雷彥平
海外篇
“實(shí)際上,在中國沒有任何一位藝術(shù)家能比王羲之獲得更普遍的崇拜?!比鸬渲麑W(xué)者喜仁龍1933年在《中國早期繪畫史》一書中如是評價(jià)王羲之。
因?yàn)橛辛送豸酥摹短m亭序》,浙江紹興擁有蘭亭書法節(jié)便是理所當(dāng)然的事了。
蘭亭書法節(jié)至2019年已成功舉辦35屆,在國際書法界享有盛譽(yù)。自20世紀(jì)80年代以來,蘭亭書會與日本的東京、福岡、福山、兵庫、栃木等城市的書法界交流互動頻繁。1985年至1987年,中日蘭亭書會連續(xù)3年在紹興蘭亭舉辦,特別是1987年的中日蘭亭書會,沙孟海、啟功、青山杉雨、村上三島等41位書法大家云集紹興,盛況空前,成為中日書法交流史上的傳奇與高峰。
王羲之書法自唐朝傳之海外,在日本大受追捧,繼而影響到整個(gè)漢字文化圈。
從公元7世紀(jì)到9世紀(jì),日本遣唐使先后帶回王羲之、王獻(xiàn)之眾多墨跡及臨摹品,中國高僧鑒真和尚東渡日本時(shí)也帶去過王羲之的墨跡,日本《扶桑略記》有載,鑒真和尚“舶載來王羲之行書一帖”。
千年一醉蘭亭序,高名今向世間傳?!短m亭序》一文的第一篇西文翻譯,是意大利傳教士晁德蒞(1826~1902)在其《中國文學(xué)教程》(Cursus litteraturae sinicae,)中的一篇拉丁文翻譯。“實(shí)際上,在中國沒有任何一位藝術(shù)家能比王羲之獲得更普遍的崇拜?!比鸬渲麑W(xué)者喜仁龍1933年在《中國早期繪畫史》一書中如是評價(jià)王羲之。
意大利漢學(xué)家畢羅
欲用英文為王義之立傳
2019年12月22日,陰雨綿綿。紹興圖書館,一場名為《〈集王圣教序〉與王羲之書法真跡》的講座開講,由來自意大利那不勒斯的著名漢學(xué)家畢羅主講。報(bào)告廳內(nèi)座無虛席,紹興近百名書法家及書法愛好者頗有興趣地聽意大利人解讀王羲之書法?!爱吜_幽默風(fēng)趣,學(xué)術(shù)性、開放性、深入度都很好,他的學(xué)識、見解令人嘆服?!痹诂F(xiàn)場聽過講座的一位紹興書法家回憶。
今年42歲的畢羅是當(dāng)代屈指可數(shù)的著名漢學(xué)家,獨(dú)立學(xué)者。畢羅多次留學(xué)中國,行走中國書法界20年,以研究孫過庭《書譜》切入中國書法研究。
畢羅才華橫溢,會作古詩,寫得一手漂亮小楷,能說一口流利的普通話()。
畢羅對《集王圣教序》評價(jià)很高。“真正能夠讓我們窺見王羲之書法面貌的較為可靠的作品是著名的《集王圣教序》。”他說。
公元672年,以玄奘為首的長安城僧人,委托弘福寺懷仁和尚,集合王羲之行書作品上的字刻成《集王圣教序碑》。操刀刻石者都是當(dāng)時(shí)的頂尖高手。此碑現(xiàn)藏西安碑林。
2019年蘭亭書法節(jié),畢羅向紹興論壇提交了論文——《從唐代集字碑看王羲之真跡的存亡》,提出“在王羲之現(xiàn)存作品當(dāng)中,能夠真正代表王羲之書風(fēng)的真跡不超過12幅墨跡,一共734字”。他也是2019紹興論壇在蘭亭書法博物館成立的二王學(xué)研究中心的唯一的西方專家。
畢羅曾數(shù)次來紹興參加有關(guān)王羲之的學(xué)術(shù)活動。據(jù)了解,畢羅希望王羲之書法在西方更有影響,并多次表達(dá)了與紹興方面合作的意愿?!皩恚乙欢ㄒ糜⑽膶懸徊俊锻豸酥??!?019年6月,畢羅在與中國書法家張?zhí)旃勗挄r(shí)說。他研究《集王圣教序》的專著——《尊右軍以翼圣教》即將由四川人民出版社出版,其英文版計(jì)劃明年在德國出版。
