李澤雄 黃卓山 劉金來(lái)
通信作者簡(jiǎn)介:劉金來(lái),中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科教授、主任醫(yī)師、博士生導(dǎo)師、粵東醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科雙聘學(xué)科帶頭人?,F(xiàn)任歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)高血壓委員會(huì)會(huì)員、中國(guó)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合學(xué)會(huì)心血管病專業(yè)委員會(huì)雙心疾病專業(yè)組委員、廣東省康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)第三屆理事會(huì)理事、廣東省康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管分會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)、廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)循證醫(yī)學(xué)分會(huì)副主任委員、廣東省健康管理學(xué)會(huì)心血管病學(xué)專業(yè)委員會(huì)副主任委員、廣東省老年保健協(xié)會(huì)心血管內(nèi)科委員會(huì)副主任委員、廣東省醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)心臟起搏及心電生理分會(huì)副主任委員、廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心臟起搏及心電生理學(xué)會(huì)常務(wù)委員、廣東省醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)高血壓醫(yī)師分會(huì)常務(wù)委員、廣東省精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用學(xué)會(huì)高血壓分會(huì)常務(wù)委員、廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管病學(xué)分會(huì)高血壓學(xué)組成員、廣東省中醫(yī)藥學(xué)會(huì)絡(luò)病專業(yè)委員會(huì)第二屆委員會(huì)常務(wù)委員、廣東省健康科普專家、多本雜志的編委。主持和參與多項(xiàng)省部級(jí)科研課題。主編學(xué)術(shù)專著4部,參編5部,發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文100余篇。
【摘要】心房顫動(dòng)是一種以快速、無(wú)序心房電活動(dòng)為特征的室上性快速性心律失常,可出現(xiàn)血栓栓塞、心力衰竭、心肌梗死、腎功能損害等并發(fā)癥,有較高致殘率及病死率。炎癥反應(yīng)在心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起到重要作用。單核細(xì)胞/HDL比值(MHR)是一個(gè)結(jié)合了炎癥和抗炎的炎性標(biāo)志物。大量研究表明單核細(xì)胞升高及HDL降低與心血管疾病具有一定的相關(guān)性。該文對(duì)MHR在心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)病機(jī)制中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】心房顫動(dòng);單核細(xì)胞/高密度脂蛋白比值;單核細(xì)胞;高密度脂蛋白;單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1
【Abstract】Atrial fibrillation is a kind of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by rapid and disordered atrial electrical activity, leading to thromboembolism, heart failure, myocardial infarction, renal damage and other complications with high disability rate and mortality rate. Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the incidence and development of atrial fibrillation. The monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio is an inflammatory marker that combines inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Numerous studies have shown that increased monocyte count and decreased high-density lipoprotein level are correlated with the incidence and development of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study is to review the research progress on the role MHR in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation.
【Key words】Atrial fibrillation;Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio;Monocyte;
High-density lipoprotein;Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜。目前研究顯示心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)病機(jī)制可能包括電生理、病理生理、基因等方面,而炎癥在心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起到舉足輕重的作用。單核細(xì)胞/HDL比值(MHR)是一個(gè)結(jié)合了炎癥和抗炎的炎性標(biāo)志物。有部分臨床研究顯示其與心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生及術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)。該文對(duì)MHR在心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)病機(jī)制中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
