張冀武 張軻 龍杰 孫浩巍 陳丹 張曉偉 李苓 潘威
摘 ?要:為進(jìn)一步探索專分散收模式下的煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量,以2018年云南省煙葉工商交接等級(jí)質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢查抽檢的12個(gè)州(市)79個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))的154個(gè)批次7700把C3F煙葉為材料,對(duì)混低、混微帶青、混雜、混部位、混中等煙、混下部和混下等煙7個(gè)等級(jí)質(zhì)量影響因素進(jìn)行了主成分分析,提取了3個(gè)主成分因子,基于主成分綜合得分對(duì)154個(gè)批次不同縣(區(qū)、市)級(jí)產(chǎn)區(qū)的煙葉進(jìn)行了聚類分析。結(jié)果表明:(1)C3F混非原級(jí)比例較高的等級(jí)為C4F和X2F;(2)提取的3個(gè)主成分累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到87.608%,其中第1主成分貢獻(xiàn)率為44.722%,確定混低、混中等煙、混部位、混下部4項(xiàng)指標(biāo)為影響C3F等級(jí)質(zhì)量的主要因素;(3)K-Means聚類將154個(gè)批次各產(chǎn)區(qū)的C3F煙葉聚為3類,第1類為等級(jí)質(zhì)量受混雜和混下等煙較為突出的14個(gè)批次,第2類為混低、混中等煙、混部位和混下部影響突出,但混青雜較少的127個(gè)批次,第3類為混青突出的13個(gè)批次,主成分分析和聚類結(jié)果較為一致;(4)結(jié)合混非原級(jí)情況,表明專分散收模式下C3F等級(jí)質(zhì)量的主要問題是混低和混部位。
關(guān)鍵詞:烤煙;專分散收;工商交接;等級(jí)質(zhì)量
Abstract: In order to explore the change of grade quality under the new loose-leaf purchasing mode, 7700 bundles of C3F tobacco from 154 batches of grade quality supervision and inspection samples in 2018 industry/commerce handover, including samples from 12 prefecture (cities), 79 counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan, were studied. Principal component analysis was carried out among 7 factors influencing grade quality, including mixed low grades, mixed cany leaves, mixed variegated, mixed parts, mixed medium quality, mixed bottom part, and mixed low quality, from which 3 principal component factors were extracted. Based on the comprehensive scores of principal components, cluster analysis was performed using the 154 batches of tobacco leaves from different growing areas. The results showed that: (1) The grades C4F and X2F exhibited ralatively high proportion among mixed non-sampled grades; (2) The cumulative contribution rate reached 87.608% for the 3 extracted principal component factors, among which the contribution rate of the 1st principal component was 44.722%. Mixed low grades, mixed medium grades, mixed stalk positions, and mixed bottom leaves were the principal factors influencing the grade quality of C3F; (3) K-Means analysis clustered the 154 batches of C3F tobacco leaves from different growing areas into 3 categories. The 1st cluster included 14 batches of which grade quality was mainly influenced by mixed variegated leaves and mixed inferior grades. The 2nd cluster included 127 batches of which grade quality was mainly influenced by mixed low grades, mixed medium grades, mixed stalk positions, mixed bottom leaves, but less influenced by mixed cany and variegated leaves. The rest 13 batches formed the 3rd cluster of which grade quality was mainly influenced by mixed cany leaves. The results from the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis accordantly agreed with each other. (4) Together with the mixed non-sampled grades situation, under the new loose-leaf purchasing mode, the major problems of C3F grade quality were mixed low grades and mixed stalk positon.
