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Stathmin-1作為子宮平滑肌肉瘤早期診斷及預(yù)后評(píng)估的分子標(biāo)志物的研究

2020-02-29 10:41:35胡仙清朱波馮國飛林中民郭敏陳艷梅潘丹張紅萍
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2020年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:肉瘤平滑肌肌瘤

胡仙清 朱波 馮國飛 林中民 郭敏 陳艷梅 潘丹 張紅萍

[摘要] 目的 研究Stathmin-1在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中的表達(dá)及臨床意義。 方法 選取2013年1月~2016年12月溫州市人民醫(yī)院及溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院82例手術(shù)患者,分為典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤(UL組)30例、子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤(CL組)30例、子宮平滑肌肉瘤(LMS組)22例,同時(shí)選擇肌瘤旁正常肌層(M組)30例。采用免疫組化Envision二步法研究Stathmin-1在各組中的表達(dá)、臨床病理學(xué)特征及預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。根據(jù)Stathmin-1表達(dá)水平,CL組及LMS組進(jìn)一步分成低表達(dá)組及高表達(dá)組,進(jìn)行復(fù)發(fā)及生存率分析。 結(jié)果 Stathmin-1表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì),在子宮平滑肌肉瘤組的染色分值高于另三組(均P<0.05)。Stathmin-1在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中的表達(dá)與患者年齡、腫瘤大小、腫瘤數(shù)目等臨床病理學(xué)特征均無相關(guān)(均P>0.05)。子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌中Stathmin-1高表達(dá)組較低表達(dá)組復(fù)發(fā)率高(P<0.05)。子宮平滑肌肉瘤中Stathmin-1高表達(dá)組較低表達(dá)組生存率低(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 Stathmin-1在子宮平滑肌肉瘤中的高表達(dá),提示檢測(cè)Stathmin-1在早期輔助診斷子宮平滑肌肉瘤上有一定的臨床意義。其在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中的表達(dá)水平與富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)及子宮平滑肌肉瘤的預(yù)后可能相關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 子宮平滑肌腫瘤;肉瘤;富于細(xì)胞;Stathmin-1

[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.33? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)01-0035-04

Study on Stathmin-1 as a molecular marker for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of uterine leiomyosarcoma

HU Xianqing1? ?ZHU Bo1? ?FENG Guofei2? ?LIN Zhongmin3? GUO Min1? ?CHEN Yanmei2? ?PAN Dan2? ?ZHANG Hongping1

1.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou? ?325000, China; 2.Department of Pathology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou? ?325000, China; 3.Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou? ?325000, China

[Abstract] Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of Stathmin-1 in uterine leiomyoma. Methods Eighty-two surgical patients of Wenzhou People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2013 to December 2016 were enrolled and divided into the typical uterine leiomyoma group(UL group) with 30 patients, the uterus leiomyoma rich in cells group(CL group) with 30 patients and the uterine leiomyosarcoma group(LMS group) with 22 patients, and normal smooth muscular tissue of uterus (M group) with 30 patients at the same time. The Immunohistochemical Envision two-step method was used to study the correlation between the expression of Stathmin-1, clinicopathological features and prognosis in each group. According to the expression level of Stathmin-1, the CL group and the LMS group were further divided into a low expression group and a high expression group for recurrence and survival analysis. Results Stathmin-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm, and the staining score in the uterine leiomyosarcoma group was higher than that in the other three groups, respectively(P<0.05 for all). The expression of Stathmin-1 in the uterine leiomyoma was not correlated with the clinicopathological features such as patient age, tumor size and tumor number(P>0.05). In the uterus leiomyoma rich in cells group, the recurrence rate in the high Stathmin-1 expression group was higher than that in the low Stathin-1 expression group(P<0.05). The survival rate in the high Stathmin-1 expression group was lower than that in the low Stathmin-1 expression group(P<0.05). Conclusion The high expression of Stathmin-1 in uterine leiomyosarcoma suggests that the detection of Stathmin-1 has certain clinical significance in the early auxiliary diagnosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Its expression level in uterine leiomyoma may be associated with the recurrence of cell leiomyoma and the prognosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma.