一、心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)病機(jī)制
心房顫動(dòng)是一種以快速、無(wú)序心房電活動(dòng)為特征的室上性快速性心律失常,是臨床上常見(jiàn)的心律失常類型之一,占正常人群的0.4% ~ 1.0%、65歲以上人群的2% ~ 5%、80歲以上人群的8.8%,近年來(lái)全球心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)病率逐年上升[1]。
臨床上心房顫動(dòng)分為:陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)、持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)、長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)和永久性心房顫動(dòng)。在心血管疾病中,心房顫動(dòng)可出現(xiàn)腦卒中、血栓栓塞、心力衰竭、心肌梗死、認(rèn)知功能下降、癡呆、腎損傷等并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重威脅人類生存及健康,有較高致殘率及病死率。心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)病機(jī)制包括以下幾個(gè)方面。
1. 電生理機(jī)制方面
心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生需要觸發(fā)及維持機(jī)制。目前公認(rèn)的觸發(fā)機(jī)制是肺靜脈、上腔靜脈近端、馬歇爾韌帶或左右心房的其他部分肌袖內(nèi)具有異常自律性起搏細(xì)胞,形成異位興奮灶,發(fā)放快速?zèng)_動(dòng)導(dǎo)致心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生[2]。這也是肺靜脈隔離及環(huán)肺靜脈消融術(shù)治療心房顫動(dòng)的理論基礎(chǔ)[3]。心房顫動(dòng)的維持機(jī)制有以下4個(gè)假說(shuō):①多發(fā)子波折返;②局灶激動(dòng);③轉(zhuǎn)子樣激動(dòng)學(xué)說(shuō);④心房顫動(dòng)巢學(xué)說(shuō)。
2. 病理生理學(xué)方面
心房重構(gòu)、炎性反應(yīng)、遺傳學(xué)、自主神經(jīng)及心外膜脂肪浸潤(rùn)均在心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用。心房重構(gòu)早期表現(xiàn)為電重構(gòu),即離子通道的改變。后期表現(xiàn)為結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu),包括心肌細(xì)胞及心肌間質(zhì)的變化。炎癥反應(yīng)引起心房顫動(dòng)的啟動(dòng),而心房顫動(dòng)又導(dǎo)致炎癥反應(yīng),從而促進(jìn)心房顫動(dòng)的維持。炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致炎癥浸潤(rùn)、心肌細(xì)胞壞死和纖維化,進(jìn)一步引起心房電重構(gòu)及結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu),從而促使心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生和持續(xù)。目前研究顯示多種炎癥因子可能與心房顫動(dòng)相關(guān):①作為心血管疾病全身炎癥的敏感生物標(biāo)志物,CRP與心房顫動(dòng)有著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系。在心房顫動(dòng)的啟動(dòng)和維持過(guò)程中,CRP聚集在心房組織中,激活補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)并誘發(fā)炎癥。與磷脂酰膽堿結(jié)合生成長(zhǎng)鏈?;鈮A和溶血磷脂酰膽堿,進(jìn)而影響跨膜離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜功能障礙,引起心房電重構(gòu)[4]。
②IL-6是一種促炎細(xì)胞因子,參與合成CRP等急性期蛋白。在心臟甚至全身的炎癥反應(yīng)中,IL-6升高,下調(diào)心肌細(xì)胞連接蛋白表達(dá),迅速誘導(dǎo)心房電重構(gòu)[5]。③TNF-α是由單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞合成的一種多效性促炎分子,可能通過(guò)降低心房肌細(xì)胞的電流密度,從而降低通道功能,導(dǎo)致通道蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),引起心房電重構(gòu)[6]。④內(nèi)皮素-1是心血管活動(dòng)的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子之一。相關(guān)研究顯示,心房顫動(dòng)患者心房細(xì)胞TRPC1通道及內(nèi)皮素-1A型受體表達(dá)上調(diào)。在蛋白激酶C的作用下,內(nèi)皮素-1激活TRPC1通道,參與心房顫動(dòng)電重構(gòu)[7]。⑤基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-7可降解連接蛋白43抑制心房正常傳導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致心律失常[8]。此外,可能參與心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)生相關(guān)的炎癥因子包括IL-2、IL-8、IL-18、MMP-2、MMP-9等。
3. 基因方面