日本書壇巨匠宇野雪村
與蘭亭書法家的翰墨情緣
宇野雪村先生是日本書壇巨匠,“前衛(wèi)派”書法領(lǐng)袖人物,生前系日本奎星會代表,玄美社主持人,每日展審查委員,大東文化大學(xué)教授,對王羲之書法研究精深。
1987年3月,“啟功、宇野雪村巨匠書法展”在中國美術(shù)館隆重舉辦,中日當(dāng)代兩位書法巨匠同慶75歲壽辰,共展出75幅作品(),成為中日當(dāng)代書壇一大盛事。
鮮為人知的是,宇野雪村先生與蘭亭書會副會長喻革良有一段翰墨情緣。
1994年6月3日,日本東京書籍株式會社國語編輯部部長宇野公容一行9人游覽蘭亭景區(qū)。他們沒有事先聯(lián)系,也沒有請景區(qū)安排曲水流觴交流書藝,只是仰慕王羲之,來書法圣地走走看看。
喻革良時(shí)任蘭亭景區(qū)管理處副主任,他在鵝池邊看到一群日本客人在參觀,就走過去向他們介紹蘭亭的景點(diǎn)及歷史變遷,講述王羲之的故事及《蘭亭序》的精妙,并請工作人員拿來酒觴,為他們舉行了一次仿照東晉先賢的曲水流觴活動。日本客人看后眼界大開,雅興甚濃。
當(dāng)?shù)弥钜肮莸母赣H是宇野雪村先生時(shí),喻革良對其父親表達(dá)了崇敬之意。
喻革良對宇野雪村先生的書法有所研究,宇野雪村先生奇妙自然的布白、爽利豪邁的線條以及變化莫測的用墨,與啟功先生中正平和的結(jié)構(gòu)、硬朗舒展的用筆以及風(fēng)神清峻的個(gè)性相互輝映,使后輩可以進(jìn)行多角度的比較與思考。
喻革良和宇野公容談了對其父親書法的理解。宇野公容喜出望外地說:“想不到在蘭亭還能碰到父親的知音!”
當(dāng)喻革良談到宇野雪村先生的用墨之妙時(shí),宇野公容說:“父親對用墨確實(shí)非常講究,所以他收藏有中國古代的許多好墨?!庇钜把┐逑壬鵀閷懸患叭照埂钡淖髌?,用去明代羅小華“九天玄香”半丸。事后,宇野雪村先生后悔不迭,不敢再用。
在蘭亭書法博物館樓上,喻革良當(dāng)場寫了兩件書法作品贈送給宇野公容等,并請宇野公容帶一把自己精心創(chuàng)作的小楷心經(jīng)扇回去,贈給宇野雪村先生。
幾天后,喻革良收到宇野公容一封熱情洋溢的感謝信,說“我父親拜讀了您的揮毫題字,從心底里佩服您的書法功底”,并附贈一本家藏王羲之拓本《黃庭經(jīng)》復(fù)制品。
“雖然宇野雪村先生已作古多年,在他生前我們未能謀面,深感遺憾,但這段翰墨情緣,讓我至今難忘?!睉浧?6年前和宇野雪村先生的神交,喻革良感慨地說。
英國藝術(shù)家白羅蘭
在歐美社交平臺推介王義之
47歲的英國藝術(shù)家白羅蘭是英國桑德蘭大學(xué)藝術(shù)系博士研究生,從事跨文化研究。他癡迷中國書法,尤愛王羲之,博士研究課題是“中西書法的跨文化考察”。2019年,白羅蘭曾來紹興文理學(xué)院蘭亭書法藝術(shù)學(xué)院研修書法。
“當(dāng)我剛開始學(xué)習(xí)中國書法的時(shí)候,我了解到《蘭亭序》,它通常被看作是中國書法成就的頂峰?!卑琢_蘭說,“我在蘭亭學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候看了很多手稿,感覺行書是最難寫的?!?/p>
白羅蘭最近對西方的書法家進(jìn)行了一次調(diào)查,許多被調(diào)查者都將王羲之列為他們最喜愛的書法家。
“我喜歡王羲之書法,讓更多的西方人了解王羲之、蘭亭書法藝術(shù),就是我的責(zé)任。”白羅蘭說。
