皮啟星 劉燕麗 黎晨
[摘要]沙塵天氣對(duì)環(huán)境的污染已引起全世界關(guān)注,其引起的空氣質(zhì)量下降威脅著人群健康。既往眾多研究證實(shí)了沙塵天氣導(dǎo)致的大氣顆粒物污染對(duì)呼吸及心血管系統(tǒng)有著不良影響。隨著研究深度和廣度的增加,近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期暴露于沙塵天氣中對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)也存在潛在危害。本文就沙塵天氣中可吸入顆粒物對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)知行為能力、中樞及外周神經(jīng)功能及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育影響的最新研究進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]沙塵;可吸入細(xì)顆粒物;神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) ;研究進(jìn)展
[Abstract] The decline in air quality caused by dust events have threathened the human health in relevent area which are widely concerned. There was a common recogention the dust exposure has negative impact on respiratory and cardiovascular systems, accroding to extensive and in-depth studies, it also lesioned nervous and reprodutctive systems. This paper reviews the latest researches on the lesion in cognitive behavioral ability, peripheral nerve function and neurodevelopment of nervous system caused by? inhaolable particles in sand weather.
[Key words] Dust; Inhaolable particles; Nervous system; Research progress
沙塵天氣指風(fēng)將地面塵土、沙粒卷入空中,使空氣混濁的一種天氣現(xiàn)象的統(tǒng)稱。沙塵天氣不但會(huì)影響大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量,導(dǎo)致能見度降低,還可能以生物氣溶膠的形式增加外來(lái)的侵入性,并存在潛在的致病性的微生物,影響下游生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡[1],對(duì)人體健康有著重要影響[2]。研究證明,PM10(Particulate Matter 10)和PM2.5(Particulate Matter 2.5)是沙塵天氣的主要污染物[3]。PM2.5是指直徑≤2.5 μm的可吸入懸浮顆粒物,已成為影響全球死亡率的第五大因素,2015年因PM2.5造成的死亡率占全球總死亡率約7.6%[4]。既往研究表明,可吸入顆粒物對(duì)人體各系統(tǒng)(如呼吸、心血管、生殖、神經(jīng))、器官(皮膚、眼)和心理等有不同程度的危害[5-7]。近年來(lái),各國(guó)學(xué)者在就其對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是否存在損害進(jìn)行了很多調(diào)查及機(jī)制探索,本文就其對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響進(jìn)行綜述。
1對(duì)認(rèn)知行為能力和情緒的影響
美國(guó)一項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)研究分析了50個(gè)州890萬(wàn)人1999~2006年神經(jīng)退行性疾病與PM2.5暴露的相關(guān)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)每年P(guān)M2.5暴露每增加1 μg/m3,因帕金森?。≒D)、阿爾茲海默癥(AD)和癡呆入院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR)分別為1.08、1.15和1.08,且AD入院的HR有顯著性差異[8]。Jia等[9]選擇高污染水平作為暴露日,低污染水平作為對(duì)照日,取12名志愿者靜脈血進(jìn)行檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)高濃度暴露后血漿中的皮質(zhì)醇濃度增加。在動(dòng)物模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),小鼠海馬的糖皮質(zhì)激素受體(GR)的表達(dá)降低,血漿中的糖皮質(zhì)激素(GC)分泌增加,提示嚴(yán)重的PM2.5污染可能會(huì)加重精神疾病的癥狀,導(dǎo)致情緒相關(guān)行為障礙。Liu等[10]在長(zhǎng)期PM暴露的小鼠大腦海馬和嗅球中發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)顆粒物的存在,細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)腫脹,核固縮,胞漿染色加深,細(xì)胞壞死現(xiàn)象,認(rèn)為小鼠產(chǎn)生抑郁樣的反應(yīng)與PM暴露激活BDNF-TrkB-CREB通路有關(guān)。此外,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為PM2.5可以經(jīng)NF-κB信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的miR-574-5p下調(diào)誘導(dǎo)β-分泌酶1(BACE1)的作用導(dǎo)致突觸結(jié)構(gòu)破壞和降低小鼠的空間學(xué)習(xí)能力[11]。以上證據(jù)提示,PM2.5的暴露可能通過(guò)不同途徑機(jī)制影響認(rèn)知行為能力和情緒情感等中樞神經(jīng)相關(guān)疾病。