近年來(lái)已通過(guò)連鎖分析、候選基因分析、二代測(cè)序等生物信息學(xué)手段篩選出了多個(gè)與心房顫動(dòng)相關(guān)的基因:①離子通道基因,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)KCNQ1、KCNE2、KCNH2、KCNJ2、KCNA5等基因的突變可導(dǎo)致鉀離子通道功能異常。功能獲得性突變會(huì)縮短有效不應(yīng)期,功能喪失性突變會(huì)延長(zhǎng)心房動(dòng)作電位時(shí)限,這兩種情況均可改變心臟復(fù)極時(shí)間,引起心房顫動(dòng)[9]。SCN5A、SCN1B、SCN2B、SCN3B、SCN4B、SCN10A等基因的突變可影響鈉離子通道功能[10-11]。功能獲得性突變可引起細(xì)胞興奮性增高,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致異位起搏點(diǎn)興奮。功能喪失性突變可縮短有效不應(yīng)期及減慢傳導(dǎo),兩者均可導(dǎo)致心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)生。②細(xì)胞縫隙連接蛋白基因,相鄰的心肌細(xì)胞通過(guò)縫隙連接蛋白相互連接,實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞間的離子交流,使心肌細(xì)胞協(xié)調(diào)一致,成為一個(gè)整體,有序地去極化。心臟表達(dá)最多的是CX40、CX43兩種連接蛋白。與其相關(guān)的P88S、A96S、I75F基因突變,會(huì)導(dǎo)致連接蛋白減少或功能異常,抑制心房正常傳導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致心律失常[12]。③轉(zhuǎn)錄因子基因,GATA4參與心臟的發(fā)育生長(zhǎng),與GATA5和GATA6基因協(xié)同作用,參與心內(nèi)膜墊、心室流出道、房間隔、室間隔等心臟結(jié)構(gòu)的形成。GATA4基因突變一方面可抑制竇房結(jié)基因表達(dá),引起竇房結(jié)自律性降低。另一方面,通過(guò)抑制肺靜脈血管周圍的心肌細(xì)胞連接蛋白CX40的表達(dá),引起HCN4的表達(dá)增加,導(dǎo)致心臟發(fā)生異位起搏,進(jìn)而引起心房顫動(dòng)[13]。此外,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PITX2、ZFHX3、PRRX1、TBX5基因突變也與心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)生相關(guān)。④心房鈉尿肽基因,相關(guān)研究顯示NPPA基因突變引起Na+、K+、Ca2+離子通道重塑,為心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生提供一個(gè)電生理基礎(chǔ)[14]。
二、MHR與心房顫動(dòng)
單核細(xì)胞生成于骨髓,屬于白細(xì)胞的一種。其主要功能為:吞噬并殺滅某些細(xì)菌;吞噬紅細(xì)胞;在免疫反應(yīng)的初期,可把所攜帶的抗原決定簇轉(zhuǎn)交給淋巴細(xì)胞,促使淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)揮免疫活性。單核細(xì)胞不僅具有吞噬作用,還參與免疫作用。機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)時(shí),單核細(xì)胞可迅速聚集,發(fā)揮吞噬功能。與血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞等共同分泌單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)。MCP-1反過(guò)來(lái)誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)黏附分子,促進(jìn)IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α等的釋放,誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)。MCP-1可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)其他炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生與釋放,介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)的進(jìn)展[15]。而炎癥在心房顫動(dòng)的啟動(dòng)和維持中發(fā)揮重要作用。因此,單核細(xì)胞與心房顫動(dòng)可能存在一定的相關(guān)性。
單核細(xì)胞分泌的TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6等炎癥因子可引起心房電重構(gòu),如上文所述,IL-6升高引起心肌細(xì)胞連接蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào)[5]。TNF-α通過(guò)降低心房肌細(xì)胞的電流密度,從而降低通道功能,導(dǎo)致通道蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),兩者均可引起心房電重構(gòu)[6]。單核細(xì)胞釋放的MCP-1與ICAM-1協(xié)同作用,招募巨噬細(xì)胞,激活心肌纖維化的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)。巨噬細(xì)胞分泌TGF-β及促纖維細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)纖維母細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧〕衫w維細(xì)胞,兩者進(jìn)一步分泌TGF-β及促纖維細(xì)胞因子,持續(xù)形成纖維組織[16-17]。心肌纖維化導(dǎo)致心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu),是心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)生及維持的基礎(chǔ)。MCP-1與CCR2結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)出一種新的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白誘導(dǎo)蛋白(MCPIP),其可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡蛋白酶的激活、細(xì)胞色素C的釋放、活性氧的產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)而引起心肌細(xì)胞凋亡導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)[18]。Zhang等[19]通過(guò)比較老年心房顫動(dòng)患者、成年心房顫動(dòng)患者、老年非心房顫動(dòng)患者及成年非心房顫動(dòng)患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)老年心房顫動(dòng)患者M(jìn)CPIP表達(dá)明顯高于其他患者,且MCPIP的表達(dá)與纖維化指標(biāo)Ⅲ型前膠原N端肽(PⅢNP)、Ⅰ型前膠原C端肽呈正相關(guān),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明MCPIP促進(jìn)心房心肌纖維化,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)。