[Key words] Uterine leiomyoma; Sarcoma; Rich in cells; Stathmin-1

子宮平滑肌肉瘤是少見的女性生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一[1],發(fā)病率低、預(yù)后差。子宮平滑肌肉瘤早期無特異性的臨床表現(xiàn)及輔助檢查,缺乏有效的早期診斷方法。一些特殊類型子宮平滑肌腫瘤如子宮高度富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤,有時(shí)單純根據(jù)細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)與之鑒別存在困難。故探索特異性的腫瘤標(biāo)記物對(duì)子宮肉瘤的早期輔助診斷具有重要意義。較多研究表明PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路在子宮肉瘤或非子宮肉瘤中高度活化,而微管解聚相關(guān)蛋白Stathmin-1,又稱原癌基因蛋白18(oncogene prsotein 18,Op18),是PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路的重要因子。Stathmin-1通過磷酸化調(diào)節(jié)自身活性來改變微管系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力平衡,在細(xì)胞有絲分裂過程中調(diào)節(jié)微管蛋白及紡錘體的形成與解體[2],其表達(dá)異常將導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞分裂的改變,與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[3-4]。本研究通過檢測(cè)子宮平滑肌腫瘤中Stathmin-1的表達(dá)水平,探討Stathmin-1的檢測(cè)對(duì)子宮平滑肌肉瘤的輔助診斷及預(yù)后評(píng)估意義。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象

納入2013年1月~2016年12月溫州市人民醫(yī)院及溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院112例手術(shù)患者的石蠟包埋切片組織?;颊呒韧蕦m產(chǎn)史外無子宮手術(shù)史。本研究通過醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)同意。

1.2 分組

82例患者據(jù)組織病理學(xué)結(jié)果分組,分別是典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤30例(normal leiomyoma of uterus,UL組)、子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤30例(cellular leiomyoma of uterus,CL組)、子宮平滑肌肉瘤22例(leiomyosarcoma of uterus,LMS組),并選擇肌瘤旁正常肌層30例(normal smooth muscular tissue of uterus,M組)。除肌瘤旁正常肌層組外余三組患者的年齡比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=6.839,P=0.002),子宮平滑肌肉瘤組年齡大于典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤及富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤。三組患者的孕產(chǎn)次比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(H=0.708,P=0.702;H=4.373,P=0.112),三組患者的腫瘤大小及腫瘤數(shù)目比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=0.008,P=0.992;H=2.246,P=0.325),見表1。

1.3 方法

調(diào)取溫州市人民醫(yī)院病理科存檔蠟塊(其中LMS組標(biāo)本17例取自溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院),重新切片,脫蠟,進(jìn)行Envision二步法免疫組化染色:抗原修復(fù)后加一抗,冰箱過夜后加HRP 標(biāo)記聚合物,加顯色劑及復(fù)染(HE染色:蘇木素染色及伊紅染色),脫水,封片,顯微鏡鏡檢,圖像分析采集。Stathmin-1一抗購于美國Abcam公司,原液稀釋為1:250。采用子宮平滑肌肉瘤陽性對(duì)照,PBS陰性對(duì)照。

1.4 免疫組化結(jié)果判定

每張切片隨機(jī)選擇5個(gè)400倍高倍鏡視野觀察染色情況。根據(jù)染色程度,計(jì)為0~3分。陽性細(xì)胞百分比計(jì)分:≤5%,0分;6%~25%,1分;26%~50%,2分;51%~75%,3分;>75%,4分。以上結(jié)果相乘所得計(jì)為Stathmin-1染色分值[5],結(jié)果取平均值。

1.5 隨訪情況

CL組及LMS組患者進(jìn)行隨訪,每3個(gè)月隨訪1次,以手術(shù)日期為隨訪開始,以死亡作為終點(diǎn)事件,隨訪截止日期 2018 年 12 月 31 日,采用電話詢問或門診復(fù)查隨訪。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)和率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)比較多組間差異;正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用單因素方差分析多組間差異;非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用中位數(shù)P50(P25-P75)表示,采用Kruskal Wallis檢驗(yàn)比較多組間差異;相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)采用Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn);生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 免疫組化結(jié)果

