛋白3(GATA-3)(+),絨毛蛋白(-),扁豆凝集素(-),細(xì)胞角蛋白廣譜抗體(+)(圖1B~C)。結(jié)合該患者病史及免疫組化結(jié)果考慮右側(cè)乳腺癌保乳術(shù)后(浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌pT2N3M1 Ⅳ期)胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌診斷明確。治療方面,一線化療予吉西他濱聯(lián)合卡鉑,具體用藥如下:吉西他濱 1000 mg/m2 d1、d8,卡鉑曲線下面積=2,計(jì)算用量324 mg,實(shí)際值200 mg d1、d8?;?周期后患者頸部淋巴結(jié)明顯縮小,但出現(xiàn)頭痛,頭暈,伴噴射性嘔吐,行頭顱增強(qiáng)核磁共振提示多發(fā)腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移,同期行腦脊液檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)癌細(xì)胞陽(yáng)性,給予全腦放療10次,患者癥狀無(wú)明顯緩解,且持續(xù)加重,繼而出現(xiàn)意識(shí)障礙,家屬放棄治療,于2018年3月4日宣布臨床死亡。
2.1 臨床特點(diǎn)
乳腺癌是全球女性癌癥中發(fā)病率最高的惡性腫瘤,我國(guó)每年新發(fā)乳腺癌病例約為30.4萬(wàn)[1,3]。乳腺癌最常見的病理類型為浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌,其次為浸潤(rùn)性小葉癌,其中浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌更易出現(xiàn)肝臟、肺和腦轉(zhuǎn)移,而小葉性乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移部位則更傾向于骨骼、婦科器官、腹膜、腹膜后和胃腸道中[4]。已有研究顯示[2],65.4%的乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生于浸潤(rùn)性小葉癌,產(chǎn)生這種特點(diǎn)的原因目前尚未明確。但總體來(lái)說(shuō),胃腸道作為乳腺癌首發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移部位是相對(duì)罕見的。McLemore等[5]曾回顧性分析12 001例乳腺癌患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)僅73例出現(xiàn)胃腸道轉(zhuǎn)移。胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌即能與原發(fā)性乳腺癌同時(shí)發(fā)生,也能在無(wú)病生存期長(zhǎng)達(dá)30年時(shí)發(fā)生,甚至部分病例是胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌先于原發(fā)性乳腺癌發(fā)生[6-7],但多數(shù)平均間隔時(shí)間為6~7年[8]。本例患者的間隔時(shí)間僅11個(gè)月,可能與其年輕、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目多、未行放療等高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)。
2.2 診斷
乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移至胃時(shí)常無(wú)特異性臨床表現(xiàn),多為消化不良、厭食、早飽、上腹部疼痛、嘔吐及嘔血等癥狀,與胃腸道反應(yīng)或原發(fā)性胃癌的臨床癥狀大致相似、難以區(qū)分。其常見的影像表現(xiàn)為局限性或彌漫性胃壁增厚,引起繼發(fā)性皮革樣胃,與原發(fā)性胃癌、胃間質(zhì)瘤及胃淋巴瘤鑒別困難。楊麗等[9]報(bào)道腹部增強(qiáng)多層螺旋CT對(duì)胃黏膜、胃壁及壁外結(jié)構(gòu)顯示較清,有利于判斷病變部位、范圍及其與胃黏膜的關(guān)系,對(duì)胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌的診斷有一定參考價(jià)值,但目前關(guān)于非直接侵犯性胃轉(zhuǎn)移性癌的影像學(xué)研究仍較少。其胃鏡下改變主要有3種形態(tài):①火山口樣潰瘍;②單個(gè)或多個(gè)胃壁內(nèi)散在局限性結(jié)節(jié)或呈息肉狀改變;③局限性或彌漫性胃壁受累,胃壁僵硬,胃腔狹窄,呈皮革胃改變,與胃原發(fā)性腫瘤或其他良性病變也難以區(qū)分[10-13]。由于胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌大多表現(xiàn)為黏膜下和肌層浸潤(rùn),內(nèi)鏡檢查結(jié)果可能在50%的病例中表現(xiàn)正常[14]。
胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌的病理組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)亦缺乏特異性,小葉性乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移至胃的癌細(xì)胞常表現(xiàn)為低分化腺癌及印戒細(xì)胞樣癌特征,與胃的原發(fā)性腺癌在常規(guī)HE切片上鑒別困難,加之存在胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移至乳腺的報(bào)道[15],故區(qū)分原發(fā)性與轉(zhuǎn)移性必須依賴免疫組織化學(xué)檢查。檢測(cè)ER、PR、GATA-3、GCDFP-15、乳腺球蛋白(mammaglobin)、CK7、CK20的表達(dá)對(duì)診斷具有重要意義。其中GATA-3是鋅指蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA家族的一員,具有調(diào)控細(xì)胞發(fā)育和分化的作用,是目前乳腺轉(zhuǎn)移癌標(biāo)記物的研究熱點(diǎn),主要在泌尿系腫瘤和乳腺上皮腫瘤中表達(dá)[16],在絨毛膜細(xì)胞癌、內(nèi)胚竇瘤、皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌等也有檢測(cè)到表達(dá)[17]。在乳腺癌中表達(dá)的陽(yáng)性率從60%~100%不等[18],并且在轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌中的表達(dá)更敏感[19-20],具有重要鑒別診斷意義,但因其特異性尚相對(duì)較差,目前仍需與GCDFP-15和mamma-globin合用以資鑒別。新的標(biāo)記物如肝細(xì)胞核因子4α(HNF4a)對(duì)于胃的原發(fā)性腫瘤與乳腺轉(zhuǎn)移性癌之間的鑒別作用也正在進(jìn)行研究中[21]。因此準(zhǔn)確診斷乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移,需要同時(shí)結(jié)合臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)、內(nèi)鏡檢查、組織學(xué)病理及免疫組化,尤其是要了解患者的乳腺癌病史,否則在進(jìn)行免疫組化分析時(shí)極易因未做乳腺癌相關(guān)抗體而漏診。
2.3 治療與預(yù)后
乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移的治療仍是以化療、內(nèi)分泌治療等全身治療為主。手術(shù)治療雖然是原發(fā)性胃癌的主要選擇,但對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)移性胃癌則不占主要地位,多在患者出現(xiàn)消化道出血、梗阻、穿孔等并發(fā)癥時(shí)作為姑息性手術(shù)應(yīng)用。不過也有臨床研究顯示對(duì)于一般情況較好且僅出現(xiàn)胃轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,手術(shù)對(duì)總生存期的延長(zhǎng)與化療差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[22]。乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移通常預(yù)后較差,平均生存期4~41個(gè)月[23]。雖然個(gè)體腫瘤之間存在著相當(dāng)大的異質(zhì)性,但乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移患者的臨床預(yù)后多不如其他部位轉(zhuǎn)移的晚期乳腺癌患者[24]。本例患者對(duì)化療、放療均不敏感,生存期僅5個(gè)月,也可能與患者后期繼發(fā)腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。
3 討論
綜上所述,乳腺癌胃轉(zhuǎn)移是一種少見的轉(zhuǎn)移性癌,多發(fā)生在浸潤(rùn)性小葉癌,需結(jié)合病史,并綜合應(yīng)用臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)、內(nèi)鏡檢查、組織學(xué)病理及免疫組化等多種方法才不易出現(xiàn)漏診誤診。治療上以化療、內(nèi)分泌治療等全身治療為主,必要時(shí)可行姑息性手術(shù)治療,但其預(yù)后較差,大部分患者生存期不超過2年。因此對(duì)于有乳腺癌病史尤其是浸潤(rùn)性小葉癌的患者,當(dāng)其出現(xiàn)胃腸道癥狀或診斷出明顯的原發(fā)性胃癌時(shí),應(yīng)警惕是否為乳腺來(lái)源的胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌可能,以提供精準(zhǔn)的臨床治療。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] ?鄭榮壽,孫可欣,張思維,等.2015年中國(guó)惡性腫瘤流行情況分析[J].中華腫瘤雜志,2019,41(1):19-28.
[2] ?Xu L,Ling S,Yan N,et al. Metastatic gastric cancer from breast carcinoma:A report of 78 cases [J]. Oncol Lett,2017,14(4):4069-4077.
[3] ?Bray F,F(xiàn)erlay J,Soeriomataram I,et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2018:GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries [J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6):394-424.
[4] ?Balakrishnan B,Shaik S,Burman-Solovyeva I. An Unusual Clinical Presentation of Gastrointestinal Metastasis from Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of Breast [J]. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep,2016,4(2):232 4709 616 639 723.
