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生防菌復配對煙草黑脛病的防治效果研究

2020-05-25 02:47李苗苗王曉強王東坤劉元德孫光軍沈宏艾永峰崔志燕陳德鑫王鳳龍
中國煙草科學 2020年2期
關鍵詞:發(fā)酵

李苗苗 王曉強 王東坤 劉元德 孫光軍 沈宏 艾永峰 崔志燕 陳德鑫 王鳳龍

摘 ?要:為解決單一生防菌防效不穩(wěn)定問題,通過平板對峙試驗、相容試驗、盆栽試驗從6株生防菌中篩選對煙草疫霉菌(Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae)具有較高拮抗活性的復配菌株組合;利用分子生物學方法對各菌株的16S rRNA和gyrA基因進行系統(tǒng)進化分析,鑒定各菌株分類地位;并采用輪換因子法篩選各菌株的最適發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基。結果表明,GY1、GY10和GY12發(fā)酵后混合施用對煙草黑脛病的防治效果最好,平板抑菌率達到86.9%,盆栽防效為74.53%,比GY1、GY10、GY12單獨處理分別提高15.34%、27.42%和44.94%;分子鑒定表明,3株菌分別為貝萊斯芽孢桿菌(Bacillus velezensis)、解淀粉芽孢桿菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和枯草芽孢桿菌(Bacillus subtilis);并篩選得到了GY1、GY10、GY12的最適發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基,發(fā)酵24 h后生物量相較于基礎培養(yǎng)基分別增加了75.12%,92.31%和194.55%。

關鍵詞:煙草黑脛病;芽孢桿菌;生防菌復配;發(fā)酵

Effect of Biocontrol Agents Mixture on Control of Tobacco Black Shank

LI Miaomiao1, WANG Xiaoqiang1, WANG Dongkun1, LIU Yuande2, SUN Guangjun3, SHEN Hong3,

AI Yongfeng3, CUI Zhiyan4, CHEN Dexin1,5*, WANG Fenglong1*

(1. Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; 2. Linyi Tobacco Company of Shandong Province, Linyi, Shandong 276002, China; 3. Guizhou Tobacco Company, Guiyang 550004, China; 4. Shangluo Tobacco Company of Shaanxi Province, Shangluo, Shaanxi 726000, China; 5. Hainan Tobacco Company, Haikou 571199, China)

Abstract: In order to address the problem of unstable antibacterial activity of single biocontrol bacteria, a composite strains with high antagonistic activity against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae was screened from six biocontrol bacteria by compatible test, antagonist test and pot test. The taxonomic status of each strain was identified with a phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and gyrA genes of the strains, and then the optimal fermentation medium for each strain was screened with a single factor test. The co-application of GY1, GY10 and GY12 after fermentation showed the best control effect on tobacco black shank, with the plate inhibition rate reached 86.9% and he potted control effect reached 84.21%, which increased by 17.58%, 26.74% and 35.9% compared with single strains of GY1, GY10 and GY12, respectively. Molecular identification showed that the three strains were Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The optimal fermentation mediums of GY1, GY10, and GY12 were screened, where the biomass of GY1, GY10 and GY12 increased by 75.12%, 92.31%, and 194.55%, respectively, compared with the basic medium after 24 hours of fermentation.

Keywords: tobacco black shank; Bacillus; biocontrol agents mixture; fermentation

煙草黑脛病是由煙草疫霉菌(Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae)引起的根莖類病害[1],在我國各大煙區(qū)都有發(fā)生,每年造成的損失達數億元[2],是制約我國煙草優(yōu)質安全生產的重要因素[3]。煙草黑脛病的防治措施包括農業(yè)防治、抗病品種[4]、化學防治[5]和生物防治[6]等,但抗病品種培育難,地域性強[7];化學農藥長期大量使用易造成農藥殘留、環(huán)境污染和抗藥性[8]等問題。隨著綠色防控理念的提出,環(huán)境友好的高效拮抗菌成為防治煙草黑脛病的一項重要措施。

2.1.4 ?盆栽防效試驗 ?GY1、GY10、GY12的盆栽防效(表3)分別為64.62%、58.49%和51.42%;而GY5、GY8、GY9防效都在40%以下,與平板對峙結果一致。處理GY1-GY10-GY12發(fā)酵后混合的病情指數為20.00,盆栽防效為74.53%,相較于GY1、GY10、GY12單獨處理分別提高15.34%、27.42%和44.94%。病情指數及發(fā)病率顯著低于對照的78.52%和93.33%。綜合平板對峙試驗及盆栽試驗結果選擇GY1-GY10-GY12發(fā)酵后混合的復配方式進行后續(xù)試驗。