Keywords: flue-cured tobacco; specialized grading and loose-leaf purchasing; industry/commerce handover; grade quality
專分散收模式是指煙葉不經(jīng)分級(jí)扎把,煙農(nóng)簡單整理成捆后將煙葉按炕次交給專業(yè)化合作社集中分級(jí),再交售到煙葉收購站點(diǎn)統(tǒng)一驗(yàn)級(jí)收購的一種新模式[1]。云南省煙草專賣局(公司)認(rèn)真貫徹落實(shí)國家煙草專賣局全面開展專分散收的有關(guān)工作部署要求,2015年全省100%實(shí)現(xiàn)專分散收(出口備貨除外),到2018年該模式在云南省已經(jīng)全面推行了4年。專分散收模式對(duì)工商交接煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量影響如何?2019年孫浩巍[1]等以把煙收購和專分散收模式下各3年的云南省煙葉工商交接等級(jí)質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),通過方差分析和相關(guān)性分析得出在專分散收模式下煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量有混低和混部位上升的趨勢,混青雜下降的趨勢。
對(duì)專分散收模式下影響煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量的諸多影響因素進(jìn)行主成分分析,可將影響煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量的諸多影響因素轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)個(gè)保留原始變量的較多信息的主成分,進(jìn)而可以更深入探索影響等級(jí)質(zhì)量的主要原因,再通過進(jìn)一步的聚類分析,可將等級(jí)質(zhì)量抽檢批次按照產(chǎn)區(qū)和影響因素進(jìn)行分類,利于等級(jí)質(zhì)量管理部門進(jìn)一步掌握產(chǎn)區(qū)等級(jí)質(zhì)量管控重點(diǎn),及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)等級(jí)質(zhì)量問題,對(duì)改進(jìn)專分散收等級(jí)質(zhì)量管理策略,明確專分散收下一步工作重點(diǎn)具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。
本研究以2018年云南省工商交接質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),利用主成分分析和聚類分析對(duì)影響散葉收購模式下收購量最大的等級(jí)C3F(占云南省收購總量的30.26%)等級(jí)質(zhì)量的各因素進(jìn)行分析,查找影響等級(jí)質(zhì)量的主要原因,旨在為專分散收下一步的工作提供理論支撐。
1 ?材料與方法
1.1 ?材料
2018年云南省12個(gè)州(市),79個(gè)縣(市、區(qū)),25個(gè)工商交接貨場及商業(yè)備貨單位的C3F煙葉,合計(jì)抽檢154個(gè)批次,7700把煙葉樣品。
1.2 ?抽樣和檢驗(yàn)方法
抽樣地點(diǎn)為云南省內(nèi)煙葉復(fù)烤企業(yè)貨場、卷煙工業(yè)企業(yè)倉庫或煙葉中轉(zhuǎn)庫共25個(gè)。按照云南省局工商交接檢查要求,2018年省工商交接縣級(jí)產(chǎn)區(qū)每5萬擔(dān)抽檢一個(gè)批次。在每個(gè)抽樣點(diǎn)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)厥召徔緹煹燃?jí)結(jié)構(gòu)比例和庫存煙葉情況,確定相應(yīng)抽樣等級(jí)和抽樣批次。若煙葉等級(jí)較多時(shí),上、中、下等煙的抽樣比例一般掌握為4∶5∶1。采取隨機(jī)抽樣方法,在確定的煙垛中單批次隨機(jī)抽5包散葉[1-4],按5點(diǎn)取樣法從煙包兩側(cè)隨機(jī)抽取足量散葉現(xiàn)場扎成10把(按每把煙葉15~25片估算),取出的散葉要全部成把。若某批次儲(chǔ)量大時(shí)適當(dāng)增加抽樣把數(shù)。
樣品參照孫浩巍等[1]、張軻等[2]和閆新甫等[3-5]報(bào)道的方法進(jìn)行感官檢驗(yàn)。抽取樣品的產(chǎn)區(qū)信息、批次數(shù)和把數(shù)詳見表1。
1.3 ?等級(jí)質(zhì)量影響因素及計(jì)算方法