[5] ?McLemore EC,Pockaj BA,Reynolds C,et al. Breast cancer:presentation and intervention in women with gastrointestinal metastasis and carcinomatosis [J]. Ann Surg Oncol,2005,12(11):886-894.
[6] ?Arrangoiz R,Papavasiliou P,Dushkin H,et al. Case report and literature review:Metastatic lobular carcinoma of the breast an unusual presentation [J]. Int J Surg Case Rep,2011,2(8):301-305.
[7] ?Benfiguig A,Anciaux ML,Eugène CI,et al. Gastric metastasis of breast cancer occurring after a cancer-free interval of 30 years [J]. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol(Paris),1992,28(4):175-177.
[8] ?Kim DH,Son SM,Choi YJ,et al. Gastric metastasis from invasive lobular breast cancer,mimicking primary gastric cancer:A case report [J]. Medicine(Baltimore),2018,97(13):e0 258.
[9] ?楊麗,時(shí)高峰,周濤,等,非直接侵犯性胃轉(zhuǎn)移癌的多層螺旋CT特征:5例病例報(bào)告并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].世界華人消化雜志,2015,23(28):4606-4610.
[10] ?高福平,邢一鳴,薛松,等,胃轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌臨床病理觀察[J].診斷病理學(xué)雜志,2018,25(4):278-280.
[11] ?王一同,張振華,盧雯平,等.中醫(yī)體質(zhì)學(xué)在乳腺癌防治中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)藥,2017,12(6):901-904.
[12] ?杜嵐,楊敬春,?,?,等.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)乳腺M(fèi)RI與腋窩超聲鑒別乳腺癌有無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移及晚期腋窩淋巴結(jié)病變的差異[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào),2017,14(35):168-171.
[13] ?李登華.MRI相比CT在診斷乳腺癌方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)分析[J].中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生,2017,55(27):102-104,108,封3.
[14] ?Qu Q,Zong Y,F(xiàn)ei XC,et al. The importance of biopsy in clinically diagnosed metastatic lesions in patients with breast cancer [J]. World J Surg Oncol,2014,12(1):93-99.
[15] ?Sato T,Muto I,F(xiàn)ushiki M,et al. Metastatic breast cancer from gastric and ovarian cancer,mimicking inflammatory breast cancer:report of two cases [J]. Breast Cancer,2008,15(4):315-320.
[16] ?Ordó?觡ez NG. Value of GATA3 immunostaining in tumor diagnosis:a review [J]. Adv Anat Pathol,2013,20(5):352-360.
[17] ?Miettinen M,McCue PA,Sarlomo-Rikala M,et al. GATA3:a multispecific but potentially useful marker in surgical pathology:a systematic analysis of 2500 epithelial and nonepithelial tumors [J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2014, 38(1):13-22.
[18] ?Asch-Kendrick R,Cimino-Mathews A. The role of GATA3 in breast carcinomas:a review [J]. Hum Pathol,2016,48(2):37-47.
[19] ?Sangoi AR,Shrestha B,Yang G,et al. The novel marker GATA3 is significantly more sensitive than traditional markers mammaglobin and GCDFP15 for identifying breast Cancer in surgical and cytology specimens of metastatic and matched primary tumors [J]. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol,2016,24(4):229-237.
[20] ?Gown AM,F(xiàn)ulton RS,Kandalaft PL. Markers of metastatic carcinoma of breast origin [J]. Histopathology,2016,68(1):86-95.
[21] ?Gadde R,Tamariz L,Hanna M,et al. Metastatic gastric cancer(MGC)patients:Can we improve survival by metastasectomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. J Surg Oncol,2015,112(1):38-45.
[22] ?Kliiger J,Gorbaty M. Metastasis to the pancreas and stomach from a breast cancer primary:a case report [J]. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect,2017,7(4):234-237.
[23] ?Jucá PCFC,Corrêa S,Vignal GM,et al. HNF4A expression as a potential diagnostic tool to discriminate primary gastric cancer from breast cancer metastasis in a Brazilian cohort [J]. Diagn Pathol,2017,12(1):43-50.
[24] ?Woo J,Lee JH,Lee KE,et al. Gastric Metastasis as the First Presentation One Year Before Diagnosis of Primary Breast Cancer [J]. Am J Case Rep,2018,26(19):354-359.
(收稿日期:2019-07-09 ?本文編輯:劉永巧)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2019年36期