2.2 ?菌株鑒定

利用16S rRNA基因構建的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹顯示,GY1與貝萊斯芽孢桿菌NRRL B-41580聚為一簇,序列同源性為89%;GY10與解淀粉芽孢桿菌NBRC 15535聚為一簇,序列同源性為91%;GY12與枯草芽孢桿菌DSM 10及JCM 1465聚為一簇,序列同源性為99%(圖2 A、B、C)。同時gyrA基因系

統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析進一步表明,GY1與貝萊斯芽孢桿菌R1B序列同源性為100%;GY10與解淀粉芽孢桿菌TEB-31等序列同源性為100%;GY12與枯草芽孢桿菌NRRL BD-559等序列同源性為98%(圖2 D)。因此認為GY1、GY10、GY12分別為貝萊斯芽孢桿菌、解淀粉芽孢桿菌及枯草芽孢桿菌。

2.3 ?生長曲線

GY1、GY12在20 h時到達平臺期,OD600分別達到1.9和2.3,GY10在30 h時到達平臺期,OD600為1.7(圖3)。而GY1在28 h時OD600下降,推測可能與培養(yǎng)基中養(yǎng)分消耗過度,菌體沉淀等有關。

2.4 ?菌株最適生長培養(yǎng)基

GY1在以玉米粉為碳源時生物量最高,菌體量達8.37×108 cfu/mL,與其他處理差異顯著(p≤0.05);GY10在以玉米粉做為碳源時生物量最高,菌體量達3.8×108 cfu/mL;GY12同樣在以玉米粉做為碳源時生物量最高,菌體量達4.27×108 cfu/mL,與其他處理均差異顯著(p≤0.05)(圖4)。綜合考慮發(fā)酵效率及成本后將玉米粉作為GY1、GY10、GY12的最佳生長碳源。

GY1在以酵母粉做為氮源時生物量最高,菌體量達6.6×108 cfu/mL,與其他處理差異顯著(p≤0.05);GY10在以蛋白胨做為氮源時菌體量最高,

菌體量達5.8×108 cfu/mL;GY12在以酵母粉做為氮源時生物量最高,菌體量達6.4×108 cfu/mL(圖5)。綜合考慮發(fā)酵效率及成本后將酵母粉、蛋白胨、酵母粉分別作為GY1、GY10、GY12的最佳生長氮源。

GY1在KH2PO4做為無機鹽時生物量最高,菌體量達7.53×108 cfu/mL;GY10在以CaCO3做為無機鹽時生物量最高,菌體量達7.5×108 cfu/mL;GY12在以CaCO3做無機鹽時生物量最高,菌體量達8.1×108 cfu/mL(圖6)。綜合考慮發(fā)酵效率及成本后將KH2PO4、CaCO3、CaCO3做為GY1、GY10、GY12的最佳生長無機鹽。

因此確定3菌株的最適發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基分別是GY1:玉米粉、酵母粉、KH2PO4;GY10:玉米粉、蛋白胨、CaCO3;GY12:玉米粉、酵母粉、CaCO3。

3 ?討 ?論

芽孢桿菌在自然界分布廣泛,由于其可以產生芽孢,具有較強的抗逆性,且很多菌株具有促進植物生長、防治植物病害的功能,因此在農業(yè)生產中

被廣泛應用。芽孢桿菌促進植物生長主要是通過生物固氮、促進植物對營養(yǎng)元素的吸收、合成分泌植物生長調節(jié)物質、釋放揮發(fā)性物質等方式進行[20-21]。除了對植物生長的促進作用,芽孢桿菌還被廣泛用于植物病害的生物防治,其中枯草芽孢桿菌是生產上應用最為廣泛的一類芽孢桿菌[22],此外解淀粉芽孢桿菌[23]、多粘類芽孢桿菌[24]、短小芽孢桿菌[25]、貝萊斯芽孢桿菌[26]等也被廣泛應用。