Aoki等[20]切除實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠5/6的腎組織,分為5/6Nx+AST120組及5/6Nx+VEH組。在電鏡下觀察,5/6Nx+AST120組小鼠左房未見(jiàn)單核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),而5/6Nx+VEH組小鼠左房可見(jiàn)單核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。與5/6Nx+VEH相比,5/6Nx+AST120組心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)生率顯著降低。該實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了單核細(xì)胞與心房顫動(dòng)存在一定的相關(guān)性,同時(shí)也給我們提供了心房顫動(dòng)治療的新思路。
HDL是唯一與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化呈負(fù)相關(guān)的脂蛋白。目前已知HDL可以從組織中移出膽固醇,降低組織中的膽固醇含量。還具有促進(jìn)一氧化氮合成增加、清除氧自由基、促進(jìn)纖維蛋白溶解及抗炎等作用[21]。對(duì)單核細(xì)胞的拮抗作用是其發(fā)揮抗炎作用的一部分。HDL通過(guò)降低單核細(xì)胞纖維狀肌動(dòng)蛋白來(lái)限制細(xì)胞骨架的變化,從而抑制細(xì)胞的遷移,以此減弱MCP-1的趨化誘導(dǎo)作用,減少炎癥組織中單核細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),減輕炎癥反應(yīng)[22-24]。
還可通過(guò)降低單核細(xì)胞整合素CD11b的活化,起到預(yù)防和逆轉(zhuǎn)單核細(xì)胞活化的作用[22]。
MHR是一個(gè)結(jié)合了炎癥及抗炎的炎性標(biāo)志物,被證實(shí)與多種心血管疾病相關(guān)。目前關(guān)于MHR與心房顫動(dòng)的研究較少。Canpolat等[25]的研究納入402例心房顫動(dòng)患者,行球囊導(dǎo)管肺靜脈隔離消融術(shù),術(shù)后平均隨訪時(shí)間為(20.6±6.0)個(gè)月。根據(jù)其術(shù)前MHR值四分位數(shù)分為4組,心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)率在最低到最高的4組分別是7.1%、6.9%、15.8%和65.0%(P < 0.01)。隨后的多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析表明MHR術(shù)后心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積為0.853,最佳截點(diǎn)值為11.48。Satilmis等[26]的研究納入203例因病竇綜合征而植入雙起搏器的患者,隨訪6個(gè)月,根據(jù)是否發(fā)生無(wú)癥狀性心房顫動(dòng)分為存在AHRE組及無(wú)AHRE組,2組MHR值的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析表明MHR是雙起搏器植入術(shù)后發(fā)生無(wú)癥狀性心房顫動(dòng)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。Tekkesin等[27]的研究納入311例接受冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)患者,分為術(shù)后心房顫動(dòng)組[POAF(+)]及術(shù)后非心房顫動(dòng)組[POAF(-)],2組MHR值的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析表明MHR是冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后心房顫動(dòng)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。ROC曲線下面積為0.844,最佳截點(diǎn)值為8.55。Ulus等[28]的研究顯示MHR是老年ACS患者PCI術(shù)后新發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)的預(yù)測(cè)因子。Karata?等[29]的研究顯示MHR是ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心房顫動(dòng)的預(yù)測(cè)因素。Saskin等[30]的研究顯示MHR是冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后心房顫動(dòng)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。
三、總 結(jié)
心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,包括電生理機(jī)制、病理生理機(jī)制及基因等方面[31]。而炎癥反應(yīng)在心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生發(fā)展中至關(guān)重要。炎癥作用下,單核細(xì)胞聚集,釋放炎癥因子、促纖維因子,引起心肌細(xì)胞纖維化、凋亡,進(jìn)而引起心臟電重構(gòu)、結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu),導(dǎo)致心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生。HDL通過(guò)抑制單核細(xì)胞的遷移及活化,發(fā)揮抗炎作用。MHR是一個(gè)結(jié)合了炎癥及抗炎的炎性標(biāo)志物,被證實(shí)與心血管疾病密切相關(guān)。目前關(guān)于MHR與心房顫動(dòng)的臨床研究較少,仍需要更多的研究提供支持。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1] Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ, Gillum RF, Kim YH, McAnulty JH Jr, Zheng ZJ, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation, 2014,129(8):837-847.
