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張侯權(quán)與西湖老照片

2020-05-15 11:28章咪佳
文化交流 2020年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:尼克松西湖杭州

章咪佳

1972年2月26日,正在中國(guó)訪問(wèn)的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)尼克松一行到了杭州。尼克松總統(tǒng)收到的杭州贈(zèng)送的禮品中,包括一套名為“西湖”的明信片。這套明信片由浙江人民出版社出版。選作封面的照片名為《西湖晨曦》,由張侯權(quán)先生拍攝。

幾天前一個(gè)偶然的機(jī)會(huì),我陪一位敬重的長(zhǎng)輩去療養(yǎng)院探望她的父親,由此認(rèn)識(shí)了92歲的張侯權(quán)老先生。

進(jìn)門5分鐘不到,我就被這位有一肚子故事的老爺爺吸引了。這才知道,張老先生是新中國(guó)成立后的第一批攝影師,曾經(jīng)在浙江越劇團(tuán)、浙江幻燈制片廠工作。浙江省第一批用作國(guó)際文化交流的風(fēng)光幻燈片,大多是他的攝影作品。

我決定對(duì)張老先生作一個(gè)專訪——把他拍攝老杭州的故事分享給大家。

《西湖晨曦》

飯店穹頂上拍了20分鐘

1972年2月26日,正在中國(guó)訪問(wèn)的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)尼克松一行到了杭州??偨y(tǒng)先生收到的杭州贈(zèng)送的禮品中,包括一套名為“西湖”的明信片。

這套明信片由浙江人民出版社出版。選作封面的照片名為“西湖晨曦”,由張侯權(quán)先生拍攝。

1963年,上海人民美術(shù)出版社(下文簡(jiǎn)稱“上海人美”)準(zhǔn)備出版《西湖》畫冊(cè),上海人美攝編室副主任尹??档胶贾蓍_(kāi)始籌備,他住在西湖邊的新新飯店。接待尹??档氖钦憬z影家協(xié)會(huì)的譚鐵民。譚鐵民知道在浙江幻燈制片廠工作的張侯權(quán)一直在拍西湖風(fēng)光片,就介紹尹??岛蛷埡顧?quán)認(rèn)識(shí)。

“尹福康老師一年間來(lái)杭州多次,還經(jīng)常邀請(qǐng)像盧斯福(香港有名的風(fēng)光攝影家)等幾位老先生來(lái)杭州?!睆埡顧?quán)回憶說(shuō),他經(jīng)常與兩位老資格的前輩一起工作,向他們學(xué)習(xí)拍攝。也是在這幾次拍攝的過(guò)程中,張侯權(quán)認(rèn)識(shí)了當(dāng)時(shí)在杭州園林管理局工作的王勝林。

《西湖晨曦》便是由張侯權(quán)、尹福康構(gòu)思,王勝林和浙江人民出版社的攝影師葉賜振幾位共同創(chuàng)作的一幅照片。

攝影的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)是張侯權(quán)、尹??颠x定的,那是1963年深秋至初冬的一個(gè)清晨。張侯權(quán)有一張從攝影技術(shù)書籍上抄來(lái)的杭州二十四節(jié)氣的日出、日落時(shí)間表,能準(zhǔn)確掌握杭州四季、早晚的色溫變化,以及太陽(yáng)和西湖景點(diǎn)之間的空間關(guān)系。

早上5點(diǎn)多,太陽(yáng)尚未升起。西湖邊,四個(gè)年輕人兵分兩路:葉賜振和王勝林一人掌舵一人搖船,泛舟到了白堤錦帶橋北邊里西湖的湖面上;同時(shí),張侯權(quán)和尹??狄黄?,登上了新新飯店西樓的樓頂。他們準(zhǔn)備合作拍攝一張西湖日出圖。

船,是頭一天晚上王勝林搖進(jìn)西湖的,夜里泊在新新飯店門前的小碼頭。“里西湖原本是不準(zhǔn)游船進(jìn)入的,有了老王協(xié)調(diào),我們就可以搖小船進(jìn)里西湖。畫面里有沒(méi)有這么艘小船,是大不一樣的。”

新新飯店這頭比較復(fù)雜:張侯權(quán)爬上了西樓頂上的穹頂后,他先把自己和穹頂上的避雷針綁上。這個(gè)穹頂距離地面有五六層樓高。

“取景的時(shí)候閉一只眼,人很容易重心不穩(wěn)?!彪S身帶好幾根繩子,是張侯權(quán)常年拍外景的標(biāo)配,麻繩、尼龍繩、棉線繩都有,應(yīng)對(duì)不同的情形。