2對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)組織的影響
神經(jīng)毒理學(xué)研究證明,大氣可吸入顆粒物具有神經(jīng)毒性作用。Liu等[12]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5~10與尿中香草扁桃酸(VMA)和皮質(zhì)醇的增加顯著相關(guān),其內(nèi)毒素和β-葡聚糖與血液泛素C端水解酶L1(UCHL1)相關(guān),β-葡聚糖與S100B蛋白也顯著相關(guān)。外周血中UCHL1和S100B的增加被認(rèn)為是血腦屏障受損的指標(biāo),提示PM2.5~10及其成分可能影響血腦屏障的完整性,進(jìn)而造成中樞神經(jīng)的損傷。Chen等[13]對(duì)腦部沒有損害的老年女性做腦部磁共振成像(MRI)掃描,發(fā)現(xiàn)暴露濃度較高的區(qū)域的女性白質(zhì)(WM)的體積縮小,提示晚年暴露于顆粒污染物對(duì)大腦的衰老產(chǎn)生有害影響。大鼠PM2.5暴露可使自噬相關(guān)蛋白(LC3、 Beclin1)的表達(dá)增加, 誘導(dǎo)易卒中自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠(stroke-prone SHRs,SHR-SPs)腦缺血后自噬進(jìn)一步激活的腦梗死體積,對(duì)大鼠缺血后的自噬有促進(jìn)作用,進(jìn)而加重對(duì)神經(jīng)功能的損傷[14]。Araújo等[15]通過(guò)雙向凝膠電泳、考馬斯亮藍(lán)染色、MALDI質(zhì)譜分析探索暴露于不同大小顆粒物大鼠大腦中蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)失調(diào)的蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,大鼠大腦中的許多通路失調(diào),線粒體活性和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞功能受到嚴(yán)重影響,并認(rèn)為這種變化可能是觸發(fā)腫瘤的發(fā)生和神經(jīng)退行性變的原因。
3對(duì)自主神經(jīng)功能的影響
Lim等[16]測(cè)量了466名韓國(guó)-首爾老年人的血壓(BP),心率(HR)和心率變異性指數(shù)(HRV),結(jié)果顯示,PM2.5成分的四分位數(shù)范圍的每次增加,收縮壓、舒張壓和HR分別增加2.1~3.3 mmHg,1.2~2.3 mmHg和1.2~1.9次/min,而連續(xù)兩個(gè)NN間隔均方差的平方根(RMSSD)、LF和HF分別下降8.1%~9.3%,16.6%和20.4%。提示PM2.5與血管和心臟的自主神經(jīng)功能有關(guān)。Tobaldini等[17]招募12名健康志愿者,使之吸入或吸入含有微?;旌衔铮≒M 10、PM2.5、PM1.0和PM0.5)的過(guò)濾空氣,經(jīng)自主神經(jīng)分析顯示,副交感神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)指數(shù)(14% vs. 9%,P=0.0309)明顯降低,而干擾素γ(IFN-γ)甲基化顯著增加,提示急性的PM暴露會(huì)影響交感神經(jīng)對(duì)心功能的控制作用。美國(guó)一項(xiàng)橫斷面流行病學(xué)研究城市常住老年人(57~85歲)嗅覺障礙是否與環(huán)境污染有關(guān),發(fā)現(xiàn)在57~64歲人群中,顆粒物污染對(duì)嗅覺的影響最大[18]。Lyu等[19]經(jīng)動(dòng)物研究實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5誘導(dǎo)瞬時(shí)受體電位香草酸-1(TRPV1)在氣道、迷走神經(jīng)背側(cè)復(fù)合體和氣道神經(jīng)源性炎癥中表達(dá),提示PM2.5可能通過(guò)迷走神經(jīng)通路促進(jìn)氣道神經(jīng)源性炎癥和咳嗽反射的敏感性。Billings等[20]用隊(duì)列研究的方法研究環(huán)境污染物的暴露是否與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停和客觀睡眠中斷有關(guān),發(fā)現(xiàn)每年P(guān)M2.5暴露每增加5 μg/m3,與60%的睡眠呼吸暫停發(fā)生率提高有關(guān)(95%CI:0.98~2.62),PM2.5可能是通過(guò)呼吸道炎癥和自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)途徑改變引起。
4對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的影響