[2] 江洪,黃從新,唐其柱,楊波,王小紅,劉華芬.肺靜脈異常電活動(dòng)引起持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)的電生理特點(diǎn)和消融治療.中華心血管病雜志,2004,32(3):22-27.
[3] 王業(yè)松.慢性心房顫動(dòng)的治療.新醫(yī)學(xué),2013,44(1):3-7.
[4] Hack CE, Wolbink GJ, Schalkwijk C, Speijer H, Hermens WT, van den Bosch H. A role for secretory phospholipase A2 and C-reactive protein in the removal of injured cells. Immunol Today,1997,18(3):111-115.
[5] Lazzerini PE, Laghi-Pasini F, Acampa M, Srivastava U, Bertolozzi I, Giabbani B, Finizola F, Vanni F, Dokollari A, Natale M, Cevenini G, Selvi E, Migliacci N, Maccherini M, Boutjdir M, Capecchi PL. Systemic inflammation rapidly induces reversible atrial electrical remodeling: the role of interleukin-6-mediated changes in connexin expression. J Am Heart Assoc,2019,8(16):e011006.
[6] Rao F, Xue YM, Wei W, Yang H, Liu FZ, Chen SX, Kuang SJ, Zhu JN, Wu SL, Deng CY. Role of tumour necrosis factor-a in the regulation of T-type calcium channel current in HL-1 cells.Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol,2016,43(7):706-711.
[7] Zhang K, Wu WY, Li G, Zhang YH, Sun Y, Qiu F, Yang Q, Xiao GS, Li GR, Wang Y. Regulation of the TRPC1 channel by endothelin-1 in human atrial myocytes. Heart Rhythm,2019,16(10):1575-1583.
[8] Ryu K, Li L, Khrestian CM, Matsumoto N, Sahadevan J, Ruehr ML, Van Wagoner DR, Efimov IR, Waldo AL. Effects of sterile pericarditis on connexins 40 and 43 in the atria: correlation with abnormal conduction and atrial arrhythmias. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2007,293(2):H1231-H1241.
[9] Mann SA, Otway R, Guo G, Soka M, Karlsdotter L, Trivedi G, Ohanian M, Zodgekar P, Smith RA, Wouters MA, Subbiah R, Walker B, Kuchar D, Sanders P, Griffiths L, Vandenberg JI, Fatkin D. Epistatic effects of potassium channel variation on cardiac repolarization and atrial fibrillation risk. J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,59(11):1017-1025.
[10] Olesen MS, Yuan L, Liang B, Holst AG, Nielsen N, Nielsen JB, Hedley PL, Christiansen M, Olesen SP, Hauns? S, Schmitt N, Jespersen T, Svendsen JH. High prevalence of long QT syndrome-associated SCN5A variants in patients with early-onset lone atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2012,5(4):450-459.
[11] Makiyama T, Akao M, Shizuta S, Doi T, Nishiyama K, Oka Y, Ohno S, Nishio Y, Tsuji K, Itoh H, Kimura T, Kita T, Horie M. A novel SCN5A gain-of-function mutation M1875T associated with familial atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 52 (16):1326-1334.
[12] 陳芳,楊承健.心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)病機(jī)制的基因?qū)W研究進(jìn)展.中華老年心腦血管病雜志,2015,17(7):770-772.
[13] 韋盈盈,楊樹森,韓薇.GATA4轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與心房顫動(dòng).心肺血管病雜志,2017,36(6):496-499.
[14] Menon A, Hong L, Savio-Galimberti E, Sridhar A, Youn SW, Zhang M, Kor K, Blair M, Kupershmidt S, Darbar D. Electrophysiologic and molecular mechanisms of a frameshift NPPA mutation linked with familial atrial fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol,2019,132:24-35.
[15] 彭彬,蔣學(xué)俊.單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1與心力衰竭的關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展.心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展,2007,28(4):570-572.