尹??嫡驹隈讽?shù)紫碌钠脚_(tái)上,通過(guò)吊繩索,把八臺(tái)照相機(jī)一一傳給張侯權(quán)。“8個(gè)照相機(jī),有尹福康的3個(gè),葉賜振的兩個(gè),我自己的3個(gè),里面好幾個(gè)‘135的潘太康和一個(gè)‘120的祿萊,鏡頭都是不能換的?!?/p>

8個(gè)大家伙上來(lái)以后,全部掛在張侯權(quán)的脖子上,以便開(kāi)始拍攝時(shí)能一次性操作成功。拍了之后底片由幾位攝影師各自歸檔。當(dāng)然,為防萬(wàn)一,他把相機(jī)也都和立柱綁在了一起。

一切就緒。

“我手一揮,他們(王勝林和葉賜振)開(kāi)始按照既定路線劃船?!蹦莻€(gè)時(shí)候,沒(méi)有手機(jī),也沒(méi)有其他即時(shí)聯(lián)絡(luò)的通訊設(shè)備,大家就憑眼力和心里的默契打配合。王勝林他們劃完一遍,就再接著劃一遍。

6點(diǎn)一過(guò),太陽(yáng)在錦帶橋的位置升起來(lái),“那天云彩也好,這是運(yùn)氣。沒(méi)有風(fēng),水面很安靜?!?/p>

不過(guò)這份美景留給穹頂上的張侯權(quán)的時(shí)間是非常緊張的,“太陽(yáng)升得太高,曝光就不好掌握了。色溫變了,畫面色調(diào)就變了?!?/p>

在新新飯店的穹頂上,張侯權(quán)花了20分鐘左右,拍完所有相機(jī)里的兩百多張膠片。他現(xiàn)在跟我講的時(shí)候,說(shuō)當(dāng)時(shí)是:“嚓嚓嚓嚓嚓嚓嚓”。

《虹》

一天里意外拍到兩條虹

與上海人美尹??道蠋煹群献鳎菑埡顧?quán)風(fēng)光攝影創(chuàng)作生涯的真正開(kāi)始。

張侯權(quán)有很扎實(shí)的繪畫功底,在偶然成為攝影師之前,他的志向一直是當(dāng)一名畫家。

“我外公是一位書畫家。小的時(shí)候,他家和我家是并排的兩個(gè)四合院。我上學(xué)前外公經(jīng)常過(guò)來(lái),起先教我和姐姐描紅,后來(lái)是臨帖。我寫字沒(méi)有姐姐好,但是我很喜歡畫畫。那個(gè)時(shí)候也沒(méi)有大張的紙給小孩子用,就用瓦片在蠣灰地上畫,臨的是香煙盒子里彩色的香煙牌頭,圖案有的是《水滸》一百零八將,也有《西游記》里的圖案。我就照著這些到處畫畫,天井里地上畫滿了,就畫到家里的墻上去,弄得一塌糊涂,經(jīng)常被媽媽教訓(xùn)?!?/p>

后來(lái)成為職業(yè)攝影師,這份長(zhǎng)期積累下來(lái)的審美感對(duì)他攝影創(chuàng)作很有幫助。

另外一方面,風(fēng)光攝影師是“上知天文,下知地理,運(yùn)籌帷幄之中”的藝術(shù)家?!帮L(fēng)光攝影工作在有些時(shí)候是需要承擔(dān)‘說(shuō)明書的工作的,比如風(fēng)景名勝、一些景點(diǎn)的介紹,需要非常直觀的照片,不強(qiáng)調(diào)藝術(shù)性。但是不管什么需求,最首要的一條是要腦子里要有一張‘航拍圖,要很清楚地知道在什么點(diǎn)位可以拍出什么樣的效果?!?/p>

文藝界有所謂“采風(fēng)”一說(shuō),對(duì)于風(fēng)光攝影來(lái)說(shuō),“采風(fēng)”就是知道“好景”在哪里。從開(kāi)始拍風(fēng)光攝影,張侯權(quán)就保持著每天早晨4點(diǎn)鐘起床,五六點(diǎn)鐘出門的習(xí)慣,“那時(shí)候身體好,主要是內(nèi)心有藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的強(qiáng)烈欲望。每天清晨把攝影包綁在自行車后座上,騎著車在風(fēng)景區(qū)轉(zhuǎn),有目的地一個(gè)點(diǎn)一個(gè)點(diǎn)跑?!蔽骱骶包c(diǎn)以及周圍的小山頭,他都走遍了。有的點(diǎn)去的時(shí)候是夏天,不適合表現(xiàn),就會(huì)在腦子里存下一個(gè)景象,在冬天再去。