根據(jù)國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB 2635—92《烤煙》[6]中對(duì)于煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量的規(guī)定確定煙葉等級(jí),不在本級(jí)別內(nèi)的其他等級(jí)為影響等級(jí)質(zhì)量的等級(jí),按照類型劃分為以下影響因素:“混部位”指在原等級(jí)部位中混有其他部位煙葉把數(shù)所占百分比;“混下部”指原等級(jí)為中上部煙葉中混有下部煙葉把數(shù)所占百分比;“混青”指混入各種微帶青與青黃葉把數(shù)之和所占百分比;“混雜”指混入BK、CXK組別把數(shù)之和所占百分比;“混低”指在原等級(jí)中混有當(dāng)年調(diào)撥價(jià)格低于原級(jí)的煙葉把數(shù)所占百分比[1-4];“混中等煙”指在原等級(jí)為上等煙的煙葉中混有中等煙葉把數(shù)所占百分比;“混下等煙”指在上、中等煙中混有下等煙把數(shù)所占百分比。
結(jié)合生產(chǎn)收購實(shí)際將混低、混微帶青、混雜、混部位、混中等煙、混下部和混下等煙7個(gè)指標(biāo)作為影響等級(jí)質(zhì)量的初始變量。
1.4 ?數(shù)據(jù)分析
等級(jí)質(zhì)量各影響因素?cái)?shù)據(jù)由煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量監(jiān)督管理及數(shù)據(jù)分析系統(tǒng)V 1.1[7]進(jìn)行采集并自動(dòng)計(jì)算生成,利用SPSS 25進(jìn)行主成分分析和聚類分析。
2 ?結(jié) ?果
2.1 ?各影響因素基礎(chǔ)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
影響C3F等級(jí)質(zhì)量各因素的基礎(chǔ)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析如表2所示,均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差相對(duì)較高的影響因素為混中等、混低、混下部和混部位;混非原級(jí)情況如圖1所示,混非原級(jí)比例較高的等級(jí)為C4F和X2F,C4F和X2F屬于混低、混中等煙、混下部和混部位統(tǒng)計(jì)范疇。C2F和C2L由于與選擇影響因素?zé)o關(guān),未在統(tǒng)計(jì)范圍。
2.2 ?等級(jí)質(zhì)量影響因素的主成分分析
主成分分析方法是將眾多的變量轉(zhuǎn)變成較少的因子來表示,這些因子包含了原變量提供的大部分信息[8]。等級(jí)質(zhì)量影響因素原始數(shù)據(jù)KOM檢驗(yàn)和Barlette球度檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果見表3,KOM統(tǒng)計(jì)量為0.612(>0.6),Barlette球度檢驗(yàn)的相伴概率為0.000(<0.05),表明等級(jí)質(zhì)量影響因素原始數(shù)據(jù)各指標(biāo)相關(guān)性較好,適用于主成分分析。
各主成分的特征值、方差貢獻(xiàn)率和累計(jì)方差貢獻(xiàn)率見表4。由表4可以看出,第1主成分(F1)的貢獻(xiàn)率為44.722%,第2主成分(F2)的貢獻(xiàn)率為27.902%,第3主成分(F3)的貢獻(xiàn)率為14.984%,3個(gè)主成分的累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率為87.608%(>80%),表明3個(gè)主成分構(gòu)成的信息能夠反映原來變量的大部分信息。
因子載荷反映各指標(biāo)對(duì)主成分的貢獻(xiàn)大小[8]。由表5可知,混中等煙、混低、混部位和混下部4項(xiàng)指標(biāo)在第1主成分(F1)中起主要作用,混雜和混下等煙在第2主成分(F2)中起主要作用,混青在第3主成分(F3)中起主要作用。
2.3 ?不同產(chǎn)區(qū)煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量聚類分析
根據(jù)前3個(gè)主成分的貢獻(xiàn)率和累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率,按照3個(gè)主成分的權(quán)重計(jì)算生成主成分的綜合得分(F),公式為:F=0.51048×F1+0.31849×F2+0.17103×F3,主成分的綜合得分作為變量,以抽檢的154個(gè)批次的縣(區(qū)、市)產(chǎn)區(qū)為標(biāo)注個(gè)案,采用K-Mean聚類法對(duì)各縣級(jí)產(chǎn)地的批次進(jìn)行聚類,結(jié)果詳見表7。
[3] 閆新甫,馬建偉,王英元,等.全國煙葉工商交接等級(jí)質(zhì)量分析[J].中國煙草科學(xué),2006,27(4):1-5.