側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)張是診斷胎兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不良常見的臨床表現(xiàn),是自閉癥和精神分裂癥的一種病理標(biāo)志,而超細(xì)顆粒物暴露會(huì)引起雄性小鼠側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)大[21]。Zhang等[22]將妊娠小鼠隨機(jī)分為低、中、高劑量PM2.5暴露實(shí)驗(yàn)組,觀察仔鼠出生后第1、7、14、21、30天的行為學(xué),以及大腦皮層神經(jīng)元的發(fā)育和凋亡。結(jié)果顯示,高劑量組子代小鼠的自發(fā)活動(dòng)減少,靜態(tài)累積時(shí)間增加。腦組織發(fā)生了明顯的病理變化,中、高劑量組子代小鼠大腦皮層細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯增加。提示孕期母體暴露于PM2.5影響子代小鼠大腦皮質(zhì)的發(fā)育。胎兒發(fā)育極易受有毒物質(zhì)的影響,而大腦的發(fā)育更容易受到阻礙。Zheng等[23]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),妊娠期暴露于PM2.5會(huì)誘導(dǎo)后代小鼠海馬細(xì)胞凋亡,神經(jīng)炎癥,引起導(dǎo)致空間記憶功能障礙和神經(jīng)發(fā)育受損。
綜上所述,沙塵顆粒物對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響是多方面的。沙塵中可吸入細(xì)顆粒物的長(zhǎng)期暴露會(huì)增加神經(jīng)退行性疾病的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),降低學(xué)習(xí)能力,導(dǎo)致情緒行為障礙等認(rèn)知和行為能力的影響。其對(duì)自主神經(jīng)的功能的損害是導(dǎo)致心血管等疾病發(fā)生的原因,此外還影響其他植物神經(jīng)的功能。沙塵中細(xì)顆粒物對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育影響提示在沙塵天氣頻發(fā)地區(qū)可吸入顆粒物濃度的增加可能與兒童神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病存在相關(guān)性。
5小結(jié)
各國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)沙塵中可吸入顆粒物污染及其危害和機(jī)制已有了大量的研究,但目前對(duì)危害性更大的超細(xì)顆粒物的檢測(cè)較為困難。最近的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,PM2.5暴露與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病(中風(fēng)、癡呆、認(rèn)知障礙、阿爾茲海默病、帕金森病等)有很強(qiáng)的聯(lián)系[24]。環(huán)境綠化及藥物干預(yù)對(duì)人群健康有保護(hù)作用,如居住區(qū)綠地可以預(yù)防妊娠期間PM暴露引起嬰兒特異性皮炎的發(fā)生[25],補(bǔ)充維生素B可以降低大氣細(xì)顆粒物引起心臟自主神經(jīng)功能障礙和炎癥造成的HR和HRV影響[26]。因此,研究沙塵中可吸入顆粒物進(jìn)行細(xì)胞-分子-基因水平的毒理機(jī)制,在保護(hù)環(huán)境的大前提下,發(fā)現(xiàn)更多能特異性保護(hù)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)免受沙塵污染物損害的方法或預(yù)防性的藥物對(duì)提高沙塵高發(fā)地區(qū)居民健康水平具有一定意義。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Griffin DW.Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health[J].Clin Microbiol Rev,2007,20(3):459-477.
[2]張寶林.沙塵天氣及沙塵氣溶膠影響的研究進(jìn)展[J].氣象科技進(jìn)展,2018,8(1):22-27.
[3]Guan Q,Li F,Yang L,et al.Spatial-temporal variations and mineral dust fractions in particulate matter mass concentrations in an urban area of northwestern China[J].J Environ Manage,2018,222:95-103.
[4]Cohen AJ,Brauer M,Burnett R,et al.Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution:an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015[J].Lancet,2017,389(10 082):1907-1918.
[5]Tong L,Li K,Zhou Q.Promoted relationship of cardiovascular morbidity with air pollutants in a typical Chinese urban area[J].PLoS One,2014,9(9):e108076.
[6]Downs SH,Schindler C,Liu LJ,et al.Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function[J].N Engl J Med,2007,357(23):2338-2347.
