付佳 徐琪 韓睿
[摘要] 糖尿病腎病是由糖尿病慢性微血管病變所引起的腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的異常的病變,是糖尿病中晚期最常見并發(fā)癥之一,也是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因之一。由于糖尿病腎病發(fā)病機制復(fù)雜,目前尚無有效的治療方法預(yù)防或減緩糖尿病腎病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。隨著近年對維生素D及其受體的深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素D不僅能夠調(diào)節(jié)鈣、磷代謝和維持骨骼結(jié)構(gòu),在許多臨床及動物實驗研究中觀察到維生素D的缺乏和糖尿病腎病間存在一定相關(guān)性。維生素D可以通過抗炎、抗氧化應(yīng)激、抑制腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)活性、保護足細胞等相關(guān)機制延緩糖尿病腎病的進展。本文將闡述維生素D及其受體對糖尿病腎病發(fā)病機制的相關(guān)影響及研究進展。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 糖尿病腎病;維生素D;維生素D受體;發(fā)病機制
[中圖分類號] R587.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)03(a)-0023-04
[Abstract] Diabetic kidney disease is an abnormal pathological change in the structure and function of the kidney caused by diabetic chronic microangiopathy. It is one of the most common complications in the middle and advanced stages of diabetes. It is also the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Because of the complex pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, there is no effective treatment to prevent or slow the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy now. With the deep studies of vitamin D and its receptors in the past years, it has been found that vitamin D can regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism and maintain bone structure. In many clinical and animal experimental studies, it has been observed that there is a certain correlation between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic kidney disease. Vitamin D can postpone the progression of diabetic kidney disease through related mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, and protection of podocyte. This article reviews the related effects and research progress of vitamin D and its receptors on the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease.
[Key words] Diabetic kidney disease; Vitamin D; Vitamin D receptor; Pathogenesis
糖尿病腎?。―KD)是糖尿病最常見的慢性并發(fā)癥,也是導(dǎo)致終末期腎臟疾病的主要原因。一項ADVANCE研究顯示[1],我國糖尿病患者的DKD發(fā)生率是白種人的1.73倍,且男性的DKD發(fā)生率和進展速度遠高于女性。DKD發(fā)病機制復(fù)雜,目前認為DKD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展與血流動力學(xué)異常、糖代謝紊亂、氧化應(yīng)激、炎性反應(yīng)及足細胞損傷等諸多因素有關(guān)。近年來一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素D(Vit D)及其受體(VDR)與DKD的進展密切相關(guān)。因此,本文將對DKD發(fā)病機制和Vit D及VDR對DKD的可能影響機制進行綜述。
1 DKD發(fā)病機制研究
1.1 血流動力學(xué)異常
腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(RAAS)是動脈血壓、水和鈉穩(wěn)態(tài)的主要調(diào)節(jié)劑,在維持腎血流動力學(xué)以及調(diào)節(jié)腎臟鈉轉(zhuǎn)運中起關(guān)鍵作用。在體內(nèi)高糖環(huán)境的不斷刺激下,RAAS系統(tǒng)被激活,釋放出的血管緊張素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)導(dǎo)致腎小球內(nèi)壓力增加和大量蛋白尿的產(chǎn)生,蛋白尿通過局部促炎和促硬化作用進一步加快腎小球肥大和硬化的發(fā)展[2]。Ang Ⅱ通過不斷刺激磷脂酰肌醇的生成,使蛋白激酶C(PKC)產(chǎn)生增加,進而激活PKC信號通路,并可以通過降低纖溶酶原激活劑的活性來抑制近端小管中的蛋白酶活性從而引起腎小球系膜細胞擴張。此外,Ang Ⅱ還可通過激活促炎和促纖維化因子如NF-κB、MCP-1和TGF-β的釋放[3],從而加快腎小球硬化,加速DKD的進展。
