肖冬菊
【摘要】 目的:探討異丙酚-異氟醚靜吸復(fù)合全麻與右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉對(duì)老年患者關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能及心理應(yīng)激的影響。方法:選取2018年1月-2019年1月于本院進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)的96例老年患者,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組與研究組,每組48例。對(duì)照組給予異丙酚-異氟醚靜吸復(fù)合全身麻醉,研究組給予右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉。比較兩組麻醉前(T0)、清醒后1 h(T1)、清醒后12 h(T2)、清醒后24 h(T3)時(shí)認(rèn)知功能、心理應(yīng)激及麻醉滿意情況。結(jié)果:兩組T0時(shí)蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(MoCA)與狀態(tài)焦慮量表(SAI)評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。T1~T3時(shí),研究組MoCA評(píng)分均明顯高于對(duì)照組,而SAI評(píng)分均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);研究組麻醉總滿意率為97.92%明顯高于對(duì)照組的79.17%(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉用于老年患者關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)麻醉效果顯著,可加快患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能恢復(fù),降低心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少焦慮情緒,提高麻醉滿意,值得推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 異丙酚 異氟醚 右美托咪定 七氟醚 認(rèn)知功能 心理應(yīng)激
Effects of Two Kinds of Combined Anesthesia on Cognitive Function and Psychological Stress in Elderly Patients after Arthroscopic Surgery/XIAO Dongju. //Medical Innovation of China, 2020, 17(10): 0-084
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effects of Propofol-Isoflurane intravenous inhalational combined with general anesthesia and Dexmedetomidine combined with Sevoflurane on cognitive function and psychological stress in elderly patients after arthroscopic surgery. Method: A total of 96 elderly patients underwent arthroscopic surgery in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the research group, 48 cases in each group. The control group was given Propofol-Isoflurane intravenous inhalational combined with general anesthesia, and the research group was given Dexmedetomidine combined with Sevoflurane anesthesia. The cognitive function, psychological stress and anesthesia satisfaction of the two groups were compared before anesthesia (T0), 1 h after wakefulness (T1), 12 h after wakefulness (T2), and 24 h after wakefulness (T3). Result: There were no statistically significant differences between Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA) and state anxiety inventory (SAI) scores at T0 between the two groups (P>0.05). At T1-T3, MoCA scores in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while SAI scores were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total satisfaction rate of anesthesia in the research group was 97.92% significantly higher than 79.17% in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine combined with Sevoflurane anesthesia has a significant effect on arthroscopic surgery anesthesia for elderly patients, which can accelerate postoperative cognitive function recovery, reduce psychological stress response, reduce anxiety and improve anesthesia satisfaction. It is worth popularizing.
[Key words] Propofol Isoflurane Dexmedetomidine Sevoflurane Cognitive function Psychological stress
First-authors address: Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2020.10.020
關(guān)節(jié)鏡在老年骨關(guān)節(jié)退行性病變及脛骨平臺(tái)骨折中應(yīng)用廣泛,其具有的創(chuàng)傷小,術(shù)后恢復(fù)時(shí)間快等顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn),使其在老年骨病中優(yōu)勢(shì)顯著[1]。老年患者大多由于年齡較大,機(jī)體免疫功能逐漸下降,身體中各種微量元素流失嚴(yán)重,且大多數(shù)老年患者均患有不同程度的老年病[2]。若要進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性較高,且對(duì)于術(shù)中麻醉效果要求相對(duì)較高[3]。本研究旨在探討異丙酚-異氟醚靜吸復(fù)合全身麻醉與右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉對(duì)老年患者關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能及心理應(yīng)激狀態(tài)影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2018年1月-2019年1月本院進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)的96例老年患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):均符合膝關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)的臨床指征;ASA分級(jí)為Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí);術(shù)前患者認(rèn)知功能無異常。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并內(nèi)分泌疾病、精神疾病、嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全患者;本研究麻醉藥物過敏者。按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組與研究組,每組48例。所有患者及家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書,本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 對(duì)照組采用異丙酚-異氟醚靜吸復(fù)合全身麻醉。采用1.5 mg/kg丙泊酚(生產(chǎn)廠家:廣東嘉博制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20133360,規(guī)格:50 mL︰500 mg)為麻醉誘導(dǎo)藥物,5 μg/kg芬太尼(生產(chǎn)廠家:江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20113509,規(guī)格:10 mL︰0.5 mg)+0.15 mg/kg泮庫溴銨(生產(chǎn)廠家:N.V.ORGANON,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):注冊(cè)證號(hào)H20040627,規(guī)格:2 mL︰4 mg)靜脈推注。