鐘 沁
(無錫市蠡園中心小學,江蘇無錫,214072)
類話題單元一般由兩個鄰近的存在共同話題的單元組成,與教材中獨立的Project單元相比,類話題單元相當于Mini Project。兩個單元知識點紛繁復雜,如果缺乏主題情境,復習就變成零散活動的簡單堆砌,不利于學生建構(gòu)與該話題相關的語言知識體系。另外,頻繁切換學生關注的重點,容易使學生被教師牽著鼻子走,思維的連貫性和完整性得不到培養(yǎng)和提高。
以譯林版英語6B Unit 2 Good habits和Unit 3 A healthy diet為例。上課伊始,教師設置懸念3H,利用思維導圖回憶復述U2主人公Liu Tao和Wang Bing的習慣,通過游戲?qū)α晳T進行好壞和類別兩個維度的區(qū)分,揭示Living habits和Learning habits。隨后引入U3主人公Mike和Yang Ling關于Living habits和Learning habits的自編短文,在文本中操練鞏固語法知識點。緊接著,以圖片和關鍵詞為支架,激活學生對Mike和Yang Ling兩人Healthy diets的語言圖示,有效復習U3的語言知識,自然點出Eating habits,完成對3H概念的逐條解讀和定義,并鼓勵學生成為3H學生,養(yǎng)成好的生活、學習、飲食習慣,自然生成本節(jié)課的情感目標。
T:Look,the boy is Wang Bing. Do you remember Wang Bing’s habits?(出示思維導圖,開火車一人一句)
Ss:Wang Bing is a good boy. He gets up early and never goes to bed late. He brushes his teeth in the morning and before bedtime. Wang Bing always puts his things in order and he usually finishes his homework before dinner.
T:What about Wang Bing’s good friend Liu Tao?Let’s continue. Here are some key words.(出示關鍵詞,小組說)
Ss:Liu Tao listens to his teacher carefully at school. At home,he keeps his room clean and tidy. He also helps his parents. But Liu Tao often does his homework late at night and goes to bed late. He sometimes feels sleepy in the morning.
T:Just now,we reviewed Wang Bing and Liu Tao’s habits,they are both good students. Mike and Yang Ling are good students too. What about their habits?(閱讀文本,完成相關練習)
T:Now we know their living habits and learning habits. How about their diets?(點出生活和學習習慣,復習飲食習慣)
T:Now,if you have good living habits(1H),good learning habits(2H),good eating habits(3H),you can be a 3H student. Are you a 3H student?(揭示3H)
為了能讓兩個單元的主題有機結(jié)合,方便學生在頭腦中提綱挈領、拎出主線,教師把握和提煉出共性話題“習慣”,確定教學內(nèi)容和目標是關于三個習慣的言語表達和綜合運用。以習慣為話題主線,以人物為話題暗線,對教材中兩個單元的內(nèi)容進行補充和再構(gòu)。在揭示3H的內(nèi)涵的過程中,學生慢慢積累認知,逐步對好習慣使人終身受益由衷地產(chǎn)生情感上的認同。
教材各單元內(nèi)獨立板塊的活動內(nèi)容和形式比較簡單,但這些活動都將為最后的語言運用實踐做準備。學生長時間的簡單模仿和重復學習必將造成語言能力缺失和語言運用障礙,如果教師能夠深度挖掘和利用課本素材,將課本中這些獨立、零散的活動合理對接,再加上一個合乎情節(jié)發(fā)展的前因后果,比起大篇幅選用課外素材來輔助教學,不僅省時省力,而且更能精簡教學輔助形式,優(yōu)化課堂教學。
以譯林版英語5B Unit 3 Asking the way和Unit 4 Seeing the doctor為例。整合類話題單元的話題內(nèi)容,設置Su Hai和Mike都生病了要去醫(yī)院的情境,在地圖上呈現(xiàn)Su Hai家、Mike家與醫(yī)院的位置關系,設置Listen and draw和Design and say兩個教學活動。通過Su Hai家到醫(yī)院路線的聽力,重溫Unit 3 Asking the way中所學的問路、指路方式。通過與同桌討論Mike家到醫(yī)院的兩條路線并選擇一種寫下來,實際操練問路、指路方式。順利完成這兩項任務后,Su Hai和Mike到達醫(yī)院就診,情境自然串聯(lián)到Unit 4 Seeing the doctor,生成了完整延續(xù)的教學情境。分診時,確定兩人的病癥并選擇合適的診室時復習疾病的表達。在尋找相關診室時,呈現(xiàn)醫(yī)院平面圖后再次設計路線選擇?;谥暗膹土暎瑢W生此時已掌握用英語做事情能力。教學情境隨著故事的發(fā)展不斷推進,在診斷過程中復習should和shouldn’t的用法,并在人物和場景變化時,正確地辨別、閱讀、敘述、介紹各種疾病并給予合理的建議。
T:Su Hai and Mike are both ill. They need to go to hospital. Listen and draw the way.(聽清Su Hai去醫(yī)院的路線并在圖中畫出來)
T:What about Mike?He has two choices. Work in pairs and write down your way.(兩人小組,選擇一條路線進行討論,并把文字內(nèi)容寫下來)
T:Su Hai has a headache and a fever. Mike has a toothache. How can they get to the right room?(兩人一組,一人扮演Mike,一人扮演nurse,用所給語言支架,選擇其中一條路線說一說)
T:What will the doctor say?
