彭擁軍 蔣星卓 李文倩 吳旭 朱冰梅
[摘要] 變應(yīng)性鼻炎(AR)是機(jī)體接觸過敏原后,主要由免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介導(dǎo)的一種常見的變態(tài)反應(yīng)性疾病。針灸作為治療AR的一種常見療法,具有安全、有效、副作用小等優(yōu)勢。本文通過文獻(xiàn)檢索,回顧、總結(jié)及探討AR的發(fā)病機(jī)制和針灸治療作用機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展。研究顯示AR的發(fā)生主要和免疫、神經(jīng)功能紊亂及鼻黏膜炎性細(xì)胞浸潤有關(guān),而針灸可通過免疫調(diào)節(jié)、神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)、降低IgE、減少鼻黏膜炎性浸潤等途徑發(fā)揮治療作用。同時指出目前研究中的問題和不足,為進(jìn)一步研究提供思路。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 變應(yīng)性鼻炎;針灸;免疫調(diào)節(jié);神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)
[中圖分類號] R765.2 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)04(c)-0061-04
Mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of allergic rhinitis
PENG Yongjun1 ? JIANG Xingzhuo1 ? LI Wenqian1 ? WU Xu1 ? ZHU Bingmei2
1.Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing ? 210029, China; 2.Center for Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu ? 610041, China
[Abstract] Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) when body is exposed to allergens. Acupuncture, as a common treatment for AR, has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, and few side effects. This review summarized and discussed the progress of the pathogenesis of AR and the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment by retrieving relevant literatures in recent years. The mechanisms underlying AR are complex, including immunity disorder, nerve dysfunction, and nasal mucosal inflammatory cell infiltration. The studies showed that acupuncture can play a therapeutic role through immunoregulation, neuromodulation, decreasing IgE, and reducing nasal mucosal inflammatory infiltration. Also, the review pointed out some problems and shortcomings in the current research, and provided ideas for further study.
[Key words] Allergic rhinitis; Acupuncture; Immunomodulation; Neuromodulation
變應(yīng)性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是機(jī)體接觸變應(yīng)原后主要由免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin E,IgE)介導(dǎo),以及多種炎癥介質(zhì)、細(xì)胞因子參與的鼻黏膜非感染性慢性炎癥性疾病,以突然和反復(fù)發(fā)作的鼻癢、噴嚏、鼻塞、流涕等為特征的一種常見病[1]。隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展、人民生活方式的改變,AR患病率明顯上升[2],一項針對中國成年人6年期間自我報告AR的調(diào)查顯示,成人AR的患病率從2005年的11.1%增加到2011年的17.6%[3]。AR通常伴隨患者終生,成為影響人們生活質(zhì)量的一大難題,對個人及社會醫(yī)療資源都造成明顯負(fù)擔(dān)[4]。目前其常見療法包括鼻內(nèi)糖皮質(zhì)激素、抗組胺藥、抗白三烯藥,過敏原免疫療法及手術(shù)療法[5]。美國頭頸外科雜志發(fā)表的2015新版AR臨床指南中首次提出針灸療法可作為AR治療方案之一[6]。2018年,中國第一版英文AR診療指南中也將針灸療法納入推薦治療方案[7]。相較于西藥副作用多、易反復(fù)、免疫療法療程長、費(fèi)用高、可誘發(fā)嚴(yán)重過敏反應(yīng),手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、費(fèi)用高等弊端,針灸具有經(jīng)濟(jì)、副作用少、遠(yuǎn)期療效佳等優(yōu)勢[8]。本文主要探討AR的發(fā)病機(jī)制和針灸治療作用機(jī)制。
1 AR的發(fā)病機(jī)制
1.1 免疫功能紊亂
從免疫學(xué)角度,AR的發(fā)病可分為致敏和激發(fā)兩個階段。致敏階段是指過敏原進(jìn)入鼻腔,通過其蛋白酶活性進(jìn)入抗原遞呈細(xì)胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC),激活上皮細(xì)胞,活化的鼻上皮細(xì)胞分泌胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP),白細(xì)胞介素-33(Interleukin-33,IL-33)等輔助型T細(xì)胞2(T helper 2 cell,Th2)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子,觸發(fā)Th2型變應(yīng)性炎癥;樹狀突細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞識別并吞噬過敏原,發(fā)育成熟并遷移至引流淋巴結(jié),將抗原呈遞給幼稚T細(xì)胞,使之優(yōu)先向Th2細(xì)胞分化[9];同時誘導(dǎo)B細(xì)胞同種型轉(zhuǎn)化為特異性IgE并促進(jìn)肥大細(xì)胞(mast cell,MC)和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞(eosinophil,EOS)的增殖,產(chǎn)生的抗原特異性IgE則與MC和嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞上的高親和力IgE受體FcεRI結(jié)合,使這些細(xì)胞對過敏原致感[10]。激發(fā)階段是指過敏原再次進(jìn)入鼻腔后,被免疫系統(tǒng)識別從而激發(fā)出過敏性鼻炎的相應(yīng)癥狀。此階段可分為早期和晚期反應(yīng)。早期為速發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng),在與過敏原接觸的數(shù)分鐘內(nèi),通過IgE-抗原相互作用被激活的MC釋放炎癥化學(xué)介質(zhì)組胺、前列腺素和白三烯[11],以及細(xì)胞因子,如腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-4、IL-5等,在過敏性炎癥中發(fā)揮重要作用。晚期反應(yīng)發(fā)生于接觸過敏原4~6 h后,早期釋放的細(xì)胞因子可激活內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,增加黏附分子表達(dá),促進(jìn)EOS的募集,滲透到鼻黏膜。此外MC釋放的類靡蛋白酶、類胰蛋白酶等激活基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶,使組織基質(zhì)蛋白降解而造成組織損傷[12]。
3 小結(jié)
目前已有大量研究顯示了針灸治療AR的確切療效,且基本得到國內(nèi)外的認(rèn)可。而關(guān)于AR發(fā)病機(jī)制和針刺治療該病的作用機(jī)制研究也日益增多,經(jīng)綜合分析,針灸治療AR主要通過調(diào)節(jié)免疫——神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),使其恢復(fù)平衡,發(fā)揮抗炎作用,減輕鼻黏膜炎性浸潤,從而緩解癥狀。但AR作為針灸的優(yōu)勢病種,國內(nèi)對其的研究尚處于起步階段,存在研究范圍小、樣本量少、低水平重復(fù)、缺乏規(guī)范等問題。隨著對AR發(fā)病機(jī)制認(rèn)識的深入,探索針灸治療過敏性鼻炎的網(wǎng)絡(luò)式作用機(jī)制是未來研究的主要目的和方向。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-19 ?本文編輯:封 ? 華)