YAN X F, MA J W, WANG Y Y, et al. Analysis on grade quality of national tobacco leaves during industry commerc handover [J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2006, 27 (4):1-5.
[4] 閆新甫,馬建偉,王英元,等.工商交接備貨煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量分析[J].中國煙草科學(xué),2006,27(3):28-31.
YAN X F, MA J W, WANG Y Y, et al. Analysis on grade quality of leaf tobacco in business stock for sale[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2006, 27 (3): 28-31.
[5] 閆新甫,羅安娜.全國煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量變化及成因分析[J].中國煙草學(xué)報(bào),2010,16(1):67-71.
YAN X F, LUO A N. Grade quality change of national tobacco and cause analysis[J]. Acta Tabacaria Sinica, 2010, 16(1): 67-71.
[6] 國家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局.烤煙:GB 2635—92[S].北京:中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1992:4-7.
State Bureau of Quality Technical Supervision. Flue-cured tobacco: GB 2635—92[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 1992: 4-7.
[7] 云南省煙草質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢測站.煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量監(jiān)督管理及數(shù)據(jù)分析系統(tǒng)V1.1[CP/CD].著作權(quán)登記號(hào):2016SR219844.
Tobacco Quality Supervision & Inspection Station in Yunnan province. A data analysis and management system of tobacco leaf grade quality V1.1[CP/CD]. Software copyright registration: 2016SR219844.
[8] 郭建華,宋紀(jì)真,王廣山,等.基于主成分分析和聚類分析的煙葉物理特性區(qū)域歸類[J].煙草科技,2014(8):14-17.
GUO J H, SONG J Z, WANG G S, et al. Regional classification according to physical properties of tobacco leaves based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis[J]. Tobacco Science & Technology, 2014 (8): 14-17.
[9] 周紹松,周敏,張忠武,等.主成分散點(diǎn)圖分析在烤煙新品種評(píng)價(jià)中的應(yīng)用[J].中國煙草科學(xué),2018,39(4):71-79.
ZHOU S S, ZHOU M, ZHANG Z W, et al. Application of principal scatter diagram analysis in evaluation of new flue-cured tobacco varieties[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2018, 39(4): 71-79.
[10] 唐軍,邱昌桂,周冰,等.不同尺寸片煙及不同長度成品煙絲化學(xué)成分的變化[J].煙草科技,2016,49(11):42-55.
TANG J, QIU C G, ZHOU B, et al. Variations of chemical components in different strip sizes and cut filler lengths of tobacco[J]. Tobacco Science & Technology, 2016, 49 (11): 42-55.
[11] 薛超群,蔡憲杰,宋紀(jì)真,等.基于主成分分析和聚類分析的烤煙煙葉外觀特征區(qū)域歸類[J]. 煙草科技,2018,51(6):34-41.
XUE C Q, CAI X J, SONG J Z, et al. Regional classification by appearance of flue-cured tobacco leaves based on principal component and cluster analysis[J]. Tobacco Science & Technology,2018,51(6):34-41.
[12] 畢樂樂,周家新,周之蔚,等.烤煙基地單元收購C3F 等級(jí)合格率低的原因及對(duì)策[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2019,47(21):245-247,256.
BI L L, ZHOU J X, ZHOU Z W, et al. Causes and countermeasures for purchasing the low qualified rate of c3f grade in base unit of flue-cured tobacco[J]. J. Anhui Agric. Sci., 2019, 47(21): 245-247, 256.
[13] 閆新甫.煙葉等級(jí)質(zhì)量虛實(shí)之析[J].中國煙草,2009,414(21):38-41.
YAN X F. A virtual reality analysis on grade quality of tobacco leaves[J]. China tobacco, 2009, 414 (21): 38-41.