芽孢桿菌在自然環(huán)境中具有抗逆性強、種群豐富、抗菌效果顯著等明顯優(yōu)勢[27],在植物病害的防治方面具有非常好的前景,但是目前對芽孢桿菌的研究主要集中在單個菌株,對多菌株共同開展的研究較少,在一定程度上限制了該類菌株的應用。尤其是在自然環(huán)境條件下單個菌株往往存在防效不穩(wěn)定、防治靶標過于單一等問題,而多菌株復配可以有效的解決單一菌株存在的問題。張良等[28]發(fā)現兩株生防菌復配對煙草黑脛病的防效達69.3%,明顯高于單一菌株。喻會平等[29]將枯草芽孢桿菌B41和惡臭假單胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)B57復配,對煙草黑脛病的盆栽試驗防效為75.72%,大田試驗防效為67.99%,抑菌效果明顯高于單一菌株。本研究采用平板對峙法測定6株生防菌對煙草黑脛病的拮抗作用,并將防效好的生防菌株復配,發(fā)現貝萊斯芽孢桿菌GY1、解淀粉芽孢桿菌GY10、枯草芽孢桿菌GY12對煙草疫霉菌的平板抑制率均達84%以上,且3菌株相容性好,無拮抗作用,適合復配。本研究中,復配菌GY1-GY10-GY12發(fā)酵后混合施用對煙草疫霉菌的平板抑菌率達到86.9%,比GY1、GY10、GY12單獨處理略有提高(分別提高2.3%、2.7%和1%),但是盆栽防效顯著高于單獨處理,復配菌株的防效達到74.53%,比GY1、GY10、GY12單獨處理分別提高15.34%、27.42%和44.94%。GY1-GY10-GY12發(fā)酵后混合對煙草疫霉菌的平板抑制效果影響不大,但明顯提高了盆栽防效,原因可能與單一菌株土壤定殖能力差,三者共同施用增加了各菌株在煙草根際的定殖量和根際土壤微生物多樣性有關;另外復配可以將三菌株優(yōu)勢互補,從而提高防效。

微生物發(fā)酵過程中菌體的生物量及抗菌產物的分泌受培養(yǎng)基成分影響較大[30],篩選菌株最適生長培養(yǎng)基對提高發(fā)酵效率有重要意義。張紅艷等[31]優(yōu)化地衣芽孢桿菌(Bacillus licheniformis)最佳發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基組分,結果表明最佳配比的發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基可提高發(fā)酵液的菌體濃度和芽孢率。張志焱等[32]通過單因子試驗篩選出最適培養(yǎng)基,優(yōu)化后抗菌肽的效價提高到了4.25×104 U/mL,是優(yōu)化前的3.51倍。本試驗首先通過繪制生長曲線得到了GY1、GY10、GY12的增殖趨勢,再通過輪換因子法篩選3菌株的最適生長培養(yǎng)基,與直接篩選培養(yǎng)基相比提高了效率。采用篩選后的培養(yǎng)基發(fā)酵相較于基礎培養(yǎng)基生物量(4.3×108、3.9×108、2.75×108 cfu/mL)分別提高75.12%,92.31%和194.55%。結果表明不同培養(yǎng)基成分對3種芽孢桿菌的生物量具有很大影響,篩選最適發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基有助于提高發(fā)酵效率;同時本試驗以玉米粉作為碳源,有效降低了發(fā)酵成本,該結果可以為菌株的規(guī)?;l(fā)酵提供借鑒。

4 ?結 ?論

結果表明,GY1-GY10-GY12發(fā)酵后混合是防治煙草黑脛病的高效復配組合,對煙草疫霉菌的平板抑菌率為86.9%;盆栽防效為74.53%;GY1、GY10、GY12分別為貝萊斯芽孢桿菌(B. velezensis)、解淀粉芽孢桿菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)和枯草芽孢桿菌(B. subtilis)。三菌株的最適生長培養(yǎng)基分別為GY1:玉米粉、酵母粉、KH2PO4;GY10:玉米粉、蛋白胨、CaCO3;GY12:玉米粉、酵母粉、CaCO3。

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基金項目:中華人民共和國科學技術部項目“煙草化學農藥減施增效途徑及技術研究”(2018YFD0201104-02);山東省自然科學基金“吡咯伯克霍爾德氏菌Lyc2抗細菌相關基因的鑒定與功能分析”(ZR2018BC037);中國煙草總公司貴州省公司科技項目“貴州煙草葉斑類病害成災規(guī)律與綠色防控技術研究示范”(201920)

作者簡介:李苗苗(1993-),女,在讀碩士,主要從事植物病害防治研究。E-mail:1305047786@qq.com

*通信作者,E-mail:chendxtob@126.com;wangfenglong@caas.cn

收稿日期:2019-08-29 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 修回日期:2019-12-23

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