[16] Kai H, Kuwahara F, Tokuda K, Imaizumi T. Diastolic dysfu-nction in hypertensive hearts: roles of perivascular inflammation and reactive myocardial fibrosis. Hypertens Res,28(6):483-490.
[17] Heinzmann D, Fu? S, Ungern-Sternberg SV, Schreieck J, Gawaz M, Gramlich M, Seizer P. TGFβ is specifically upregulated on circulating CD14++ CD16+ and CD14+ CD16++ monocytes in patients with atrial fibrillation and severe atrial fibrosis. Cell Physiol Biochem,2018,49(1):226-234.
[18] Zhou L, Azfer A, Niu J, Graham S, Choudhury M, Adamski FM, Younce C, Binkley PF, Kolattukudy PE. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induces a novel transcription factor that causes cardiac myocyte apoptosis and ventricular dysfunction. Circ Res,2006,98(9):1177-1185.
[19] Zhang G, Abuduoufu A, Zhou X, Li Y, Zhang L, Lu Y, Zhang
J, Xin Q, Tang BP. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein in age-related atrial fibrillation and its association with circulating fibrosis biomarkers. Cardiology,2019,142(4):244-249.
[20] Aoki K, Teshima Y, Kondo H, Saito S, Fukui A, Fukunaga N, Nawata T, Shimada T, Takahashi N, Shibata H. Role of indoxyl sulfate as a predisposing factor for atrial fibrillation in renal dysfunction. J Am Heart Assoc,2015,4(10):e002023.
[21] 金嫻,梁永杰.高密度脂蛋白的作用進(jìn)展.中國(guó)衛(wèi)生產(chǎn)業(yè),2011,8(21):119,121.
[22] Murphy AJ, Woollard KJ, Hoang A, Mukhamedova N, Stirzaker RA, McCormick SP, Remaley AT, Sviridov D, Chin-Dusting J. High-density lipoprotein reduces the human monocyte inflammatory response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2008,28(11):2071-2077.
[23] Navab M, Imes SS, Hama SY, Hough GP, Ross LA, Bork RW, Valente AJ, Berliner JA, Drinkwater DC, Laks H. Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest,1991,88(6):2039-2046.
[24] Diederich W, Orsó E, Drobnik W, Schmitz G. Apolipoprotein AI and HDL(3) inhibit spreading of primary human monocytes through a mechanism that involves cholesterol depletion and regulation of CDC42. Atherosclerosis,2001,159(2):313-324.
[25] Canpolat U, Aytemir K, Yorgun H, ?ahiner L, Kaya EB, ?ay S,
Topalo?lu S, Aras D, Oto A. The role of preprocedural monocyte-
to-high-density lipoprotein ratio in prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence after cryoballoon-based catheter ablation. Europace,2015,17(12):1807-1815.
[26] Satilmis S. Role of the monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio in predicting atrial high-rate episodes detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices. North Clin Istanb,2018,5(2):96-101.
[27] Tekkesin AI, Hayiroglu MI, Zehir R, Turkkan C, Keskin M, Cinier G, Alper AT. The use of monocyte to HDL ratio to predict postoperative atrial fibrillation after aortocoronary bypass graft surgery. North Clin Istanb,2017,4(2):145-150.
[28] Ulus T, Isgandarov K, Yilmaz AS, Vasi I, Moghanch?zadeh SH, Mutlu F. Predictors of new-onset atrial fibrillation in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Aging Clin Exp Res,2018,30(12):1475-1482.
[29] Karata? MB, ?anga Y, ?pek G, ?zcan KS, Güng?r B, Durmu? G, Onuk T, ?z A, ?im?ek B, Bolca O. Association of admission serum laboratory parameters with new-onset atrial fibrillation after a primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Coron Artery Dis,2016,27(2):128-134.
[30] Saskin H, Serhan Ozcan K, Yilmaz S. High preoperative mo-nocyte count/high-density lipoprotein ratio is associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation and mortality in coronary artery bypass grafting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2017,24(3):395-401.
[31] 劉麗娟,鄭東誕,李樹彬,潘德茂,王強(qiáng),張瑋,高修仁.高頻左心房起搏制作兔慢性房顫模型及電生理特性研究.中山大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)版,2009,30(6):723-727.
(收稿日期:2019-10-12)
(本文編輯:楊江瑜)