白羅蘭一直在歐美社交平臺推介王羲之。2017年1月,白羅蘭在臉書上創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)“中國藝術(shù)(Chinese Visual Art)”小組,把《蘭亭序》作為封面,通過臉書推介王羲之、蘭亭書法藝術(shù)。
去年3月起,白羅蘭又開始堅(jiān)持在英國本土博客網(wǎng)站上發(fā)博客,談他在蘭亭學(xué)習(xí)書法的見聞和對蘭亭書法藝術(shù)的理解。
除了在歐美社交平臺推廣王羲之、蘭亭書法藝術(shù),白羅蘭還到英國學(xué)校開講座,介紹蘭亭書法藝術(shù)。2019年8月,白羅蘭在倫敦政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院舉辦了一場蘭亭書法藝術(shù)的講座,他向近百名聽眾分享了中西書法跨文化研究成果,并介紹了中國書法和紹興蘭亭。
蘭亭書法藝術(shù)學(xué)院院長助理董舒展說,像白羅蘭這樣前來蘭亭學(xué)習(xí)書法的外國朋友很多,近5年學(xué)院接待了2000多名。
蘭亭書法藝術(shù)學(xué)院和蘭亭景區(qū)已成為世界書法藝術(shù)傳播的一個(gè)交匯點(diǎn)。從2015年開始,蘭亭書法藝術(shù)學(xué)院在新西蘭、瑞士、波蘭、意大利、俄羅斯、美國、加拿大、捷克等8個(gè)國家,先后開設(shè)了海外“蘭亭書法學(xué)堂”。蘭亭書法藝術(shù)學(xué)院共選派10多位書法老師和150多位優(yōu)秀學(xué)生分赴海外授課,吸引了上千名外國書法愛好者走進(jìn)書法課堂。
紹興蘭亭景區(qū)也曾和美國塔夫茨大學(xué)合作開辦過“中國書法短訓(xùn)班”,由喻革良講授中國書法。雙方合作15年,美國塔夫茨大學(xué)共有約300名學(xué)生前來學(xué)習(xí)書法,感受中國文化,體驗(yàn)書法藝術(shù)。
蘭亭是書法圣地
引書法愛好者紛至沓來
蘭亭書會和蘭亭書法節(jié)相伴相生。1982年,蘭亭書會成立,隨后催生了蘭亭書法節(jié)。蘭亭書會是一個(gè)立足紹興、面向全球的書法組織。近年來,蘭亭書會國際化交流邁出重要步伐,蘭亭書會首爾研究院、東京研究院相繼成立。
紹興持續(xù)推出蘭亭論壇、蘭亭收藏、蘭亭展覽、蘭亭雅集等品牌活動,致力于蘭亭書法高地建設(shè)。2012年,天章寺遺址保護(hù)工程啟動,在原址復(fù)建“天章閣”“宋池亭”等建筑,成為蘭亭景區(qū)新片區(qū);2013年,蘭亭江水庫水質(zhì)整治,蘭亭水清岸綠;2013年,中國書法蘭亭獎(jiǎng)永久落戶紹興;2015年,中國第一個(gè)以《蘭亭序》為主題、全面系統(tǒng)反映蘭亭書法與蘭亭文化的專題性書法博物館——蘭亭書法博物館落成啟用,蘭亭邁出打造高規(guī)格書法作品展覽地之路。
蘭亭是書法圣地,更是書法高地。近年來,蘭亭書法博物館舉辦了多場名動海內(nèi)外的展出,大批來自故宮博物院、國家圖書館的國寶級藏品來到蘭亭,國內(nèi)外書法愛好者紛至沓來。
Wang Xizhiand His Fame Overseas
By Lei Yanping
Because of Wang Xizhi (303-361) and his , it is only natural that Shaoxing in Zhejiang now hosts the Orchid Pavilion Calligraphy Festival. The 35th festival took place in 2019.