3 min后進(jìn)行氣管插管,進(jìn)行麻醉維持,泵入2 mg/(kg·h)異丙酚(生產(chǎn)廠家:西安力邦制藥生產(chǎn),批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H19990282,規(guī)格:20 mL︰200 mg),靜吸1.5%異氟醚(生產(chǎn)廠家:Baxter Healthcare Corporation,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):注冊(cè)證號(hào)H20160437,規(guī)格:250 mL),切皮前追入2 μg/kg芬太尼。研究組采用右美托咪定(生產(chǎn)廠家:宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20183390,規(guī)格:2 mL︰200 μg)復(fù)合七氟醚(生產(chǎn)廠家:上海恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20070172,規(guī)格:120 mL)。面罩進(jìn)行七氟醚預(yù)充,濃度為8%,氧流量為8 L/min。預(yù)充后將面罩扣在患者面部,觀察胸部起伏,若無異常進(jìn)行氣管插管,行機(jī)械通氣,將濃度調(diào)低為3%,氧流量設(shè)置為3 L/min。觀察患者情況,無異常進(jìn)行右美托咪定靜脈泵入,時(shí)間與劑量設(shè)置為10 min/(?g·kg)。維持性濃度泵入為0.1 mL/(kg·h)維持至手術(shù)結(jié)束前5 min停止右美托咪定泵入,關(guān)閉七氟醚吸入,調(diào)節(jié)氧流量值5 L/min,結(jié)束麻醉與手術(shù)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 于麻醉前(T0)、清醒后1 h(T1)、清醒后12 h(T2)及清醒后24 h比較兩組認(rèn)知功能、心理應(yīng)激及麻醉滿意情況。(1)認(rèn)知功能。采用蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(MoCA)對(duì)兩組認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行評(píng)估,共30分,分值≥26分為正常[4]。(2)心理應(yīng)激。采用狀態(tài)焦慮量表(SAI)評(píng)價(jià)兩組心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng),最低分為20分,最高分為80分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高焦慮水平越高[5]。(3)麻醉滿意情況。采用視覺模擬量表(VAS)評(píng)價(jià)兩組對(duì)麻醉的滿意情況,視覺模擬尺0代表非常不滿意,1~3為不滿意,4~6為滿意,7~10為非常滿意,患者術(shù)后根據(jù)自己術(shù)中術(shù)后的感受對(duì)在視覺模擬尺中進(jìn)行選擇,評(píng)價(jià)麻醉滿意程度[6]。總滿意=滿意+非常滿意。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn);等級(jí)資料比較采用非參數(shù)秩和檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 對(duì)照組男26例,女22例;年齡60~81歲,平均(71.16±2.26)歲;術(shù)式類型:鏡下關(guān)節(jié)腔清理術(shù)17例,半月板切除術(shù)18例,游離體摘除術(shù)13例。研究組男24例,女20例;年齡61~80歲,平均(71.31±2.24)歲,術(shù)式類型:鏡下關(guān)節(jié)腔清理術(shù)16例,半月板切除術(shù)17例,游離體摘除術(shù)15例。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)MoCA評(píng)分比較 兩組T0時(shí)MoCA評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T1~T3時(shí),研究組MoCA評(píng)分均明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 兩組SAI評(píng)分比較 兩組T0時(shí)SAI評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T1~T3時(shí),研究組SAI評(píng)分均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.4 兩組麻醉滿意情況比較 研究組麻醉總滿意率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
3 討論
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙是麻醉科常見的術(shù)后神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,一般表現(xiàn)為患者記憶力、注意力、反應(yīng)速度等出現(xiàn)明顯異常,影響患者生活質(zhì)量。有研究表示,老年患者在麻醉后出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能障礙的概率為60%,且癥狀可持續(xù)數(shù)周[7]。術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙目前尚無診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),大多采用神經(jīng)心理測(cè)量的方式進(jìn)行診斷,MoCA與智力狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)為常用的診斷評(píng)估量表[8-10]。有研究指出,MoCA量表的靈敏度與特異性顯著高于MMSE[11]。
本研究中認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估采用的量表為MoCA量表,結(jié)果顯示兩組T0時(shí)MoCA評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。T1~T3時(shí),研究組MoCA評(píng)分均明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。表明右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉可顯著減少患者認(rèn)知功能障礙。有研究表示,采用七氟醚麻醉患者易出現(xiàn)術(shù)后躁動(dòng),認(rèn)知功能異常等[12]。但也有研究表示,近年來,右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉用于老年患者麻醉可顯著減少患者呼吸抑制情況,提高患者手術(shù)成功率[13]。右美托咪定為高選擇性α2受體激動(dòng)劑,可在患者腦干藍(lán)斑區(qū)軸突前α腎上腺受體中發(fā)揮作用,進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜。減少七氟醚麻醉帶來的術(shù)中、術(shù)后躁動(dòng)現(xiàn)象[14]。
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙出現(xiàn)的主要原因與麻醉藥物選擇、手術(shù)方式、術(shù)后疼痛等具有一定的相關(guān)性,但發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未有明確[15]。在大多數(shù)臨床麻醉效果的研究中僅對(duì)患者生理應(yīng)激、呼吸循環(huán)泵功能、認(rèn)知功能等進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)比,對(duì)患者的心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng)尚未多見[16-17]。
本研究中,觀察了兩組術(shù)后心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。焦慮是圍術(shù)期患者易出現(xiàn)的最為典型的不良情緒反應(yīng)[18]。老年患者情緒波動(dòng)變化不穩(wěn)定,加之麻醉藥物的刺激,患者易出現(xiàn)心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng),影響患者術(shù)后的康復(fù)與認(rèn)知功能恢復(fù)[19]。SAI量表為目前和國(guó)內(nèi)外公認(rèn)的評(píng)價(jià)焦慮的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[20]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組T0時(shí)SAI評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。T1~T3時(shí),研究組SAI評(píng)分均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);研究組麻醉總滿意率為97.92%高于對(duì)照組的79.17%(P<0.05)。表明右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉對(duì)患者的心理應(yīng)激可進(jìn)行有效減少。右美托咪定通過鎮(zhèn)靜交感神經(jīng),抑制腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)軸興奮,舒緩患者心理與血壓,降低患者七氟醚麻醉所受到的神經(jīng)刺激,緩解患者焦慮,患者躁動(dòng)少,神經(jīng)反應(yīng)減弱,術(shù)后心理應(yīng)激減少,提高麻醉滿意度。
綜上所述,右美托咪定復(fù)合七氟醚麻醉用于老年患者關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)麻醉效果顯著,可加快術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能恢復(fù)快,降低心理應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少焦慮情緒,提高麻醉滿意,可進(jìn)行推廣使用。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-13) (本文編輯:田婧)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2020年10期