1978年夏天的一個(gè)清晨,5點(diǎn)左右的樣子,張侯權(quán)從家里騎腳踏車出門,那天他要去的點(diǎn)是平湖秋月。

但是剛剛騎到西泠橋,天就下起了大雨,張侯權(quán)只好到蘇小小墓的亭子里躲雨。

雨在西面下了一會(huì),開(kāi)始往東邊去了。張侯權(quán)正準(zhǔn)備走了,他下意識(shí)地扭過(guò)頭,往西邊蘇堤的方向看了一眼——跨虹橋上方出現(xiàn)了一道虹。

“虹一般出現(xiàn)在暑天,還需要有三個(gè)條件,東邊下雨,人在中間,西邊出虹。”

張侯權(quán)趕忙舉起相機(jī),“當(dāng)時(shí)‘135(佳能)的機(jī)子里大概就剩下9張片子,趕快全部拍完?!彼磉呥€帶了大畫幅的“120”(祿萊)機(jī)子,但是膠卷還沒(méi)有換好,虹已經(jīng)悄然離去了。

“我就繼續(xù)騎車,往平湖秋月去?!?/p>

到平湖秋月的時(shí)候,這一片還在下雨,張侯權(quán)就躲到西面的走廊。

東邊下雨,人在中間,西邊出虹,再一次!西邊亭子上方出現(xiàn)了一道非常鮮艷的彩虹。張侯權(quán)舉起在西泠橋裝滿一整盒膠卷的“135”繼續(xù)拍虹,也僅僅幾秒鐘,仍然等不及“120”就緒,平湖秋月上空的虹亦絕塵而去。

“一天里拍到兩條虹,我一輩子也就這一次。”張侯權(quán)后來(lái)特地到蘇堤等著下雷雨、拍彩虹,“都不是很理想,天上亮度太大,虹顯不太出來(lái)。”

《白雪·紅傘及其他》

人景完美結(jié)合的經(jīng)典之作

20世紀(jì)80年代末期,張侯權(quán)的創(chuàng)作主要還是圍繞西湖,除了日出日落準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間點(diǎn)和空間關(guān)系之外,他關(guān)注的另一個(gè)主要的點(diǎn)就是氣候變化,陰晴雨雪,臺(tái)風(fēng)、大霧。

對(duì)杭州來(lái)說(shuō),最難得的是一場(chǎng)理想的雪。

“杭州下雪的日子很少,雪的水含量又很高,非常容易融化。常常是雪下了一整天,第二天天亮就開(kāi)始融化,樹(shù)上的積雪開(kāi)始成團(tuán)下落,到9點(diǎn)來(lái)鐘,樹(shù)干上基本已經(jīng)沒(méi)有雪了。”

對(duì)攝影師來(lái)講,時(shí)間非常寶貴。張侯權(quán)說(shuō)需要搶時(shí)間還有一個(gè)重要因素是人?!耙?yàn)椤┪骱茈y得,所以總能吸引更多的游人,如果不趕早出發(fā),不僅拍不到理想的積雪,地面的雪也會(huì)被游人踩踏,這就失去了雪景特有的潔凈又松軟的美感?!?/p>

每到下雪天,張侯權(quán)一般夜里都會(huì)起來(lái)幾次,“看看雪是不是還在下,積雪的情況是不是理想,決定一早是不是要出發(fā)?!?/p>

拍“白雪·紅傘及其他”那天,早上6點(diǎn)來(lái)鐘雪還在下,張侯權(quán)騎上車出發(fā)去了西湖,那天的目的地是蘇堤。這個(gè)位置在春天就已經(jīng)記下了的——雪天再來(lái),因?yàn)檫@里有一棵橫斜到湖面上去的老楊樹(shù),在西湖邊已經(jīng)不多見(jiàn)了。

他從跨虹橋騎下去,在靠西面西里湖的地方停下來(lái)。天氣很合適,沒(méi)有開(kāi)出太陽(yáng),雪越下越大,老楊樹(shù)上的雪積得非常厚,路邊人行道也很干凈,還沒(méi)有留下行人的腳印。