[7]Cole-Hunter T,de Nazelle A,Donaire-Gonzalez D,et al.Estimated effects of air pollution and space-time-activity on cardiopulmonary outcomes in healthy adults:a repeated measures study[J].Environ Int,2018,111:247-259.
[8]Kioumourtzoglou MA,Schwartz JD,Weisskopf MG,et al.Long-term PM2.5 Exposure and Neurological Hospital Admissions in the Northeastern United States[J].Environ Health Perspect,2016,124(1):23-29.
[9]Jia Z,Wei Y,Li X,et al.Exposure to ambient air particles increases the risk of mental disorder:findings from a natural experiment in Beijing[J].Int J Environ Res Public Health,2018,15(1):160.
[10]Liu X,Qian X,Xing J,et al.Particulate matter triggers depressive-like response associated with modulation of inflammatory cytokine homeostasis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway in mice[J].Toxicol Sci,2018,164(1):278-288.
[11]Ku T,Li B,Gao R,et al.NF-κB-regulated microRNA-574-5p underlies synaptic and cognitive impairment in response to atmospheric PM2.5 aspiration[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2017,14(1):34.
[12]Liu L,Urch B,Szyszkowicz M,et al.Influence of exposure to coarse,fine and ultrafine urban particulate matter and their biological constituents on neural biomarkers in a randomized controlled crossover study[J].Environ Int,2017,101:89-95.
[13]Chen JC,Wang X,Wellenius GA,et al.Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure:Evidence from women's health initiative memory study[J].Ann Neurol,2015, 78(3):466-476.
[14]高麗,李楊,王飛,等.大氣細(xì)顆粒物PM2.5誘導(dǎo)自噬激活加重大鼠腦缺血損傷[J].臨床神經(jīng)病學(xué)雜志,2018,31(5):354-358.
[15]Araújo JE,Jorge S,Santos HM,et al.Proteomic changes driven by urban pollution suggest particulate matter as a deregulator of energy metabolism,mitochondrial activity,and oxidative pathways in the rat brain[J].Sci Total Environ,2019,687:839-848.
[16]Lim YH,Bae HJ,Yi SM,et al.Vascular and cardiac autonomic function and PM2.5 constituents among the elderly:a longitudinal study[J].Sci Total Environ,2017,607-608:847-854.
[17]Tobaldini E,Bollati V,Prado M,et al.Acute particulate matter affects cardiovascular autonomic modulation and IFN-γ methylation in healthy volunteers[J].Environ Res,2018,161:97-103.
[18]Ajmani GS,Suh HH,Wroblewski KE,et al.Fine particulate matter exposure and olfactory dysfunction among urban-dwelling older US adults[J].Environ Res,2016,151:797-803.
[19]Lyu H,Yue J,Chen Z,et al.Effect of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 on cough hypersensitivity induced by particulate matter 2.5[J].Life Sci,2016,151:157-166.
[20]Billings ME,Gold D,Szpiro A,et al.The association of ambient air pollution with sleep apnea:the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc,2019,16(3):363-370.
[21]Allen JL,Liu X,Pelkowski S,et al.Early postnatal exposure to ultrafine particulate matter air pollution:persistent ventriculomegaly,neurochemical disruption,and glial activation preferentially in male mice[J].Environ Health Perspect,2014,122(9):939-945.
[22]Zhang T,Zheng X,Wang X,et al.Maternal exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy induces impaired development of cerebral cortex in mice offspring[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(1):257.
[23]Zheng X,Wang X,Wang T,et al.Gestational exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) leads to spatial memory dysfunction and neurodevelopmental impairment in hippocampus of mice offspring[J].Front Neurosci,2018,12:1000.
[24]Fu P,Guo X,Cheung F,et al.The association between PM2.5 exposure and neurological disorders:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Sci Total Environ,2019,655:1240-1248.
[25]Lee JY,Lamichhane DK,Lee M,et al.Preventive effect of residential green space on infantile atopic dermatitis associated with prenatal air pollution exposure[J].Int J Environ Res Public Health,2018,15(1):102.
[26]Zhong J,Trevisi L,Urch B,et al.B-vitamin supplementation mitigates effects of fine particles on cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammation:a pilot human intervention trial[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:45 322.
(收稿日期:2019-09-17? 本文編輯:閆? 佩)