1.2 氧化應(yīng)激
活性氧(ROS)是高度反應(yīng)性的信號分子,在維持氧化還原穩(wěn)態(tài)中起重要作用。當機體遭受刺激后,體內(nèi)ROS的產(chǎn)生過多,氧化程度超出氧化物的清除能力,從而導(dǎo)致組織損傷。Namazi等[4]研究顯示,DKD的發(fā)生機制與強氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下大量ROS參與有關(guān)。此外,糖代謝的異??梢詫?dǎo)致線粒體超氧化物的產(chǎn)生過多,引起包括晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物(AGEs)形成增加、蛋白激酶C活化以及多元醇途徑等有害通路的激活,進而導(dǎo)致ROS的產(chǎn)生增多[5],進一步加重氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。此外,DKD時細胞內(nèi)炎癥信號通路的激活如磷脂酰3肌醇激酶(PI-3K)信號通路、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-JNK)信號通路、p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)等也可使體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)增加,加重腎臟的損傷。
2.4 足細胞保護作用
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Vit D及VDR具有足細胞保護作用。機體在高糖狀態(tài)下,內(nèi)皮細胞、腎小球基底膜和足細胞開始發(fā)生解剖異常,血管通透性增加,加速蛋白尿的發(fā)生;此外,足細胞數(shù)量減少導(dǎo)致無法維持腎小球濾過屏障的完整性[24],使蛋白尿產(chǎn)生過多,進而加快DKD的進展。Sanchez-Ni?觡o等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VDR激活可減少糖尿病腎病模型中的腎臟炎癥和足細胞凋亡,并且Vit D的抗炎作用也可能有助于抑制足細胞凋亡。在一項針對狼瘡性腎炎的研究[26]中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了Vit D可通過抑制足細胞異常自噬起到腎臟保護作用。足細胞自噬作為DKD主要發(fā)病機制之一,還可通過mTOR的活性來改善DKD癥狀。Wang等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),Vit D的活性形式1,25-(OH)2-D3對腎臟的保護作用與mTOR和P70S6K的磷酸化狀態(tài)有關(guān),經(jīng)過1,25-(OH)2-D3處理的大鼠系膜細胞可以減少哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶標的磷酸化,提示1,25-(OH)2-D3可以有效抑制高血糖誘導(dǎo)的大鼠系膜細胞增殖,從而抑制DKD的發(fā)展。
綜上所述,隨著DKD發(fā)病機制研究不斷深入,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Vit D及其受體可以通過抗炎、抗氧化應(yīng)激、抑制RAAS,改善足細胞損傷等不同作用機制延緩DKD的發(fā)病及進展。盡管其發(fā)病機制尚未完全明確,但為延緩DKD發(fā)展,減少終末期腎病的發(fā)生提供了一定理論依據(jù),也為臨床治療DKD提供了新的思路和方法。
[參考文獻]
[1]? Maric C. Sex,diabetes and the kidney [J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2009,296(4):680-688.
[2]? Ibrahim AH,Omar HH,Imam AM,et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency and Predictive Factors in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [J]. Egypt J Immunol,2018,25(2):11-20.
[3]? Ruggenenti P,Cravedi P,Remuzzi G. The RAAS in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy [J]. Nat Rev Nephrol,2010,6(6):319-330.
[4]? Namazi SN,Saberi FS,F(xiàn)alak R,et al. Phosphodiesterase 4 and 7 inhibitors produce protective effects against high glucose-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via modulation of the oxidative stress,apoptosis and inflammation pathways [J]. Metab Brain Dis,2019, 33(4):1293-1306.
[5]? Luis-Rodríguez D,Martínez-Castelao A,Górriz JL,et al. Pathophysiological role and therapeutic implications of inflammation in diabetic nephropathy [J]. World J Diabetes,2012,3(1):7-18.
[6]? Ahmad J. Management of diabetic nephropathy: Recent progress and future perspective [J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr,2015,9(4):343-358.
[7]? Duran-Salgado MB,Rubio-Guerra AF. Diabetic nephropathy and Inflammation [J]. World J Diabetes,2014,5(3):393-398.