天時(shí)地利,只差人物。

“我架好了車,取出機(jī)子,守在樹(shù)邊。”張侯權(quán)開(kāi)始留意慢慢多起來(lái)的過(guò)往游人,“一是請(qǐng)他們繞一下道,再是要尋找可以充當(dāng)‘主角的‘演員。”

請(qǐng)“演員”不是很順利,“那個(gè)年代的人大多比較害羞,前后幾撥游人都沒(méi)有請(qǐng)成功?!?/p>

這時(shí)候,從蘇堤南面走過(guò)來(lái)一對(duì)青年男女,男的穿了海軍軍大衣,女的穿著淺色的大衣,他們兩個(gè)家就住在西湖邊,一早相約出來(lái)看雪景??匆?jiàn)張侯權(quán)在拍雪景,他們倆也挺好奇,大家就交談了起來(lái)。

“我拿出紅傘,邀請(qǐng)他們出鏡。因?yàn)椴粫?huì)拍到臉部,他們商量了一下就答應(yīng)了?!?/p>

傘,是張侯權(quán)事先準(zhǔn)備好的道具?!帮L(fēng)光攝影,不過(guò)多人為干涉,不擺拍,有時(shí)候遇到需要點(diǎn)睛一筆的時(shí)候,會(huì)用色彩的呼應(yīng)來(lái)解決‘提精神氣的問(wèn)題。我的方法是用‘傘。一般拍西湖都是搭配西湖綢傘。”

但是那天,張侯權(quán)拿給男女青年的這把鮮艷的紅傘,是一把尼龍傘,是一位朋友從臺(tái)灣帶來(lái)的禮物,當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)還很少有尼龍質(zhì)地的傘?!跋卵┨?,綢傘容易弄壞?!碑?dāng)時(shí)市面上的西湖綢傘是高檔消費(fèi)品,他有位朋友在杭州工藝美術(shù)研究所工作,就以內(nèi)部?jī)r(jià)幫他買了幾把不同色彩的綢傘,用在西湖風(fēng)光作品中,效果很不錯(cuò)。

拍攝“白雪·紅傘及其他”的時(shí)候,雪還在下,那個(gè)男生打開(kāi)傘之后等了不一會(huì)兒,傘面上就積起薄薄一層雪,畫面語(yǔ)言更加豐富了。

“這張作品在當(dāng)時(shí)反響比較大,一是它的攝影語(yǔ)言豐富,手法也比較少見(jiàn),既是擺拍,又不露擺拍的痕跡,人與景結(jié)合得很完美,無(wú)論是意境還是畫面構(gòu)圖和色彩,都和主題十分協(xié)調(diào)。”一時(shí)之間,索圖的紛至沓來(lái),光是張侯權(quán)自己收存的印刷品就不下30幅。

(本文配圖,為張侯權(quán)攝)

亨利·基辛格的《白宮歲月:基辛格回憶錄》(上海譯文出版社 2016版)里《尼克松的中國(guó)之行》的有關(guān)章節(jié)中,記錄了1972年2月26日尼克松訪華團(tuán)的杭州之旅。

基辛格先生對(duì)杭州的喜愛(ài),從他的文字可見(jiàn)一斑——“位于長(zhǎng)江下游出??诘暮贾?,確實(shí)是中國(guó)最美的城市之一。杭州建于羅曼蒂克的湖畔,到處是精致的花園、廟宇和殿堂。氣候溫和,春來(lái)得早。這是一個(gè)歷史悠久的文化、學(xué)術(shù)和詩(shī)歌的發(fā)祥地。13世紀(jì)馬可·波羅訪問(wèn)杭州的時(shí)候,贊美它是‘世界上最偉大的城市,它是這樣的美,以致‘人們以為自己置身于天堂之中。黃鎮(zhèn)大使(時(shí)任中國(guó)駐法國(guó)大使)在巴黎時(shí)曾告訴沃爾特斯將軍(時(shí)任美國(guó)駐法武官),中國(guó)有句俗話:上有天堂,下有蘇杭?!?/p>

基辛格對(duì)俗語(yǔ)有深刻的理解,所以當(dāng)他聽(tīng)到總統(tǒng)先生在游西湖時(shí)對(duì)周恩來(lái)說(shuō)這里的風(fēng)景“看起來(lái)像是一張明信畫片”時(shí),忍不住認(rèn)為“西湖的詩(shī)情畫意被沖淡為尼克松式的散文了?!睕](méi)想到尼克松先生后來(lái)真的收到了一套西湖明信片,或許這也讓基辛格先生吃了一驚。