2.1.1 蛋白定位? Stathmin-1蛋白表達(dá)于細(xì)胞漿,為淺黃或棕黃色顆粒。子宮平滑肌肉瘤組Stathmin-1蛋白主要為強(qiáng)陽性及彌漫性著色,子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤和典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤組及肌瘤旁正常肌層組Stathmin-1蛋白主要為弱陽性或陰性及局部著色,見封三圖2。

2.1.2 染色分值? 各組患者Stathmin-1免疫組化染色分值見表2,呈非正態(tài)分布。Stathmin-1染色分值在M組中位數(shù)為1.0(n=30),UL組中位數(shù)為1.0(n=30),CL組中位數(shù)為1.0(n=30),LMS組中位數(shù)為7.5(n=22),行Krsuskal Wallis檢驗(yàn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000),見封三圖3。進(jìn)一步兩兩比較,Stathmin-1染色值在M組、UL組、CL組間無明顯差異(調(diào)整后PM,UL=0.227>0.05;調(diào)整后PM,CL=0.668>0.05;調(diào)整后PUL,CL=1.000>0.05),LMS組高于另三組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(調(diào)整后PM,LMS=0.000<0.05;調(diào)整后PUL,LMS=0.000<0.05;調(diào)整后PCL,LMS=0.000<0.05)。

2.1.3 診斷性試驗(yàn)? 由表3可見,以Stathmin-1的各個(gè)染色值范圍定義為陽性,計(jì)算出Stathmin-1蛋白表達(dá)在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中預(yù)測(cè)惡性腫瘤的陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值、敏感度、特異度。Stathmin-1染色值≥1設(shè)定為陽性,敏感度達(dá)100.00%,但是特異度僅36.67%,陽性預(yù)測(cè)值27.85%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值100.00%。

2.2 Stathmin-1的表達(dá)與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系

采用Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果示Stathmin-1的表達(dá)與患者臨床病理特征如年齡、肌瘤大小、肌瘤數(shù)目均無關(guān)(均P>0.05),見表4。

2.3 Stathmin-1的表達(dá)與子宮平滑肌腫瘤的預(yù)后關(guān)系

根據(jù)Stathmin-1染色分值將子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤、子宮平滑肌肉瘤組進(jìn)一步分為高表達(dá)組(≥6)、低表達(dá)組(<6)。采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果示子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤低表達(dá)組未復(fù)發(fā)生存率大于高表達(dá)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=15.266,P=0.001),見封三圖4。子宮平滑肌肉瘤組高表達(dá)組生存率低于低表達(dá)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=3.866,P=0.049),見封三圖5。

3 討論

子宮平滑肌腫瘤有多種組織學(xué)類型,大多良性,惡性平滑肌肉瘤少見,但預(yù)后極差[6-7]。子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤是一種常見的特殊類型子宮平滑肌瘤。1994年世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)將子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤等特殊類型子宮肌瘤歸為良性腫瘤,但是,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其復(fù)發(fā)后有惡變趨勢(shì)[8-9]。高度富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤有時(shí)與子宮平滑肌肉瘤難以鑒別。探索新的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,提高腫瘤的診斷準(zhǔn)確度及靈敏度,預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤的預(yù)后,進(jìn)行可能的靶向治療,成為今后的研究方向。

PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信號(hào)通路是細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中最主要的信號(hào)通路之一。PI3K-AKT-mTOR信號(hào)通路的激活與腫瘤的發(fā)生緊密相關(guān),它可以加速細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)行、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移。Hernando等[10]通過動(dòng)物模型研究子宮平滑肌肉瘤的發(fā)生中提出PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的活化是平滑肌組織惡化的必要非充分條件。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[11],PI3K-AKT-mTOR信號(hào)通路在普通子宮平滑肌腫瘤明顯上調(diào),而在子宮平滑肌肉瘤持續(xù)激活。有研究[12-13]報(bào)道Stathmin-1是PI3K-AKT-mTOR信號(hào)通路活化的因子。Stathmin-1過度表達(dá)有促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生、腫瘤侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移的作用[14]。多項(xiàng)研究表明,Stathmin-1在惡性腫瘤如乳腺癌[15]、卵巢癌[16]、子宮內(nèi)膜癌[17-18]、宮頸癌[19]中呈高表達(dá),且與其預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)[20]。