S1:Su Hi should have a rest at home,take some medicine and drink some warm water. She shouldn’t drink cold water.
S2: Mike should brush teeth in the morning and before bedtime. He shouldn’t eat too many sweets.
教師努力培養(yǎng)并逐步具備“用教材教”的能力,在正確解讀新課標和教材、深刻理解編者的設計意圖、綜合考慮學生的認知水平后,根據(jù)自身的教學目標和要求,找準情境之間的聯(lián)結(jié)點,巧妙剪輯、對接、串聯(lián)、嫁接類話題單元的課本情境,創(chuàng)設貼近生活、有實際意義的語境,這對學生聽、說、讀、寫、演等能力的培養(yǎng)有重要指導意義。
復習課的內(nèi)容往往多而散,要想做到盡量面面俱到并讓復習課堂妙趣橫生,將要復習的知識點串聯(lián)成一個完整的繪本故事是一個不錯的選擇。一個連貫完整、貼近生活、符合邏輯的繪本故事不僅能帶給學生樂趣,還能幫助學生在語言環(huán)境中直觀理解和強化記憶重點詞句、語篇。
以譯林版英語5B Unit 4 Seeing the doctor為例。在復習Story time中Mike和Su Hai的情況后,引出Tim生病不能和Mike一同出游的情境,創(chuàng)編關于Tim的繪本,將本單元詢問病癥、描述病情、追究病因和醫(yī)生建議等環(huán)節(jié)中所需要的知識點全部整合到繪本中。教師由扶到放,讓學生借助故事復習“How do you feel?What should he do?He feels...”等主要句型。在繪本生成中,讓學生借助故事主要情景,有感情地朗讀、有興趣地表演,幫助學生提升語言能力。完成繪本后,讓學生為繪本設計一個標題,鼓勵學生改編、續(xù)編、創(chuàng)編故事,在角色體驗中獲得情感上的認同。
呈現(xiàn)Tim與Mum的對話,文中提到“Tim has a headache and he feels cold.”。
T:Why is Tim ill?Let’s care about Tim.
呈現(xiàn)以下文本:Tim likes sports very much. He always plays basketball with his friends after school. He runs and jumps in the playground. He feels very hot and tired. First,he sits on the ground. Next,he takes off his shirt and trousers. Then,he takes off his shoes and socks. Finally,he has a cold drink.
T:What should he do?What shouldn’t he do?Please give him some advice.
T:The next day,Tim still feels ill. He has to go to see the doctor. Guess what will they talk?Please act.
兩人小組,一人扮演醫(yī)生,一人扮演Tim,表演看病場景,適當發(fā)揮想象力,配上豐富的表情和動作,使對話內(nèi)容更加生動。
T:Tim doesn’t go to school. His friends are very worried about him. What’s wrong with Tim?
分小組討論并補全繪本,繪本設計如下:
Page1:Tim likes sports very much. He often plays basketball with his friends after school. They cheer for Tim.(配圖:Tim正在打籃球,同伴們?yōu)樗佑?Cool!Wow!He...
Page2:He takes off his jacket,... and trousers.(配圖:Tim大汗淋漓地癱坐在籃球架下,脫掉衣服,大口喝涼水)Oh,...I ...
Page3:Tim is at home. He doesn’t look well.(配圖:Mum在關心并詢問Tim的情況)How ...?I...
Page4:The next day,Tim still feels bad. He has to see the doctor.(配圖:Mum帶著Tim就診。)What’s the matter?I... What... do?He should... He shouldn’t...
Page5:Tim feels good now. He goes to school with his brother.(配圖:Mike牽著Tim去上學)I like going to school. I don’t want to... again.
學生補全、美化、制作完繪本后,為自己的繪本添上名字,如Naughty Tim。小組成員朗讀并演繹繪本,回家后與家長或朋友交流分享。
這一課例主要是讓學生在教師的引導下先激活并綜合已有的語言知識,以故事發(fā)展順序為依托,在了解和梳理繪本故事情節(jié)的過程中,利用教師巧妙設計的語言支架,在發(fā)揮學習積極性和主動性的前提下,更多地輸出目標語言。教師在對繪本逐頁解讀時,一定要注意把學習的權力賦予學生,及時撤除學習支架,讓學生主動建構(gòu)、自覺內(nèi)化。教師還要權衡好用于繪本制作與語言實踐的時間配比,給學生的語言展示活動留有充足的時間,在小組合作、同伴互助的學習模式下,做到語言技能、實踐操作、思維品質(zhì)三不誤、三提升。
總之,教師在設計英語復習課時始終要把提高學生語言綜合運用能力、培養(yǎng)學生用英語做事情的能力放在首位,不斷研讀教材,大膽創(chuàng)新嘗試,積極實踐探討,根據(jù)復習知識類別、學生學情差異、資源整合情況,設計、開發(fā)出有價值、有樂趣、有體驗、有思想的小學英語高效優(yōu)質(zhì)復習模式。