Zhang Houquan:? West Lake Photos

By Zhang Mijia

The other day, I went with a friend to visit her father at a hospital for seniors where we ran into Zhang Houquan, a retired photographer at 92. Five minutes in the room and I was fascinated by the photographers stories. It turned out that he was one of the first-generation photographers after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. He worked at Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe and Zhejiang Slides Studio before his retirement. Many of his photos were used in slides created for the provincial government in international cultural exchange programs.

On February 26, 1972, American President Richard Nixon came to Hangzhou, one of the brief stops he made during his historical visit to China. Among the gifts he received in Hangzhou was a set of picture postcards titled? published by Zhejiang Peoples Press. The envelope of the postcard set presented , a photo taken by Zhang Houquan.

The photo was taken in 1963. That year, Shanghai Peoples Art Publishing House planned to print a photo album about the West Lake. Yin Fukang, an editor of the Shanghai publisher, came to Hangzhou and set things ready for the shooting project. He stayed at Xinxin Hotel on the West Lake. Tan Tiemin, a member of the Zhejiang Photographers Association, introduced Zhang Houquan to Yin. Zhang and Yin planned to take a photo from the top of the west wing of the hotel. They thought it would be a good idea for a boat to appear in the photo. A boat was moored near the hotel at the night before. In the early morning Zhang and Yin got to the dome of the west wing while two young colleagues took care of the boat.

It was a morning half in autumn and half in winter. Zhang and Yin got up early. Zhang began by roping himself to the lightening rod on the dome of the west wing. Then, Yin uplifted eight cameras up one by one to Zhang. Zhang got the cameras and hanged them onto his neck. To avoid dropping the cameras by accident, he also tied the cameras to the lightening rod. Zhang gestured to the two colleagues on the boat far below. They began to row. They followed a planned route to and fro on the lake. Shortly past six oclock in the morning, the sun rose from behind the hills across the lake. There was no wind; the lake was calm; clouds were good, too. Zhang knew he must hurry or light would soon change. It took Zhang about 20 minutes to shoot over 200 photos in the eight cameras. Three cameras were his and one of the photos in his three cameras appeared on the envelope of the postcard set.

When Zhang told me this rooftop adventure, he said all he heard at that time was the rapid clicking sound of the shutters. The vivid clicking sound he can still hear now.

This project in 1963 marked a turning point of Zhangs photographer career. He had learned how to paint when he was a kid. His maternal grandfather was an artist. He aspired to be a professional artist. It was only by chance that he became a photographer. The art essentials he picked up as a boy did help him succeed as a photographer. After the shooting project in 1963, he dedicated himself to photographing the scenic West Lake. In order to take good photographs, he got up at four oclock every morning and left home by 5 oclock and pedaled a bike all the way to the West Lake. He visited all the scenic spots around the lake and on the hills that flank the lake on three sides. He got to learn all about these spots. The thorough field studies enabled him to visualize what would appear in the viewfinder at a specific spot and what he wanted in the viewfinder from there in different seasons.

One summer morning in 1978, he got up early and left home for the lake at five oclock. His destination was Autumnal Moon on the Calm Lake, a platform extending out on the lake, a scenic spot not far from the Solitary Hill. When he reached Xiling Bridge, it rained. He hurried into a pavilion by the bridge to wait out the rain. The rain soon moved eastward. He was about to mount the bike when he glanced casually westward and spotted a rainbow high in the sky above the Rainbow Bridge on the Su Causeway. He immediately trained his Canon camera onto the rainbow and clicked fast to use up all the remaining nine frames. Before he had time to get his Rolleiflex, the rainbow disappeared. Disappointed, Zhang got a new film roll into his Canon and resumed his eastward trip to the platform. He reached the platform and it was raining. So he got under the roof of the west side. Pretty soon, the rain stopped. There appeared a bright rainbow in the sky right above the pavilion about 50 meters away from where he was. This time, he clicked fast. Again, he didnt have time to use Rolleiflex. The rainbow lasted only briefly before it vanished.

“I photographed two different rainbows in one day. This has happened in my lifetime only once,” explains Zhang. He later tried to wait for a rainbow on the Su Causeway many times, but nothing came out of these waits.

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