[8]? Haoran D,Qingquan L,Baoli L. Research Progress on Mechanism of Podocyte Depletion in Diabetic Nephropathy [J]. J Diabetes Res,2017,2017:1-10.
[9]? Lin YC,Chang YH,Yang SY,et al. Update of pathophysiology and management of diabetic kidney disease [J]. J Formos Med Assoc,2018,117(8):662-675.
[10]? Issa CM. Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [J]. Adv Exp Med Biol,2017,996:193-205.
[11]? Hu X,Liu W,Yan Y,et al. Vitamin D protects against diabetic nephropathy: evidence-based effectiveness and mechanism [J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2019,845:91-98.
[12]? Guan X,Yang H,Zhang W,et al. Vitamin D receptor and its protective role in diabetic nephropathy [J]. Chin Med J (Engl),2014,127(2):365-369.
[13]? 王雪,李英.維生素D延緩糖尿病腎病的研究進展[J].臨床薈萃,2018,33(3):267-270.
[14]? Deng X,Cheng J,Shen M. Vitamin D improves diabetic nephropathy in rats by inhibiting renin and relieving oxidative stress [J]. J Endocrinol Invest,2016 ,39(6):657-666.
[15]? Li YC,Kong J,Wei M,et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system [J]. J Clin Invest,2002,110(2):229-238.
[16]? Chandel N,Ayasolla K,Wen H,et al. Vitamin D Receptor Deficit Induces Activation of Renin Angiotensin System Via SIRT1 Modulation in Podocytes [J]. Exp Mol Pathol,2017,102(1):97-105.
[17]? Rui X,Dingkun G,Liyang Z,et al. Mechanistic Insight and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy: Recent Progress and Future Perspective [J]. J Diabetes Res,2017, 2017:1-7.
[18]? Rai P,Singh T,Lederman R,et al. Hyperglycemia enhances kidney cell injury in HIVAN through down-regulation of vitamin D receptors [J]. Cell Signal,2015,27(3):460-469.
[19]? Thethi TK,Bajwa MA,Ghanim H,et al. Effect of paricalcitol on endothelial function and inflammation in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease [J]. J Diabetes Complications,2015,29(3):433-437.
[20]? Nakai K,F(xiàn)uj H,Kono K,et al. Vitamin D activates the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway and ameliorates nep-hropathy in diabetic rats [J]. Am J Hypertens,2014,27(4):586-595.
[21]? Deb DK,Chen Y,Zhang Z,et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses high glucose-induced angiotensinogen expression in kidney cells by blocking the NF-κB pathway [J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2009,296(5):F1212-F1218.
[22]? Chokhandre MK,Mahmoud MI,Hakami T,et al. Vitamin D & its analogues in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review [J]. J Diabetes Metab Disord,2015,4:58.
[23]? Silvia L,Adriana A,Giovanna S,et al. Role of Paricalcitol in Modulating the Immune Response in Patients with Renal Disease [J]. Int J Endocrinol,2015,2015:1-8.
[24]? Gembillo G,Cernaro V,Salvo A,et al. Role of Vitamin D Status in Diabetic Patients with Renal Disease [J]. Medicina (Kaunas),2019,55(6):273.
[25]? Sanchez-Ni?觡o MD,Bozic M,Córdoba-Lanús E,et al. Beyond proteinuria: VDR activation reduces renal inflammation in experimental diabetic nephropathy [J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(6):F647-657.
[26]? Yu Q,Qiao Y,Liu D,et al. Vitamin D protects podocytes from autoantibodies induced injury in lupus nephritis by reducing aberrant autophagy [J]. Arthritis Res Ther,2019,21(1):19.
[27]? Wang H,Wang J,Qu H,et al. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of mTOR by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to improve early diabetic nephropathy via the DDIT4/TSC2/mTOR pathway [J]. Endocrine,2016,54(2):348-359.
(收稿日期:2019-12-25? 本文編輯:王曉曄)