It was in the time of the Tang Dynasty (618-907) that Wangs fame spread overseas. Wangs art of calligraphy reached Japan. From 7th century to 9th century, Japanese diplomats sent to the Tang brought back to Japan many original calligraphy artworks and replicas including those by Wang Xizhi and his son Wang Xianzhi. Wangs works were widely admired and worshipped in the island nation. Monk Jianzhen, a Chinese Buddhist, brought an original calligraphy work by Wang Xizhi, to Japan. Before long, Wangs reputation spread to other neighboring countries where Chinese functioned as the official written language.
If Japan was the first foreign country that worshipped Wangs calligraphy, then it wouldnt be difficult to understand why Japanese calligraphers were among the first who came to visit Shaoxing in the early 1980s shortly after China began its reform drive and opened the door to the outside world. From 1985 to 1987, Orchid Pavilion in Shaoxing hosted three consecutive gatherings of celebrated Chinese and Japanese calligraphers.
In fact, many sinologists in the west have recognized Wangs brilliance as a calligrapher. Osvald Sirén (1879-1966), a Swedish art historian, wrote in his book about the history of Chinese early paintings in 1933 that no other artists in China attained more admiration than Wang Xizhi.
Osvald Sirén was neither the first nor the last western scholar who saw the artistry of Wang Xizhi. On December 22, 2019, Pietro De Laurentis, an Italian sinologist based in Naples, Italy, gave a lecture at Shaoxing Library. The lecture was about authentic works of Wang Xizhi. Among the audience were calligraphers and enthusiasts. The 43-year-old Italian speaks Chinese fluently. His lecture focused on an inscription on a stone tablet made in 672 by a Chinese Buddhist monk. The stone tablet is now in Xian. What makes this engraved inscription special is that all the separate words of the inscription were selected from the authentic artworks by Wang Xizhi. His lecture gave a deep insight into Wang Xizhis works and the audience found the lecture enlightening and helpful.
Pietro De Laurentis has studied in China several times and is a prominent expert on Chinese calligraphy for over 20 years. He is good at writing the regular script in small characters, one of the subgenres in Chinese calligraphy and, to the surprise of many people, he is even good at composing Chinese poems in the traditional format. At the Orchid Pavilion Calligraphy Festival in 2019, Pietro De Laurentis submitted a paper to the symposium. In the paper he suggested that in all the extant works attributed to Wang Xizhi, there are no more than 12 authentic works which add up to 734 words that speak of Wangs calligraphic achievement. Pietro De Laurentis plans to write a book in English on Wang Xizhi and he hopes he can work in partnership with Shaoxing. He talked about the plan in June 2019 in a conversation with Zhang Tiangong, a Chinese calligrapher.
Of the old-generation Japanese calligraphers, Sesson Uno (1912-1995) stood out. A giant presence in the circles of Japanese calligraphy of his time, Uno opened up a space for the avant-garde style in calligraphy. And he was specialized in the studies of Wang Xizhis calligraphy.
In March 1987, an exhibition was held in the National Art Museum of China in Beijing in celebration of the birth year of both Qigong (1912-2005, a renowned Chinese calligrapher, artist, connoisseur and sinologist) and Sesson Uno. Both of them were 75 years old that year. On display were 75 calligraphic works, 37 from each and wrapped up by a collaborated work.
Roland Hans-Peter Buckingham, a 47-year-old artist of UK and PhD from University of Sunderland in London, has a passion for Chinese calligraphy. Wang Xizhi is his favorite Chinese calligraphy master. His doctoral dissertation was on a look into the calligraphy of the east and the west. In 2019, Roland spent about three months studying a calligraphic course at the School of Calligraphy at Shaoxing University. Since January 1, Roland has been running Chinese Visual Art on a social media. It promotes Wang Xizhi and his preface to westerners. In the past five years, the School of Calligraphy in Shaoxing has had over 2,000 international students taking short-term calligraphy courses.
In 1982, Orchid Pavilion Calligraphy Association came into being. It is based in Shaoxing and embraces all calligraphers and enthusiasts across the world. In recent years, the association has taken steps in promoting international exchanges. Nowadays, the association has Seoul Academy and Tokyo Academy as its international branches.