本研究將子宮平滑肌腫瘤的Stathmin-1的蛋白表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果顯示子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤Stathmin-1表達(dá)水平與肌瘤旁正常肌層、典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤均無差異,而明顯低于子宮平滑肌肉瘤組的表達(dá)水平,提示子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤細(xì)胞增長活躍程度明顯低于平滑肌肉瘤,可推薦臨床按普通子宮肌瘤處理,應(yīng)避免過度治療。本研究根據(jù)Stathmin-1染色分值分為高表達(dá)組(≥6)、低表達(dá)組(<6),子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤組高表達(dá)組腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率高于低表達(dá)組,提示對(duì)于子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤患者Stathmin-1高表達(dá)者仍需要術(shù)后密切隨訪。

本研究中,Stathmin-1廣泛表達(dá)于子宮平滑肌腫瘤細(xì)胞及普通肌層細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞漿中,在良性子宮平滑肌腫瘤中弱陽性表達(dá),在子宮平滑肌肉瘤大部分強(qiáng)陽性彌漫性表達(dá)。本文中Stathmin-1強(qiáng)陽性表達(dá)在診斷子宮平滑肌肉瘤的特異性達(dá)到90%。雖然子宮平滑肌肉瘤病理學(xué)診斷上主要依據(jù)標(biāo)本HE染色,但遇到如子宮高度富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤、惡性潛能未定平滑肌腫瘤等,有時(shí)診斷較為困難[21],其100%的陰性預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值有一定的輔助診斷意義。對(duì)子宮平滑肌肉瘤進(jìn)行術(shù)后隨訪,本項(xiàng)目中子宮平滑肌肉瘤高表達(dá)組生存率低于低表達(dá)組。提示Stathmin-1的表達(dá)與子宮平滑肌肉瘤的生存率呈負(fù)相關(guān), 未來可進(jìn)一步致力于研究子宮平滑肌肉瘤的Stathmin-1的靶向治療[22]。

綜上所述,檢測(cè)Stathmin-1在早期輔助診斷子宮平滑肌肉瘤上有一定的臨床意義。Stathmin-1的表達(dá)水平與子宮富于細(xì)胞平滑肌腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)及子宮平滑肌肉瘤的生存率存在相關(guān),有助其預(yù)后評(píng)估。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[8] Bashar K,Conlon PJ,Kheirelseid EA,et al. Arteriovenous fistula in dialysis patients: Factors implicated in early and late AVF maturation failure[J]. Surgeon,2016, 14(5):294-300.

[9] Hu H,Patel S,Hanish JJ,et al. Future research directions to improve fistula maturation and reduce access failure[J]. Semin Vasc Surg,2016,29(4):153-171.

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[14] Morris EJ,Kawamura E,Gillespie JA,et al. Stat3 regulates centrosome clustering in cancer cells via Stathmin/PLK1[J]. Nat Commun,2017,8:15289.

[15] Kuang XY,Chen L,Zhang ZJ,et al. Stathmin and phospho-stathmin protein signature is associated with survival outcomes of breast cancer patients[J]. Oncotarget,2015,6(26):22227-22238.

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[17] Reyes HD,Miecznikowski J,Gonzalez-Bosquet J,et al. High stathmin expression is a marker for poor clinical outcome in endometrial cancer:An NRG oncology group/gynecologic oncology group study[J]. Gynecol Oncol,2017, 146(2):247-253.

[18] Wik E,Birkeland E,Trovik J,et al. Stathmin protein level,high phospho-stathmin(Serine38) expression identifies aggressive endometrial cancer and suggests an association with PI3K inhibition[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2013, 19(9):2331-2341.

[19] Kong SF,Lv T,Sun X,et al. Suppressing stathmin-l can inhibit chkl protein expression and reduce the invasion and tumorigenicity of cervical cancer cells[J]. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2017, 38(2):271-276.

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(收稿日期:2019-07-05)

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